The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

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T H X

HISTORY

O V t H S

DECLINE AND FALL

or T H s

ROMAN EMPIRE.

Bt EDWARD GIBBON, Esq;

▼ OLUMB THX TWKI.FTH.

DUBLIN:

LUKE WHITE, 8tf, D A M B-S T R fe E T. ,

IfyDCCyLZSKVIII.

CO NTENTS

OF T H B

TWELFTH VOLUME.

CHAP. LXV.

Elevation of fimour or Tamerlane to the Throne
of Somarcani. — His Omquefis in Ttrfia^ Gtor-
gioj Tartary, Ruffia, India, Syria, and ^dna^
to/ia. — His Turhjb War.—Dejiat and Capti-^
vify ofBajazet. — Death of Timour. — GrjU War
of the Sons of Bajazet. — Rejnration of the Tur-
hjb Monarchy by Mahomet the Firjt.^-^iege of
Conjiantinople by Amuraih the Second. Bage i

CHAP. LXVI.

AfpHcations of the Eajiem Emperors to the Bopes.
-^Vifits to the Wejl, of John theFtrA, Manuel,
and j(Jm the Second, Palaologus. — Union of the
Greek and Latin Churches, promoted by the
Council of Baftl, and concluded at Ferrara and
Florence. — State of Literature at Confantincple.
^^hs Revival in Italy by the Greek Fugitives, —
Curiofity and Emulation of the latins. 58

CHAP. LXVII.

Scbijm of the Greeks and Latins. — Reign and G^z-
rader of Amuraih the Second. — Crufade of La-
Aflaus 'King of Hungary^ — His Defeat and

Death.

CONTfiNtS.

Dcaib.-^^chn Itumacks. — Scahderbeg.-'^-'Qm-'
Jantine Palaologus laft Emperor of the Eajl.

^Page 125
CHAP. LXVin.

Retgn and CbaraSer of Mahomet the Second. —
Siegey Affaulty and final Conquejl of Confianti"
fiople by the Turks.^Deaih of Cdnfiantine Pa-
laologus.^^ Servitude of the Greeks. — Extindion
of the Roman Empire in the Eafi. — Qmftemation
of Europe. — Conquefis and Death of Mahomet the
Second. i6z

CHAP. LXIX.

State of Rome from the Twelfth Century. — Tem^

' f&fal Dominim of the Popes. — Seditions of the

. Oty.-r-Political Herefy of Arnold of Brefcia. —

. Rejbration of the Republic.— The Senators.^^^

Pride of the Romans. — Their Wars. — "^hey are

deprived of the Eledion and Prefence of the Pcpes,

who retire to Avignon.'-^The Jubilee. — Noble

Families of Rome. — Feud of the Colonna and

Vrfifd. %%%

CHAP. LXX.

CbaraSer and Coronation of Petrarch. — Rejioration
of the Freedom and Government of Rome by the
Tribune Rienzi. — ISs Virtues and Vices, his Ex--
pulfion and Death. — Return of the Popes from
Avignon. — Great Schijm of the Weft. — Re-union
of we Latin Church. — L(^ Struggles of Roman
laberty. ^Statutes of Rome. — Final Settlement of
the Ecclefiajtical State. 288

CHAP. LXXI.

Pr(^e3 of the Ruins of Rome in the Fifteenth Cenr
tury.-^Four Caufes of Decay and Defirudion.-^
Example of the Colijeum.^^Renoivaiion of the
Gty. — Conclufion of the whole Work. 352

THE

•tut
HISTORY

OF THE

DECLINE AND FALL

• O F T H E

ROMAN EMPIRE.

CHAP. LXV.

EJevation of Thnaur or'Tamerkme to the Throne
ofSamarcand. — His Conquejls in Pcrfia^ Georgia^

. Tartary, RutRa^ Indky ^ridy md AnatoUa.—-
His Turkf/h War.^Defeat and Qaftivity rf Ba.
jazet. — Death of *Tinumr.^''^J^F{jil War of the
Sons of BajazeL—RefioiPation of the Turkj^
Monarchy by Mahomet the RrJL — Siege of
Cmfiantinople by Anmrath the Seoind.

JL HE conqueft and monarchy of the world i^ftories of
was the firft ohjeGt of the ambitioa of Timour.^[^2^;i^
To live in the memory and efteem of future ages
Was the fecond wifh of his magnanimous fmrit.
All the civil and military tranfaAions of his
reign ifi'ere diligently recorded in the journals
.Vol. XII. B of

THE DECLINE AND FALL

of his fccrctaries(i): the authentic narrative
ivas revifed by the perfons beft informed of
each particular tranfadiion ; and it is believed
in the empire and family of Timour, that the
monarch hioifelf compoied the commentaries {2)
of his life, and the in/iitutians{^) of his govern-
ment (4). But thefe cares were ineffedlual for
the pr^fervation of his fame, ;md thefe precious
memorials in the Mogul or Perfian language
wese coacealfd fiom the world, or at leaft
fiom the knowledge of Europe. The nations
which he vanquilhed exercifed a bale and im-
potent revenge; and %norance has long re-
peated the tale of calumny (5), which had dif-
figuTid the birth and character, the perfcm»

and

. (1) TKefc journals were communicated to Sherefeddin, erChere*
feddin Ali, a natiYc of Yezd, who compoied in the Perfian Un-
|uage a liiilory of Timour Be^, which has been tranflated into
French by M. Petis de la Croix (Paris* tyia, in 4 vols, lamo.^
and has always been my feilhfiil guide. His geography and chro-
nologj are wonderfully accutate ; and he may he tnifted for pub-
lic fads, though he fervilely praifes the virtue and fortune ot the
hero, i^imonr's attention to procure inteUirence from his own and
foreign countnes, may be leen in the Inftitutioa»i p. ti^t thj^^

(a) Thefe Commentaries arc yet unknown in Europe : but Mr.
White rhn fome hope» that they may be imnerttd and traofiated
by his friend Majpr ^i^vy* who had read in tne caft this " minute
** and ftitbful aamtive of an interefting and eventful period."

• ft) 1 am ignorant wJiethes die origisial iaftitvtlem in the Tnrkiih
ot Mm) language, be AJll eitant. The Perfi^ verfion, with an
EngUfli tranilatien and moft valuable index, v^s publiihed (Oxford,
jjB^j ix^ 4to.) by the joint labours of Major Davy, and Mr. White
the Arabic profeflbr. ThJ^.work has been fince tranflated from the
Perfic into French (Paris, ty^j) by M. Langles, a learned Orien*
talift, who has added the life of Timour, and many curious notes.

^4) Shaw Allum, the prefent MoguU reads, values, but cannot
imltatey the inftitutions of his ^^reat anceftor. The BngUfli traii-
liator regies en their internal evidence : but if any ftffjpicioiis AouM
arife of ftfatd nod fidieov they will not be dxfpcUed by Major
X>gTf*s letter. The Orientals have never cultivated the art of cri-
ticIAi> ; the ^afronaen^ of a prince, lefs honourable perhaps, is not
IcA IttcnttTe than tftat of « Voekfrller : nor can ii ne deemed in-

credible, that a Perfian, the real author, fimuld renounce the credit,
to raife the vaStre and price of the work.

(S) The original of th4 ^ale is found in t|^ fblLewiog wacfc,
which is mttch eftecmed for its florid elegance of llyle : AhrniHi
Armhfi^i^ (Ahmed £bn ArabOiah) f7r« tt Rtnm g^rwm Tmuri,

ArsHfie>

OF THE RO]V?AN EMPIRE.

and evea the name, of %amerlam{6\ Yet ^is
re?l merit would be enhanced, rather th^in de*
b^ed, by the elevation of a peafant to the
throne of A&a ; por can his lam^nefsbe a theme
of reproach, unlefs he ha^l the weakne^o
blyih at a natural, or perhaps 4n honourable,
infirmity.

In the eyes of the Moguls, ivho held the in-
defeafible fucceffion of the houfe of Zingis, he
was doubtlefs ^ rebel fubjedl j yet he fprang from
t^e pohle tpbe of Berlaf^ : his fifth aqceftor»
C^raihar Nevi^n, had beei^ the vizir of Zaga*
tai, in his new realm of Tranfoxiana; and in
the afcent of fome generations, the branch of
T^our is co;ifounded, at leaft by t^e fe-
males (7), with the Ifnperial ftem (8). He was
born forty miles to the fouthof Samarcand, in
the village of Sebzar, in the fruitful territory qf
Caih, of whicl^ ^is fathers were the hereditary
chiefs, as well fts of ^^ toman of ten thoufand
B ? horfe

Araiice et LsttHf. Edidit Strmuel Htnrim M4mgwr, Fraiufur^^ ti6j^
1 ttm. m 4to. This Syrian author it ever a mafidons, and often an tgw
Borant, enemy : the very titles of bischaptert are injurious; as how
tbf Wicked, as how the ixnpious, as how the viper, fcc. The copi-
ous article of Ti m v a, in Bibliothequc Orientaie, is ol a mixed na«
tore, as d^He^bclot indifferently draws his materials (p. S77--S88.)
from Khondeniir, Ebn Schonnah, and the Lehtarikh.

(tf) Dewnr^ or TiMwr, fignifies, in the Turkiih Unnafe, Iron ; and
Beg is^the appellation of alord<or prince. By the change of a letter
or accent, i| u changed into Lme^ or lame ; and a European corrup-
tion confounds the two words in the name of Tamerlane.

€. 4.) is clear, npqueftionable, and decifive.

(8) According to one of the pedigrees, the fourth anceftor of Zin«
gis, foA the ntnthof Timour, were brothers; and they agreed, that
the pofterity of the elder fliould fucceed to the dienitj of khan» and
that the dcicendants of the younger ihould fill th^ffice of their mi-
sifter and general. This tradition was at leaft convenient to juftUy
the/C^fteps of Timour^ ambition (Inftitutions, p. a4» IS* ^'^ ^^
MS. fingmeott of Timour*s hiftory).

4 ^ THE DECLINE AND FALL

horfe(sl). His birth (lo) was caft on one of thofe
jyeriods of anarchy which announce the fall of
the Afiatic dynafHes, and open a new field to
adjipturous ambition. The khans of Zagatai
were cxtind; the emirs afoired to independ-
ence ; and their domeftic feuds could only be
fufpended by the conquefl and tyranny of^ the
khans of Kafhgar, who, with an army of Getes
or Calmucks(iiX invaded theTranfoxian king-
Mitfirftfldpdom. From the twelfth year of his age, Ti-
Tcnnir^ mour had entered the field of aAion ; in the
ij«x-«37»- twenty-fifth, he ftood forth as the deliverer of
his country; and the eyes and wifhes of the
people were turned towards an hero who fuflfer-
ed in theifr caufe. The chiefs of the law and of
the army had pledged their falvation to fupport
him witQ their lives and fortunes ; but in the
hour of danger they were filent aild afraid;
and, after waiting feven days on the hills of
Samarcand, he retreated to the defert with only
fixty horfemen. The fugitives were overtaken
by a thoufand Getes, whom he repulfed with
incredible (laughter, and his enemies were
forced to exclaim, " Timour is a wonderful
^* man: fortune and the divine favour are with
** him.** But in this bloody adlion his own fol-
lowers were reduced to ten, a number which
was foon diminiihed by the defertion of three

Carizmians.

(g) Sec tie preface of Sherefcddin, and Abvlfcda't Geopapky
(ChoraiiniKt fcc. Defcriptio, p. 60, 6i.)« u> ^ third ▼olumc oC
nvdfon's Minor Greek Geographers.

(10) See his natiYitjr an Dr. Hvde (Syntagma Diflmat. tom. 11. p.
465.) « as it was caft by the aftrologers of his mnd£oa Ulugh Bqp.
He vas bom A. D. 133^, April 9, 11^ $7' P. M. kt. 3^. 1 know
not whether theytfan prove the great conjunAion of the planets from
whence, like other conquerors and prophets^ Timour derived the
fumame of Saheb Keran, or matter of the conjunAioQs (Bibliot.
Orient, p. M,).

(11) In the Inftitutions of Timour, thefe fobjeAs of the khan oC
Kalhgar ve mdft improperly ftyled Ouzbegs, or Usbeks, a name
which belongs to another branch and conmry of Tartan (Abulghazi.

P.T.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

Cai-izmiaos. He waodered in the defert with
his wife, feven companions, and four horfes;
and fiztyetwo days was he plunged in a loath-
fome dungeon, from whence heefcapedby his
own courage, and tbie remorfe of the oj^reflbr.
After fwimming the b|x>ad and rapid ftream of
the JihooQ, or Oxus, he led, •during fome
months, the life of a vagrant and outlaw, on
the borders of the adjacent ftates^ But his
famie fhone brighter in adveriity^ he learned to
difUnguiih the friends of his perfon, the alTo-
ciates of his fortune, and to apply the various
characters pf men for their advantage, and
above all for his own. On his return to his na-
tive country, Tii^our was fucceifively joined by
the parties of Us confederjates, who anzioufly
fought him in the defert ; nor can I refufe to de-
fcribe, in bis pathetic fimpUcity, one of their
fortunate encoimters. He prefented himfelf as
a guide to three chieis, who were at the head of
fevcnty horfe. " When their eyes fell upoa
" me," fays Timour, ** they were overwhelmed
" with joy ; and they alighted from their horfes;
'* and they came and kneeled; and they killed
^* myftirrup. I alfocamedownfron^myhorfe^
'* and took each of th^m in my arpis. And I
** put my turban on the head of the fiirft chief;
^^ and my girdle, rich in jewels and wrought
'< with gold, I bound on the loms of the fe-
^< cond ; and the third, I clothed in my own
^' coat. And they wept, and I wept alfo ; and
^* the hour of prayer was arrived, and we pray-
'' ed. And we pioupted our horfes, and came
^' to my dwelling; and I coUeded my people,

" and

p. v.Cf $. p. vii. c. (.). Coold I be fure that thit word is in the
Turkifli origtoal, I would boldly pronounce^ th^t the }]iftitataoiis
were fxatntd » century after the death of Timour, iince the eftablifl^
ment of the Uzbeks in Tianfoipaiia.

t r^»

6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

** and made a feaft." His trufty bands were
foc^ encreafed by the braveft of the tribes; he
led them againft a fuperior fioe ; and after fomfc
viciffitudes of war, the Getes were finally
driven from the kingdom of Tranfoxiana. He
had done much for his own glory ; but much re^
inained to betlone, much art to be ererted, and
fome blood to be fpilt, before he could teach
his equals to obey him as their mafter. The
birth and power of emir Houflein compelled
him to accept k vicious and unworthy colleague,
whofe filler was the beft beloved of his wives.
Their union was fhort and jealous ; but the po-
licy of Timour, in their frequent quarrels, ex*
pofed his rival to the reproach of injuftice and
perfidy : and, after a final defeat, Houltein was
flain by fome fagacious friends, who prefamed^,
for the laft time, to difobey the commands of
their lord. At the age of thirty-four (i2^, and
in a general diet or couroultai^ he was invefled
with /^T^^fAz/ command, but he affedled to tevere
He sufccndsthe houfe of Ziugis ; and while the emir Timour
of^Zaga^^,reigned over Zagatai and the Eaft, a nominal
^•^••37o»khanferved as a private officer in the armies of
: * his fervant. A fertile kingdom, five hundred
toiiles in length and in breadth, might havefatis-
fied the ambition of a fubjeft ; but Timour afpi-
red to the dominion of the world; and before
his death, the crown of Zagatai was one of the
twctoty-feven crowns which he had placed on his
*head. Without expatiating on the victories cf
thirty-five campaigns; without defcribing the
lines of rnarch, which he rcpieatedly traced ovet

the

(it) The I ft book of Sherefeddin is employed on the private life
W the hero ; ind he RrmTelf, or his fecretiry (Inftltutioris, p. 3 — 77.),
Vnlargrs with pleafure on the thirteen deitgns and enterprifcs which
fcoft twly conftitutc W»^r/ljrftf/Yttetit. Uevtti Aints dirough th«
dark colouring of Arabihah, P. i. c. 1— -ti.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRf. 7.

the continent of Afia ; I ihtU hxkSy repfttfisat
his Goofuefis in, I. Pef£a» IL Tartaiy, ancL HI.
India (13), and from thence proceed to the moce
interemog narrative of his Ouoman wan

I. For every war, a modve of lafety or Jc-Hit eoa.
venge, of honour or zeal, of right or oonyeni-^'^'p^
ence» may be readily found in the Juriiprudence 1370^1400-
of coaquerora* No fooner had Tunour re-uni-''^^]^^
ied to the patrimony of Zagatai the dqpendent *3^>393-
countries of Garizoie and Gandahar, than he
turned his eyes towards the kingdoms of Iran or
Pedia. From the Ozus to the Tigris^ that ex-
tenfivie country was left without a lawfol ibve-
rcign jince the death of Aboufaid, the laft of
the delcendants of the gireat Holacou. Peace
and juffice had been banifhed from the hmd
above forty years; and the Mogul invader m^ght
feem to liflen tp the cries of an oppr^ed peo-
ple. Their petty tyrants might have ofpoibd
bim with confederate arms; they feparately
flood, and fucceflivelv fell; and the difference
of thdr fate was only marked by the prompti-
tude of fubmiilion or the obftinacycf refiftance.
Ibrahim, prince of Shirwan or Albania, kifled
the footflool of die Imperial throne. His peaces
ofiferings of filks, horfes, and jewels, were com*
pofed, according to the Tartar fafliion^ each
article of nine pieces ; but a critical fpedbitor
obferved, that there were only eight flaves,
" I myfelf am the ninth,** replied Ibrahim, who
was prepared for the remark; and his flattery
was rewarded by the fmile of Timour (14)*
^lah Manfour, prince of Fars, or the proper

PerOa,

(13) Thecoftfluefbof Perfia, Tatrtarf, and India, aK f^prefested
intheudandmahooki of ShcK&ddin, and by Aiabihah, cij^-l^^
Confak the czoeUent Indexes to the Inftitutions,

(14) The reverence of the Tartars for the myflerioiis number lof
nine, is declared hj Abulghasi Khan, who, Cor that fca|QA| dividcf
his Genealogical HiHory into nine parts.

\

THE DECLINE A^ FALL

Perfia, was one of the leaitpowerfol, but moft
dangerous, of his enemies. In a battle under
the walls of Shiraz, he broke, with three or
four thoufand foldiers, the caul or main-body of
thirty thoufand horfe, where the emperor fought
in perfon. No more than fourteen or fifteen
guards remained near th^ ftandard of 'Timour:
he ftood firm as a rock, knd received on his hel-
met two weighty ftrokes of a fcymetar (15):
the Moguls rallied ; the head of Manfour was
thrown at his feet, and he declared his efteem
of the valour of a foe, by extirpating all the
males of fo intrepid a race. From Shiraz, his
troops advanced to the Perfian golf; and the
richnefs and weaknefs of Ormuz ^16) yrere dif-
played in an annual tribute of fix hundred
thoufand dmars of gold. Bagdad was no long-
er the city of peace, the feat of the caliphs ;
but the nobleft congucft of Houlacou could not
be overlooked by his ambitious fucceffor. The
whole courfe of the Tigris and Euphrates, from
the mouth to the fources of thole rivers, was
reduced to his obedience : he entered Edeffa ;
and the Turkmans of the Wack fheep wei-e
chaftifedforthe facrilegious pillage of a cara-
van

(1$) Accor^ing^ to Aralifliah (?. i.e. 18. p. tSj), the coward Ti*
mour ran away to kit tent, and hid himfelf from the purfuit of Shah
Manfour under the women's garments. Perhaps Sherefeddin (1. iii.
£.15.) has maj^ified his courage.

(16) The hiftory of Ormux is not unlike that of Tyre. The old
city, on the continent, was deftroyed by the Tartars, and renewed
in a neighbouring ifland without frefh water or vegeution. The
kin|[s of Ormuz, rich m the Indian trade and the pearl fiihery, pof-
fefled large territories both in Perfa and Arabia ; but they were at
£r& the tributaries of the fuluns of Kerman, and at lad were deli-
vered (A. D. 1^05) by the Portuzuefe tyrants from the tyranny of
their own Tixirs (Marco Polo, L i. c. 1$, 16. foL y« 8. Abulfeda
Ceo^raph. tabuL zi.p.itfi, i€i.zn original Chronicle of Ormuz, in
Texeira, or Stevens' Hiftory of Perfia, p. 37^—416. and the Itinera-
ries inicrted in the 1 ft volume of Ramufio, of Ludovico Barthema
('S03)) f^l* i^?* of Andrea Corfali (isi7)> fol. ioA» 193» «ad of
Ddoardo Barbefla (in 1 $16), fol. 31 $— 3i8-)*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 9

Van of Mecca. In the mountains of Georgia,
the native Chriilians Aill braved the law and the
fword of Mahomet ; by three expeditions he
obtained the merit of toe gazic, or holy v^ar ;
and the prince of Teflis became his profelyte
and friend.

II. A juft retaliation might be urged for theiL of
iQvafion of Turkeftan, or the eaftem Tartary-^^'^jJ^^
The dignity of Timour could not endure the i37o-« j*i-.
impunity of the Getes : he pafled the Sihoon,
fubdued the kingdom of Cauigar, and nurched
feven times into the heart of their countiy* His
moft diftant camp was two months journey, or
four hundred and eighty leagues to the north-
eaft of Samarcand ; and his emirs, who traver-
fed the river Irtifti, engraved in the forefts of
Siberia a rude memorial of their exploits. The
conqueft of Kipzak, or the weftem Tartary ( 1 7),
was founded on the double motive of aiding
the diftrefled, and chaftifing the ungrateful.
Todamiih, a fugitive prince, was entertained
and protected in his court : the ambafladors of
Auruls Khan were difmifled with an haughty
denial, and followed cm the fame day hy the
armies of Zagatai ; and their fuccefs eftablilhed
To£bmifh in the Mogul empire of the north.
But after a reign of ten years, the new khan
forgot the merits and the ftrength of his bene-
factor; the bafe ufurper, as he deemed him, of
the facred rights of the houfe of Zingis.
Through the gates of Derbend, he entered Per-
fia at the head of ninety thoufand horfe : with
the innumerable forces of Kipzak, Bulgaria,

Circaflia,

(l9) Anbflith had travcUed into Kipzak, and acquired a fiofular
fcnowkd|;e of tlie gcograpky, citica, aod revoliitioiii, o£ that ncr-
^fiietn rcgioo (P.i. c.4S^490*

lo THE DECLINE AND FALL

Gifcaffia, and Ruffia^ he pafied the Sihoon,
burnt the palaces of Timour, and compelled
him, amidft the winter (hows, to contend for Sa-
of Kipzak, marcand and his life. Aft^ a mild ezpoflula-
^"®"i)*^'tioli and a glorious vidlorf, the emperor refol-
ij9^i39tf. ved on revenge: and by the eaft, and the weft,
of the Cafpian, and the Volga, he twice inva-
ded K%>zakwith iiich mighty powers, that thir-
teen mUes were meafured from his right to his
left wing. In a march of five months, they
rarely beheld the footfleps of man ; and their
daily ftaUiftenfce was often trufted to the fortune
of the chace. At length the armies encounter-
ed each other; but the treachery of the fiand-
ard-bearer, who, iurtheheatof adion, reverfed
the Impeiial ftandard of Kipzak, determined
the vi&ory of the Zagatais ; and Todamifh (I
fpeak the language of the inftkulions) gave the
tribe of Touflii to the wind of defolation(i8)*
He fled to the Chriftian duke of Lithuania ;
again returned to the banks of the Volga ; and»
after fifteen battles with a domeftic rival, at laft
jseriftied in tke wilds of Siberia. The purfuit
erf a flyii^g enemy carried I'imour into the tri-
butary provincj^s of Rufiia: a duke of the
feigning faBuly was made prifoner amidft the
quills «f his capital ; and Yeletz, by t]ie pride
axKl igiSidranceof the Orientals, might eafily be
conibiEitHkd with the.geouitieaaDetropolis of tjie
iMition. Mofcow trbmbled at the approach of
iht Tartai;, and (^he refiftance would have been
feeble, fince the hopes of the Rufllans were
|>laced in a BHraculous 4mage of the Virgin, to
whofe protedlion they afcribed the cafual and

voluntary

nlifftiratioiityfr iRmmt, p. nj. n-^, Mr. White, tkee4itor»
fottie«tiJiniaihMrfiMi oa the fopiei«Bt«l |u:co(int of Sherefeddin
(1. Ui. c. II, 13, 14.), who was igBMKt'Of theHk0|^ ^ Timi«r»
auul the truefpringsof adion.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- jc

voluntary tetreat of the coDquetor. AmbkicA
and prudecoe recaUed him to the Somth, the
defoiace ooufitTy;!^8 ac)iat}Ae4 ^u^d ^hte Mogol
Ibldiers were ecrtiched with aa imxnenie fpoil ef
prrciousfant, of imeii of Amioch (19.), and of
iQgots of gold and filver^zo). On the banks ef
the Dop, or Tanais, he received aa humble de*
patatioD from the xx)nfal8 and daerchantB of
Egypt (aiX Venice, Genoa, Gataloai^, and B^
cay> Who occupied the comknerce and cit^ ef
TaBa, T>r Azopb, at the mouth of the xiv^en
Tbey offered their igiks, admired his ktiagBifr-
cencje, dnd tnsfted his royal tiroid* But the
peaceful vifit of an emir, who etcplored the
ftateof the magazines and harbour, was fpeedi-
ly followed by the aeftruftive prefence of the
Tartars. The city #as reduced to iiAves; the
Moflemswere pillaged and difiniflfed; but all
the Cbriflians, who had not Hed to their ibipSy
were condemned either to death or flaveiy (22).
Revenge prompted him to bum the cities ef
Serai and Aftrachan, the monuments olf rifing
civilization; and his vanity ptoclaimed, that he

had

fi^J The fan of Ruffia arc more credible than ehc lOffots. But
die linen of Antioch hat never 1>een famous ; and Antiodi was fn
ntim. Tiofped that'it was IbmeinanuMtiufe of Europe, wldch the
HadSe nicrclianu had imported by the way of Novogorod.

{20J iCf. Lerefoue (Hill, de Rufl]e» torn. ii. p. 24^. V!e de Ti-
maur, p. 6'4— ^7. Mfoi^ the Frfiach to^om of the faiibttttet) has cor-
rcdcd the error of Shcrcfeddin, and marked the tme limit of Ti-
moiir*s coifquefis. H?s argtimetlfs <fe'fttp«!rfluoiiis, and a fimple ap*
peal to the Rnfiian Annals is fuffident to prove that Mofcow* which
fix years before had been taken by Todamilhy efcaped the arms of a ^
more fonnidable invader.

(zi J 'An Egf^tiate cdnfnl from Grftnd Cairo, is mentioned in Bar^
Im's Yoya^ to Tana in 1 435, ifter the city had been rebuilt (Ramn-
fio, tom. ii. M. $11.}.

(n) The &<k of Azoph is defcribed by Sherefieddin (1. iii. c. $f •) ;
-rad nndi more partienmrly by the author of an Italian chronide
(Andreas deRiedafiisde Qirero, In GhroD. Tarfiiiano, in Mvratdri
Strfot.Renun<1tali<auiun; tom. xiz. p. 801--805./ He had converfed
^rA tbe Mianl^ two VenaiMi brother, one of wh<Mn had betn
ient a deputy to ffce camp oCTtinovry «Dd tfac-iUftq hacNoftat AiB«f h
ihrce loBs and izyooo dscati.

la THE DECLINE AND FALL

had penetrated to the r^ion of perpetual day-
light, a ftrange phsenomenon, wmch autborifed
his Mahometan do&ors to difpenfe with the
obligation of evening prayer (23).

w 2L ^^' When Timour firft propofed to his prin*
A. D.'* ces and emirs the invafion of India or Hindof-

«3^»i399-tan (24.), he was anfwered by a murmur of dif-
content : '^ The rivers ! and the mountains and
'' deferts ! and the foldiers clad in armour ! and
^ the elephants, deftroyers of men !'* But the
difpleafure of the emperor was more dreadful
than all thefe terrots ; and his fuperior reafbn
was convinced, that an enterprife of fuch tre-
mendous afped was fafe and eafy in the execu-
ti<m. He was informed b^ his fpies of the
weaknefs and anarchy of Hindoftan : the Sou-
bahs of the provinces had ereAed the ftandard
of rebellion ; and the perpetual infancy of ful-
tan Mahmoud was defi^fed even in the haram
of Delhi. The Mogul army moved in three
great diviiions : and Timour obferves with plea-
fuTtf that the ninety-two fquadrous of a thou-
fand horfe moft fortunately^ correfppnded with
the ninety-two names or epithets of the prophet
Mahomet. Between the Jiboon and the Indus^
they^ croflcd one of the ridges of mountains,
which are ftyled by the Arabian geographers
The ftony girdles of the earth. The highland
robbers were fubdued or extirpated ; but great
numbers of men and horfes perifhed in the fnow ;

the I

f%^) Sherefied^n onlj hy% (1. iii. c. 13 J, that the njs of the fct- I
ting, and thofe of the rifing fun, vcre fcarcelj feparated by aoy in- I
terral ; a problem which may be foWed in the latitude of Mciaxw ,
^the s^th degree^, with the aid of the Aurora Borealis, and a lon^
fammer twibf ht. But a i«^ of forty days (Khondemir apud d*Hcr--
belot^ p. 880. Would rigormifly con6ne ni within the polar circle.

(14) For the Indian war, fee the Inftitutions (p* i«9^i390t ^^
foarth book of Sherefeddin, and the hiftory of Ferilhu (in Dow,
▼ol. ti. p. I— «o.)i which throws a gucnl light on the afiaira of Hin*
dofian. I ,

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 13

the emperor himielf was let down a precifnce
on a portable fcafibld, the ropes were one nun*
dred and fifty cubits in length ; and, before he
could reach the bottom, this dangerous opera-
tion was five times repeated. Timour croffed the
Indus at the ordinary paflag^ of Attok ; and fac-
ceffively traverfed, in the footfteps of Alexander,
the Punjab J or five rivers (25), that fall into the
mafter-ftream. From Attok to Delhi, the high
road meafures no more than fix hundred miles ;
but the two conc^uerors deviated to the ibuth-
eaft ; and the motive of Timour was to join his
grandfon, who had atchieved bv his conmiand
die conqueft of Moultan. On tne eaftem bank
of the Hyphafis, on the edge of the de&rt, the-
Macedonian hero halted and wept : the Mogul
entered the defert, reduced the fortreis of Bat-
nir, and flood in arms before the gates of Delhi,
a great and flourifhing city, which had fubfifted
three centuries under the dominion of the Ma*
hometan kings. The fiege, more efpecially of
the caftle, might have been a work of time j
but he tempted, by the appearance of weak*
nefs, the fultan Mahmoud and his vizir to de-
fcend into the plain, with ten thoufand cuiraf*
fiers, forty thoufand of his foot-guards, and one
hundred and twenty elephants, whofe tufks are
faid to have been armed with (harp andpoifoned
daggers. Againft thefe monfters, or rather
againft the imagination of his troops, he conde-
fcended to ufe fome extraordinary precautions
of fire and a ditch, of iron fpikes amd a ram-
part of bucklers ; but the event taught the Mo-
gals to fmiie at their own fears ; and, as foon as

thefe

(15) The rivers of the Puiijah, the five caftera hrmchef of th«
Indiit* have heen laid down tor the firft time with truth and accv-
T2CJ in Major Renncr< incomparahle map of Hindofian. In his
C^tical Memoir, he illnftratcf with jodgmcAt and learning the
marcfaetof Aloander and Tiaovr.

?4: THE DECLINE AtJ D FALL

thefip unwieldy animals were routed, the inferior
fjpecies (the men ef India) difappeared from the
fidd. Timour made his triumphal entry into
the capital cf Hindoftan ; and admired, with a
view to imitate> the archite£lure of the ftately
mofch ; bat the order of licence of a general
pillage and mafiacre polluted the feftival of his
viftory. He refolyed to purify his foldiers in
the blood of the idolaters, or Qentoos, who
ililJ furpafs, in the proportion of ten to one,
the numbers of the Mofkms. In this pious de*
fign, hf advanced cine hundred miles td the
ncurth-^aft of Delhi, pafled the Ganges, fought
&v«ral battles by land and water, and penetrar**
ted to the famous rock of Coupele, the fiatue
of the cow, thzt Jams to difcharge the mighty
river, vrhofe iburce is far diftant among the
. mountains of Thibet ( 26). His return was along
the fkirts of the northern hills ; nor could this
rapid campaign of one year juftify the ftrange
forefight q{ his emirs, that their children in a
warm climate would degenerate into a race of
Hindoos*

r**wui. ^^ '^** ^^ ^^^ banks of the Ganges that Ti-

tinSijazct.«iour was informed, by bis fpeedy meffengers, of

s^c' umber **^ difturbanccs which had arifen on the confines

i!^ ^" ^^ of' Geor^a and Aiiatoiis, of the revolt of the

Chriftiaps, and the amUtious deiignsof the ful-

tan Bajazet. His vigour of mind ^nd body was

ik)t imf)aired by fixty-three years, and innu^

merabl^ fatigues ; attd, after enjoying fome

tranquil

(f() Th$((wo grut riftn, th^ Qaygoi wi B^mmpootcr, rife ia
TfuJ^t, firom the oppoiitt ridees of the fame hills, fcparate (rota
'iuti other to the diftaoce of tioo milet, and, after a wtndio^
conrfe of aooo miles, again meet in one point near the golf of Ben*
pi. Yet U> capricious i* Ifm^t t|iat the Burrampeoter mji late dtf-
cQvery, while ii$ brother Qi^orahfisbeen the theme of ancient and
Bu>4Qm ftory. Coupelf , ^le ikene of Timour*8 laft vifbrjy mnft
hp Atuatc Dfar Mdopg. 1 lop mile^ ffom Calcutta ; and, in 177^ a
Briti^ camp ! (Renn^s Memoir* p. 7. {9* 90* 91* 99*)

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 15

tranquil months in the palace of Samarcand, he
proclaimed a new expedition of fevea years into
the weftcm countries of Afia (27). To the fol-
diers who bad ferved in the Indian war, he
granted the choice of remaining at home or fol-
lowing their prince ; but the troops of all the
provinces and kingdoms of Perfia vrere com-
manded to aflemble at Ifpahan, and wait tlie
arrival of the Imperial ilandard. It was firft
dire£led againft the Chriftians of Georgia, who
were ftrong only in their rocks* their caftles,
and the winter leafon ; but thefe obftacles were
overcome by the zeal and perfeverance of Ti-
mour : the rebels fubmitted to the tribute or the
Koran ; and if both religions boafted of their
martyrs, that name is more juftly due to the
Chriftian prifoners, who were offered the choice
of abjuration or death. On his defcent from /
the hills, the emperor gave audience to the firft
ambaffadors of B^azet, and opened the hofiile
correfpondence of complaints and menaces;
which fermented two years before the final
explofion. Between two jealous and haughty
neighbours^ the motives of quarrel will feldom
be wanting. The Mogul and Ottoman con-
quefts now touched each other in the neigh-
bourhood of Erzerum, and the Euphrates ; fior
had the doubtful limit been afcertamed by time
and treaty. Each of thefe ambitious monarchs
might ac«ufe his rival of violating his territory ;
of threateniog his vafiab ; and prote£ling his
rebels ; and, by the name of rebels, each un*
derftood the fugitive princes, whofe kingdoms
he had ufurped, and whofe life or liberty he
implacably purfued* The refemblance of cha-
racter

(a?) iec the ioftiditttns, p. 141. to the end «f ihe ift bpok, nm^
SkcreUddaa (1. ▼■ c. 1— itf.)^ to the entrance of Timour into Syrim:

I6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

Ta£ler was ftill more dangerous than the oppa-
fition of intereft ; and in their vidorious career^
Timour was impatient of an equal, and Bajazet
was ignorant of a fuperior. The firft epiftle (28)
of the Mogul emperor mud have provoked, ia-
ftead of reconciling the Turkifh fultan ; whofe
family and nation he afieded to defpife (29)-
•* Doft thou not know, that the greateft part of
'^ Afia is fubje^l to our arms and our laws ? that
** our invincible forces extend from one fea to
" the other ? that the potentates of the earth
^ form a line before our gate ? and that we
" have compelled fortune herfelf to watch over
" the profperity of our empire ? What is the
" foundation oi thy infolence and folly ? Thou
*' haft fought fome battles in the woods of Ana-
*' tolia ; contemptible trophies ! Thou haft ob-
" tained fome vidories over the Chriftians of
** Europe ; thy fvvord was bleffed by the apoftle
" of God ; and thy obedience to the precept of
'< the Koran, in waging war againft the infidels,
" is the folc confideration that prevents us from
" dcftroying thy country, the frontier and bul-
*' wark of the Mollem world. Be wife in time ;
" rcfleft ; repent; and avert the thunder of our
« vengeance, which b yet fufpended over thy
*' bead. Thou art no more than a pifmire ;
*^ why wilt thou feek to provoke the elephants ?
^ Alas, they will trample thee under their feet/*

la

•

(ft8) We have three copies of thefe hoftile epiftles in the InHitu*
twos (p. 147.)* ui Sherefeddin (L t. c. 14.), and in Anbihah (torn.
ii. c. 19. p. 1 83— 4oi.) ; which agree with each other in the fpirit and
fttbftance rather than in the ftjle. It is probable, that they have been
tranilated, with varioua latitndey firom the Turlulh original into the;
Arabic and Perfian tonnes.

(19) The Mogul emirdiftittgmflieshxnifelf and his conotnmieD b^
the name of TmrAt, and ftigtnatifes the race and nation of Bajazcc;
with the leis honourable epithet of Turkwumt. Yet I do not under^i
ftand how the Ottomans could be defcendcd from a Turkman fiiilor |
thofe inland ihepherds were fo remote from the fea, and all maritxm^
afairs.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 17

I& his replies, Bajazet poured forth the indigo
cation of a foul which was deeply ftung 1^
fuch unufual contempt.. After retorting the
bafeft reproaches on the thief and rebel of the
defert, the Ottoman recapitulates his boafted
viflories in Iran, Touran^ and the Indies ; and
labours to prove, that Tiraour had never tri-
umphed unlefs by his own perfidy and the vices
of his foes. '^ Thy armies are innumerable :
** be they fo ; but what are the arrows of the
*' flying Tartar againft the fcymetars and battle-*
*^ axes of my firm and invmcible Janizaries }
^ I will guard the princes who have implored
" my protedion : feck them in my tents. The
^ cities of Arzingan and Erzeroum are mine^
" and unlefs the tribute be duly paid, I will de-
** mand the arrears under the walls of Tauris
*^ and Sultania." The ungovernable rage of
the fultan at length betrayed him to an infult of
a more domeftic kind. *• If I fly from thy
** arms^" faid he, ** may my wives be thrice
•* divorced from my bed : but if thou haft not
** courage to meet me in the field, mayeft thou
** again receive thy wives after they have thrice
** endured the embraces of a firanger (30)/'
Any violation by word or deed of the fecrecy
of the Haram is an unpardonable offence among
theTurkilh nations (31); and the political quar*
rel of the two monarchs was embittered 1^ pri-
vatc and perfonal refentment. Yet in his firft
Vol. Xn. C expe-

(30) According to the Koran (c. a. p.17. and Sale's Difcourfes, p.
1 54- )> ^ Mufulman who had thrice divorced his wife (who had thrice
repeated the words of a divorce), could not take her again, till after
Ihe had been married /i, and repudiated hj^ another hulband : an
ignoDunions tranfadion, which it is needlefs to aggravate bv fup*
tK^g, that the firft hulband muft fee her enjoyed by a fecond before
bis face fRycaut's State of the Ottoman Empire, 1. ii. c. ii.)*

(^t ) The common delicacy of the Orientals, in never fpcaking of
their women, is afcribed in a much higher degree by Arablhah to the
Turkiih nations ; and it is remarkable enough, that Chalcondyles
{2. ii. p. 55.)lu^ fo>ne knowledge of the prejudice, and the infolt.

r8 THE DECLINE AND FALL

expedition, Timour vfzs fatisfied xvith the fiegc
aiKi deftrofiion of Siwas or Sebafte, a ftroQg
city on the borders of Anatolia ; and he re-
venged the indifcretion of the Ottoman, on a
garnfon of four thonfand Armenians, who
were: buried alive for the brave and faithful
difcharge of their duty. As a Mufulman he
leemed to refped the pious occupation of Ba«
jazet, who was ftill engaged in the blockade of
Conftantinople : and after this falutary leflbn,
the Mogul conqueror checked his purfuit, and
tamed afide to the invafion of Syria and Egypt-
^•syria",^ thefe tranfadions, the Ottoman prince, by
A. D.* i4oo!the' Orientals, and even by Timour, is. ftyled
the Kaijfar of Roum, the Caefar of the Romans :
a title which, by a fmall anticipation, might be
given to a monarch who poflefled the provinces,
and threatened the cityi of the fucceffors of
G6nftantine(3Z).

The military republic of the Mamalukes ftill
reigned in Egypt and Syria : but the dynafty
ef the Turks was overthrown by that of the
Gircaflians (33) ; and their favourite Barkok,
from a flave and a prifoner, was raifed and re-
ftored to the throne. In the midft of rebellion
and* difcord, he braved the menaces, corret
ponded with the enemies, and detained the am-
baffadbrs, of the Mogul, who patiently ex-
peSed^ his deceafe, to revenge the crimes of
the fether on the feeble reign of his fon Farage.

The

(31) For the ftyle of the. Mogul;, fee the Infiltutiens (p. 131.
i47.)t and for the Perfians, the Bibliothequc Orientale /"p, 882.) : but
I do not find that the title of Cxfar has been applied ty the Arabi-
ans, or afTumed by the Ottoisans themielvcs.

(33) See tbe reigtM of Barkok and ^harad|^, in M. de Cuigne»
(torn. iv. 1. xxii.), who,, from the Arabic texts gf Aboulmahafenv
£ba Schottnah, and Aiiitabi, has added fame fads ■ to o^y common
ftockof materials.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 19

The Syrian eipirs (34) were afl?mbl?d at Aleppo
to repel the invafion : they confided in the fame
and difcipUnip of the Mama^ukes^ in the temper .
of their fworda and lances of the purcft fteef of
Damafcus, in tljie ftrength of their walled cities,
and in the populoufnefs of iixty thoufand vil-
lages : ;tnd inftead of fuftaining a fiege^ they
threw open their gates, and arrayed their forces
in the plain. But thefe forces were not cement-
ed by virtue and union ; and fome powerful
emirs had been feduced to defert or betray their
more loyal copipanions. Timour's front was
covered with a line of Indian elephants, whofe
turrets were filled with archers and Greek fire ;
the rapid evolutions of hi3 cavalry completed
the difmay and diforder ; the Syrian crowds fell
back on each other; many thoufands were ftifled
or ilaughtered in the entrance of the great ftreet ;
the Moguls entered with the fugitives ; and, af-
ter a fhort defence, the citadel, the impregnable
citadel of Aleppo, was furrendered by cowar-
dice or treachery. Among the fuppliants and
captives, Timour diftinguiftied the dolors of^^^^P"
the law, whom hp invited to the dangerous ho-x! d. 1400,
nour of a perfonal conference (35). The Mo-^®^' '*•
gul prince was a zealous Mufulman ; but his
Perfian fchopls had taught him to revere the
memory of Ali and Hofain ; and he had imbibed
a deep prejudice againft the Syrians, as the ene-
mies of the fon of the daughter of the apoftle
C 2 cf

(34) For thcTe recent and domeftic tranfaiSUons, Arab&ah, though
a partial, is a credible, witneis (torn. i. c. 64»»-6B. tom.ii. c. i— 14.).
Timour muft have been odious to a Syrian ; but the notoriety of fa^
would have oblij^ed him, in fome meafure» to refped his enemy and
himfielf^/ iiis;hatur& m^y corredt the lufcions fweets of Shcrefeddia
(L V. c. J7--<t^./'

(35) TTiefe interdting converfations appear to have been copied by
ArAlkeii (tvnvi c.^8. ^„6i$r^4i^.) /rem the cadhi and hiiloriafi
£bn Schounah, a principsd ado^. Yet how could hc be allvf ijEv^tx-
five years afterwards ^aHerbclot, p. 793.] f /* •

IP THE DECLINE AND FALL

of God. To thefe doftors he propofed a cap-'
tious queftion, which the cafuifts of liochara,
Samarcand, and Herat, were incapable of re-
folving. " Who are the true martyrs, of thofe
** who are flain on my fide, or on that of my
" enemies ?*' But he was filenced, or fatisfied,
by the dexterity of one of the cadhis of Aleppo,
who replied, in the words of Mahomet himfelf,
that the motive, not the enfign, conftitutes the
martyr ; and that the Moflems of either party,
who fight only for the glory of God, may de-
ferve that facred appellation. Tlie true fucceflion
of the caliphs was a controverfy of a ftill more
delicate nature, and the franknefs of a doctor,
too honeft for his fituation, provoked the em-
peror to exclaim, " Ye are as falfe as thofe of
" Damafcus : Moawivah wa» an ufurper, Yezid
" a tyrant, and Ali alone is the lawful fucceffor
" of the prophet.*' A prudent explanation re-
ftored his tranquillity j and he paffed to a more
familiar topic of converfation. " What is your
" age r faid he to the cadhi. « Fifty years.'"
— ^^ It would be the age of my eldeft fon : you
** fee me here (continued Timour) a poor, lame,
" decrepit riiortal. Yeft by my arm has the Al-
^ mighty been pleafed to fubdue the kingdoms
" of' Iran, Touran, and the Indies. I am not
** a hian of blood ; and God is my witnefs, that
** in all my wars I have never been the aggreffor,
" and that my enemies have always be^n the
•* authors of their own calamity.*' During this-
peaceful converfation, the ftreets of Aleppo
dreamed with blood, and re-echoed with the
cries of mothers and children, with the ihrieks
of violated virgins. The rich plunder ihat was
abandoned to his foldiers might flimulate their
avarice ; but their cruelty was enforced by the
peremptory command of producing an adequate

number

OF TH£ ROMAN EMPIRE. 31

number of heads^ which, acxrording to his cuf-
tom, were curioufly piled io columns and pyra-
mids : the Moguls celebrated the fcaft of vic-
tory, while the furvivin^ MoHems paffed the"
night in tears and in chams. I Ihall not dwell
on the march of the deftroyer from Aleppo to
Damafcus, where he was nidely encountered,
and almoft overthrown, by the armies of Egypt.
A retrograde motion was. imputed to his diftrefs
and defpair : one of his nephews delerted to.
the enemy j and Syria rejoiced in the tale of
his defeat^ when thefultan was driven by the
revolt of the Mamalukes to efcape with preci-
pitation and fliame* to his palace of Cairo.
Abandoned by their prince, the inhabitants of
Damafcus flUi defended their walls; and Ti-
mour confented to raife the fiege, if they would
adorn his retreat with a gift or ranfom ; each
article of nine pieces. But no fooner had he
introduced himfelf into the city, under colour
of a truce, fhan he perfidioufly violated theDamafaw,
treaty; impofcd a contribution of ten millions^-^^^»*°'"
of gold; and animated his troops to chaftife — "^^
the pofterity of thofe Syrians who had executed,
or approved, the murder of the grandfon of ^
Mahomet. A family which had given honour-
able burial to the head of Hofein, and a colony
of artificers whom he fent to labour at Samar*
cand, were alone referved in the. general maffa-
cre ; and, after a period of feven centuries,
Damafcus was reduced to afhes, becaufe a Tar^
tar was jmoved by religious zeal to avenge the
blood of an Arab. The lofles and fatigues of
the campaign obliged Timour to renounce the
conqueft of Paleftine and E^pt; but in his re*
turn to the Euphrates, he deliverfed Aleppo to
the flames; and juftified his pious motive by the
pardon ^nd reward of two thoufand fedlaries of

All,

22 THE DECLINE AND FALL

Ali, who were deCrous to vifit the tomb of his
fon. I have expatiated on the perfonal anec-
dotes which mark the cfaarafier of the Mogul
hero J but I fliall briefly mention (36), that he
erefted on the ruins of Bagdad a pyramid of

aDdBag<]ad,ninety thoufaiid heads ; again vifited Georgia ;

jjjj^;'^°'''encamped on the banks of Araxes; and pro-
claimed his refolution of marching againft 'the
Ottoman emperor. Confcious of the impor-
tance of the war, he colleflcd his forces from
every province ; eight hundred thoufand men '
were enrolled on his military lift (37); but the
fplendid commands of fiw, and ten, thoufand
horfe, may be rather expreflive of the rank and
penfion of the chiefs, than of the genuine num-
ber of eflfeflive foldiers (38). In the pillage of
Syria, the Moguls had acquired immenfe riches:
but the delivery of their pay and arrears for fe-*
vei> years, more firmly attached them to the
Imperial ftandard.

invaac* During this diverfion of the Mogul arms, Ba-»

A?D?i4oaj^2€t had two years to colled his forces for a
more ferious encounter. They confifted of foir
hundred thoufand horfe and foot (39), Whcfe

merit

f 36) The marches and occupations of Timour between- the Synan
and Octomtn wars, are reprefented by Sherefeddin (1. v. c. t^— 4}«J
and Arabfliah ^tom. ii. c. 1 5-^1 8.>

(3jf) This number of 800,000 was extraded by Arabfliah» or i^ther
fiy £ds Schounah, ex rationario Timuri, on the faith of aCarizmian
oS\ceF ^tom. i. c. tfS. p. ^17-^'; u^d it is remarkable enough, fiia't ^
Greek hiftorian (Phransa, 1. i. c. ap.) adds no more thskn 20^000
men. . Poggins reckons 1,000^00 ; another Latin contemporary
(Chron. l^rvifianum, apu^ Muratori, tom. xiz. p. 800.^^ i,roo,o^p ';
and t)ie enormous inm of i>6oo,ooo is attefted by a GerEaknTdldSti",
who was prefent at the battle of Angora (Leunclav. ad Chalcoqdyl,
I. ill. p. 82. j. Timour, in his Tuftitutions, has not dei^ed to calcu-
late histroopsy his fubje^s, or his revenues.

(38) A wide latitude of non-cffeiftives was allowed by the Great
Mogul for his owii pride and the benefit of his officers, Bernief 'spa-
Uonwas Pen^e-ifazari, commander of sooohoife; of which h«
maintsdned no more than $00 (Voyages, tom. i. p. a88, 289.).

(39) 'Hmonr himfelf fixes at 400,000 men the Ottoman army (^ln«
iUtutions, p. i53.]» which is reduced to 150,000 by Phranza ^1. i. c.

OF THrE KOUAH ^ErMPlRE, -^5

merit ^d fidelity y^^ve vi an unequal oom-
plexieo. We mciy difcrimiiute the jaoizaiks
who have been gradually raifed to an eftabliib-
inent cf forty tbou&tKl men ; a national cavalr
ry, ^e Spajiis of modern times ; twenty thou*
land cuiraffiers of Europe, clad in black and
impenetrable armour ; the troops of Anatdifii,
whofe princes had taJcen refuge in the camp (^
Timour, a&d a colony of Tartars, whom he
had driven from Kips^ak, and to wlM>m Bajazet
had afligned a fettlement in the plains of Adri-
anople. The fearlefs confidence of the fultaa
urged him to meet his antagonift; and, m if
he hj»d chofen that fpot forreveage, hedifplay^
ed his banners ne^r the ruins of the unfortunate
Survas. In the mean, while, Timour moved *
irom the Arates through the coimtries of Ar-
menia and Anatolia : his bcddnefs was fecured
by the wifefl .precautions ; his fpeed was guided
by Bjiei and difoipline ; axid the wood9, the
mountains, and the rivers, were diligently ex-
plored by the flying fquadrons, who mariced his
road and preceded his ftandard. Firm in his
plan of fighting in the heart of the Ottoman
kingdom, he avoided their camp; dextroufly
inclined to the left ; occupied Csefarea; traverfed
the fait defert and the river Halys ; and invefted
Angora : while the lultan, immoveable and ig-
norant in his poft, coo^arod the Tartar fwiu-
nefs to the crawling of a ihail (40) : he return-
ed on the wings of indignation to the relief of^^* ^^
Angora:; and as both %cq£X^ were alike im-JCl^Tioi

patient J»iy»«-

9.9.)^ axx} fwclled by the German foldier to 1 400,000. It U evident,
that the Moguk were the more numerous.

(40 J It mar not be ufclefsto remark the difta:nces between Ahgon
and the neigfabouHng cities, by the journies of the caravans, each
of twenty or 'twenty-five miles t to Smyrna jx. to^ Riotahia x. to
Bonrfa 2. to Czfarca viii. to Sinope x. to Nicomedia ix. to Conftanti-
iiojplc xil, or xiii. f fee Tourncfort, Voyage aii Levant, torn. ii. lettrc

XXI.J

14 THE DECLINE AND FALL

patient for a&ion, the plains round that citv
were the fcene of a memorable battle, whidi
has immortalifed the glory of Timour and the
ftiame of Bajazet. For this fignal viftory, the
Mogul emperor was indebted to hiaifelf, to the
genius of the moment, and the difcipline of
thirty years. He had improved the ta^ics^
without violating the manners, of his na-
tion (41), whofe force ftill confifted in the mif-
file weapons, and rapid evolutions, of a nume-
rous cavalry. From a fingle troop to a great
army, the mode of attack was the fame: a
foremoft line firft advanced to the charge, and
was fupported in a juft order by the fquadrons
of the great vanguard. The generals eve
watched over the field, and at his command tne
front and rear of the- right and left wings fuc-
ceflively moved forwards in their feveral divi-
iions, and in a. direct or oblique line: -the ene-
my was preifed by eighteen or twenty attacks ;
and each attack aftbrded a tjhance of vi&ory.
If they all proved fruitlefs or unfuccefsful, the
occafion was worthy of the emperor himfelf,
who gave the fignal of advancmg to the ftan-
dard and main body^ which he led in p«rfoB (42).
But in the battle of Angora, the main body it-
felf was fupported, on the flanks and in the
rear, by the braveft fquadrons of the rtferve,
commanded by the fons and grandfons 6f Ti-
mour. The conqueror of Hindoftan oftentati-
oufly (hewed a line of elephants, the trophies,
rather than the inftrunxt^nts, of viSory : the ufc
of the Greek fire was familiar to the Moguls

and

^41^ See the Syftejna of Tatflics in the Ini^itTitions, which the
Englifh editors have illuilratecT with elaborate plans (p< 373 — 407.^.,

(^%) The fultan himfelf /^fays Timour^ mud then put the foot of
courage into the ftirrup of patience. A Tartar metaphor, which is
^oft^n the Englifli, but prcfcrvcd in the French^ verfion of the IniU-
tutcsf'p. 156, 157.;.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. as

and Ottomans: but had they borrowed from
Europe the recent invention of gunpowder and
cannon, the artiidal thunder, in the hands of
either nation, muil have turned the fortune of
the day (4.3). In that day, Bajazet difplayed
the qualities of a foldier and a chief: but his
genius fank under a ftronger afcendant; and
from various motives, the greateft part of his
troops failed him in the decilive moment. His
rigour and avarice had provoked a. mutiny
among the Turks ; and even hb fon Soliman
too haftily withdrew from the field. The forces
of Anatolia, loyal in their revolt, were drawn
away to the l»nners of their lawful princes.
His Tartar allies had been tempted by the let-
ters and emifiaries of Timour(44); who re-
proached their ignoble fervitude under the; ilaves
of their fathers; and ofiered to their hop^ the
dominion of their new, or the liberty, of their
ancient, country. In the right wiog of Bajazet,
the cuiraffiers of Europe charged, with faithful
hearts and irre&flibb arms ; but thefe men of
iron were fodn btokeiH by an artfyl ffight and
headlong purfuit ; and the Janifaries, alone^
without cavalnr or miflile weapoQs, .were en-
compafled by tne dcde of the Mogul hunters.
Their valour was at length opprefled by heat,
ihirft, and the weight of numbers 5 and the un-
fortunate &kan, alBi^ted with the gout in his
hands and feet, was tranfported from the field
on the fleetcft of his horfes. He was purfuedj^^^^^tj^nj
and taken, by the titular khan of Zagatai ; and, captivity of
after his capture, and the defeat of the Ottoman ^^**"-

powers,

(43) Tbe Greek fire, on Timonr'ft fide, is atteftcd by Sherefeddin
t L v.c. 47.^ ; but Voluire*ft ftraoge fufpiclon, that feme cannon, in-
trribed with ftrange charaAers, mttSt have been fenf by that monarch
ta Dehli, Urelut<^ by the unWcrfalfilence of contemporaries.

(44) Timour has difTembled this fecret and imporunt negociation

>f6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

poivers, the kingdom of Anatcdia fiibmitted to
the conqueror, who planted.liis ilandard at Kio-
tahia^ and difperfed on all fides the minifters of
ripine :and deftruftion. M irza Mehemmed Sul-
tan, the eldeft and bed beloved of his grandfons,
•was difpatched to Bourfa with thirty thoufand
horfe : ftnd fuch was his youthful ardour, that
lie arrived with only four thoufand at the gates
of the capital, after performing in five days a
march of two Jiundred and thirty miles. Yet
fear is ilill mdre rapid in it3 courfe : and Soli*
mati, the fon of Bajazet, had already paflfed
over to Europe with the royal treafure. The
fpoil, however, of the palace and city was im-
liienfe : the iuhabitants had efcapcd ; but the
buildings, for the moft. part of wood, were reduced
to aihes. From Bourfa, the granidfon of Tiraour
advafnoed toNice, even yet a fair and flourifking
city ; ^lid the Mogul fquadrons were only. Hop-
ped by the tvaves of the Propontis. The fame
luccdfs attended the other mirzas and emirs in
their excurfions : and Smyrna, defended by the
eeal and courage of the iRhodikn tcnights, alone
deferved the prefence of the emperor himfelf.
After an obftin^te defence, the place was taken
by R^m; all that breathed Jwas put to the
fivord ; and the heads of the Chriftian heroes
we're launched from the engines, on board of
two ^carracks, or great (hips of Europe, tlisit
it>de »t ianclhbr in the harbour. The Moflems
df Afia rejoiced in thdr deliverance fratrt a
dfingcFrous and domeftic £oe, and a parallel \Arsts
drawn between the two rivals, by oblbrvixia
that Tihiour, in fourteen days, had reduced a
fonrefe whi^h had fuftained feven years tJi^
fiege, or atleafl the blockade, of Bajazet (45"]).

(.4$; For the^nr of Anatolia or Roimi, I add fome hintair^- ^^,
IflfiatutioBs, to the ebpiMianafratxvca of Slvrefeddin ft, y. c:44— *~^ ^^

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 47

The inm cage in which Bajazet was ifl^pri-Jf^^
foned ^bf Tameiiane, fo long and lb often release ''^
peated as a moral leffon, is now rejeAed as a
faUe by the modem writer, who fmile at the
vulgar credulity (46). 1 hey aj^al wiA confi-
dence to the Perfian hiftory of SbeFcfeddin All,
which has been given to our cuiiolky in a
French verfion, and from which I (hall colled
and abridge a more fpecioHs narrative of thik
memorable tranfa£Hon. NoTooner was Timour^JJJ^
informed that the captive Ottomati was at thicL ua^
door of bis tent, than he gracionfly ftept fi>r."*° ^ **"*•
wards to receive him, feated him by his fide,
and mingled with juil reproaches a foothing p4ty
for his rank and misfortune. ^^^ Alas !" faid
the emperor, ** the decree of fate is now ac«
" compliihed by your own fault : 5tis the web
♦* which you have woven, the thofnis of the tree

* which yourfelf • have planted. I wifhed to
" fpare, and even to affift, ihe chsimpion d
" the Moflems : you briaved our threats ; yo4
" defpjfed our ffiendfliip ; you' forced us to en*
'^ ter your kingdom With our tflvincible armies.
** Bdiold theeV^^tit. tfed Jrott Vanquilhed, I
" ato p6t ign4*ant kX this felc i^hich you re-
« fervea for myfelf ^rkl ftiy troops. But 1 dif-
" dain to t«teili«e-: your fife bnd'honour are
« fecu^e; sWi'Ilhall e»prtft«fiy gratitude to

* Qkl %Jr;ifty cteflfericy to^man,^ The royal
dip^ve flieWd f(in*e fig^s of repentance, ac-
c^ed *e 1rum9i»tl(><i 6{ « Vobfe of honour,
and tttfbraeed with teartr his^tbii Mdufa, who,

at

ttA^mMtaLh. (torn. ii. c. 10—35.). On this part only of Timour't
Uixory, it is lawful to quote the Turks (Cantemir, p. ^3— 5$. Annal.
LrancUv. p. 310— 31% J and the Greeks /Phranza, L i. c. a^. Du-
CM, c."f5--'i7. ChBlconiIy]<*B, 1. iii.).

(^) The feeptidlfin of Voltaire ^BflTai (br THiftoirt G^n^ralc, e.
f8.j m rdidy od tUs; b an!ei«ry occafion, to <r^jeA a popular tak,
and to diminiih the magnitude of vice and Time ; and 00 moft o#»
a&ana his incredulity is reafonable.

28 THE DECLINE AND FALL

at hii requefty was fought and found among the
captives of the field. The Ottoman princes
were lodged in a fplendid pavillion ; and the
refped of the guards could be furpaffed only
by their vigilaoce. On the arrival of the ha-
lam from Bourfa, Timour reftored the quceo
Dcfpina and iiei* daughter to their father and
hul^and; but he pioufly required, that the Ser-
vian princefe^ who had hitherto been indulged in
the profelfion of Chriftianity, ihould embrace
without delay the religion of the ^prophet. In
the feaft of vidory, to which B^jazet was ia-
vited, the Mogul emperor .placed a crown on
hiB head and a fceptre in his hand, with a fo-
lemn affurance of reftoring him with an increafe
of glory to the throne of bis anceftors. But the
cffedl of this .ptomife wa« difapppinted by . the
fultan's untimely death : apuidit the care of the
Hjoft fkilfpi phyficians, he expired of an apo-
plexy at Akibehr^ the Antioch of Pifidia, about
nine months after his defeat, • The vidor drop-
ped a tear over I)is grave j his body, with royal
pomp^ was cpqveyed to th^ maufoleum which he
had ereded ajt Bourfa; and his fon Moufa> af-
ter receiving a riph prefect of g<>ld and jeiyels,
of horfcs and ^rms, was invefted by a patent
in red ink.^rith the kii^gdom of Anatolia. '

Such is the pprtrait of a generous cokiquetor^
which has beenextradied ^m^ hi^'Ofim memo-
rials, and dedicat^ed to his fon and grandfon,
lunet^n years after hi$ deceafe (47) ; and> at a
time when, the truth was retf^^KuW^ed by thou-
sands, a manifeft falfehood would have implied
a fatire on his real condufi. Weighty indeed is

this

(47) S«e tK^ hiftory of Sherefeddin (L Y. c. 4p^ 51, 53. 59, tfo.).
ThU work vi^asfiniiiedAt Shiraz, in the yew .14^4, and dedrcmted to
fsiUB Ibnhim) ttu»C«& of SharoUi, the l«A of Timour, who reigned
is Fvfiftan in hi? father'* lifetibie.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 99

this evidence, adopted by all the Perfian hifto-
ries (48) ; yet flattery, more efpecially in the
Eaft, is bale and audacious ; and the harih and
ignominious treatment of Bajazet is attefted by
a chain of witneffes, forae of whom ihall be
produced in the order of their time and coun*
try. I- The reader has not forgot the garrifon*"«ft^'
of French, whom the marihal Boucicault left French*
behind him for the defence of Cbnftantinople*
They were on the fpot to receive the earlieft
and moft faithful intelligence of the overthrow
of their great adverfary ; and it is more than
probable, that feme of them accompanied the
Greek embaffy to the camp of Tamerlane. From
their account, the hard/bips of the prifon and
death of Bajazet are affirmed by the marfhal's
fervant and hiftorian, within the diftance of fe-
ven years (49), 2. The name of Poggius the*, by the
Italian (50) is defervedly famous among the re-^"^**" •
vivers of learning in the fifteenth century.
His elegant dialogue on the viciffitudes of iox-^
tune (51) was compofed in his fiftieth year,
twenty^ight years after the Turkifh vidory of

Ta.

(^t) After the perufal of Khondemir, £hn Schonnah, ftc. the
ieamcd d'Herbck»t ^Bibliot. Orientale, p. 881.) may affirm, that
this fable is not mentioned in the moft authentic hiflories : but hit
denial c^ the Yifible teftimony of Arabfliah, leaves fbme room to
liifped his accncacy.

^49) £t fut lui-meme (Bajas^t) pris, ct men^ en prifon, en kqaeHe
nourut de dure mmrt ! Memoiret de Boocicaalt, P. i. c. 37. Theie
memoirs were compofed while the marihal was ftili governor of Ce-
aoa, from whence he was expelled in the year 1409, by a popular
i&fnrredion (Miiratori, AnnaU d'ltalia, torn. xii.p. 473, 474.^.

r ^n) The reader will find a fatisfaSofy account of the life and
writings of Poggius, in the Poggiana, an entertaining work of M.
Lct:fant<» and in the Bibliotheca Latina medias et infimae iButis of
F4l.rici«< ^tom. v. p. 305—308.). Poggius was born in the year
1380, z\\t\ died in 1459.

^"5 1^ 1 he dialogue de Varietate Fortune (of which a complete and
elegant edition has been publiflked at Paris in 1713* ui 4to;, was
compofed a fliort time before the death of pope Mmrtin V* ^p. %,)
»nd coniequently about the end of the year 1430.

Anh^i

3P TH? DECLINE AND FALL

Tamerlane {$%) ; whcwai he celebrates as not in-
ferior to the iUuftrious Barbarians of antiquity.
Of his exploits aijid difcipline Poggjius was in-
formed by feveral ocular ivitnefics ; nor does
he forget an example fo appofite to his theme
as the Ottoman monarch, whom the Scythian
confined like a wild beaft in an iron cage, and
exhibited a fpe£lacle to Alia. I might add the
authority of two Italian chrcmicles, perhaps of
an earlier dat«, which would prove at leaft that
the fame ilory, whether falfe or true, was im-
ported into Europe with the firft tidings of the
3>j2^thc revolution (53). 3. At the time when Poggius
flpurifhed at Rope, Ahmed Ebn Arabftiah com-
pofed at Damafcus the florid and malevolent
hiftory of Timour, for which he had coUeded
materials in his journies over Turkey and Tar-
tary (54). Without any poflible correfpondence
between the Latin and the Arabian writer, they
ag^:€e in the fa£); of the iron cage ; and their
agreement is a Arikiog proof of their common
veracity. Ahmed Arabftiah likewife relates
another outrage, which Bajazet endured, of a
more domeilic and tender nature. His indif-
creet mention of women and divorces was deep-
ly refcnted by the jealous Tartar : in the fcail
of viftory, the wine was ferved by female cup-
Warers, and the fultan beheld his own concu-
bines and wives confounded among the flaves,

and

($a) See a iplouUd and eloquent encomium of Tamerlane, p. 36
.-?-39. ipfecnim novi Cfoys Po^iusj qui lucre in eiuscaftris. • . . Kc-
|;cm viyiun cepit, cavcaque in modum fers inclufum per omnem
. Afiam circumtuUt egreginm admirandumque Ipe^aculam fortune.

^53) The .ChronicoQ Tarvifunum ^in Muratori, Script. Rerum
Italicarum, torn. xix. p. 800J, and the Annalcs Eilcnfes (torn, x-viu.
F* 974*/ The twd authors, Andrea dc Reduiiis dc Quero, and James
;de DeJayto, were both contemporariqe, and both chaiiccUors, the one
< ijf Trcvigi, the other of Ferrara. The evidence of the former is the
moft pofitivc.

(54) See ArabHiah, torn. ii. c. 18. 34. He travelled In regioncs
Rumaras, A. H. 839 (A. D. 1435, July 27), torn. ii.c. ».p. ij.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 31

and expofed wididut a veil to the eyes of intem-
perance. To efcape a limilar indignky, it is
laid, that his fucceflbrs, except in a iingle in*
ftance, have abftaioed from legitimate nuptials ;
and the Ottoman pradice and belief, at leaft in
the fifteenth century, is attefted by the obferving
Bufbequius (55), amba&ador from the court of
Vienna to the great: Soliman. 4. Such is the 4. by the
reparation of language, that the teitimony of a^"^^'»
Greek is not lefs independent than, that of a la-
tin or an Arab. I fuppcefs the names of Chal-
condyles and Ducas, who flourifhed in a later
period, and who fpeak in a lels pofitive tone ;
but more attention is due to Geor^ Fhran0a(56),
protoveiHare of ti^e lafl emperors, and who was
bom a year before the battle of Angora*
Twenty-two years after that event, he was fent
ambafiador to Amurath the iecond ; and the
hiftorian might conveife with fame veteran Ja«
nizarics, who had been made prifbners with th^
fultan, and had themfelves feen him in his iron
cage. 5. The laft evidence, in every fenfe, is $; ^r^
that of the Turkifti annals, which nave been ^
confulted or tranfcribed byLeunclavius, Pocock,
and Cantemir (57). They nnanimoufly^deplore
the capdvity of the iron cage ; and ibme credit
may be allowed to national hiftorians, who
cannot ftigrtiaiize the Tartar without imcovering
the (hame of their king and country.

From tbcfe oppofite premifcs, a- feir and^^J^*^
moderate conclufion may be deducedi I am

fatisfied

(5;) Bttlbequhs in L^gttiont Tai-cic^ qyUL up. $t> Yet his re- -
fpcdable authority is fomewhat fliaken by the fubrequeot marriages
of Amu I arh II. with a Servian, and of Mahomiet II. with an Afiatic^
prIiiccftCCADceiiiir, p. 8$, 93.) „ . . ^» ^ . .

($6) See the icftimooy of Georf e Phraiiea (I. i. c 19.}, and hit
life ia Manckitis de Script. (9yzant*P. i. c.40'> Chalcondyles and
Uucas fpeak in genet jd terms of Bajazet^s chains,

($7) Ammlet LewKbv, p. 3^1, Pocock, Prolegomen, ad Abuir
I»harag. Pynaft. Caotemir, f,.Si- - . . ...

32 THE DECLINE AND FALL

fati^ed that Sherefeddin Ali has faithfully
defcribed the firft oftentatious interview, iii
which the conqueror, ,whofc fpirits were har-
monifed by fiiccefe, afFeSed. the charafter of
generolity. But his mind was infeniibly ali*
enated by the unfcafonable arrogance of Ba-
jazet ; the complaints of his enemies, the Ana-
tolian princes, were juft and vehement ; and
Timour betrayed a deiign of leading his royal
captive in triumph to Samarcand. An at-
tempt to facilitate his efcape, by digging a
mine under the tent, provoked the Mogul em-
peror to impofe a harfher reftraint ; and in
his perpetual marches, an iron cage on a wag-
gon might be invented, not as. a wanton in-
fult, but as a rigorous^ precaution. Timour
had read in fome fabulous hiftory a iimilar treat-
ment of one of his predeceffors, a king of Per-
fia; and Bajazet was condemned to reprefent
^e perfon, and expiate the guilt, of the Roman
Death of Caefar (58)- But the ftrength of his mind and
A^^,^l\o^.hodyiBJXiicd under the trial, and his premature
March 9. death might, without injufticc, be afcribed to
the feverity of Timour. He warred not with
the dead ; a tear and fepulchre were all that
he could bellow on a captive who was delivered
from his power ; and if Moufa, the fon of Ba-
jazet, was pernfutted to reign over the ruins of
Bourfa, the greateft part of the province of Ana-
tolia had been reftored by the conqueror to their
lawful fovereigns.
Tcrmof the From the Irtifh and Volga to the Peifian Gulf,
^^^*^**^and from the Ganges to Damafcus and the Ar-
A.D. iio3.chipclago, Alia was in the hand of Timour;

his

($8) A Sapor, ]ciog of Perlia, had been made prifoner aad indofed
in the figure gf a cow*% iiide b/ Mazimian or Galerius Caefar. , S.uch
is the febltrYrfjfted bf Eutychiu«(AAn4Ltom. u p. 4)1. verf.P<>cock).
The recoIle<5tIon of the true hiftoiy (Dfedibe and Fall, See. vol. iL p.
Ill — 1 29.) will Cfe'aeh tis to appreciate the knowledge of the Orientals
of the ages which precede the Hegka.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE-

hb armies were invincible, his ambition was

boundlefs, and his zeal might afpirc to conquer

and convert the Chiiftian kingdoms of the

Weft, which already trembled ac his name.

He touched the utmoft verge of the land ; but

an infuperable, though narrow, fea rolled be-

tween the two continents of Europe and

-Afia (59); and the lord of fo many tomans^ or

myriads, of horfe, was not mafter of a fingle

galley. The two paffages of the Bofphorus

and HellefponL of Gonftantmople and Galli-

poli, were paflfcd, the one by the Chriftians,

the other by the Turks. On this great occafi-

on, they forgot the difference of religion to aft

with union and firmnefs in the common caufe:

the double ftreights were guarded with ihips and

fortifications; and they feparately withheld the

iranfports, which Timour demanded of either

nation, under the pretence of attacking their

enemy. At the fame time, they foothed his

pride with tributary gifts and fuppliant embaf-

fies, and prudently tempted him to retreat with

the honours of victory. Soliman, the fon of

Bajazet, implored his clemency for his father

and himfplf; accepted, by a red patent, the in-

veftiture of the kingdom of Romania, which

he already held by the fword ; and reiterated

his ardent wifti, of cafting himfelf in perfon at

the feet of the king of the world. The Greek

emperor (60) (either John or Manuel) fubmit-

VoL. XII. D ted

(f9) Arablhaii (torn. u. c. 15.) defcribcs, like a curious traveller,
the ftreights of Gallipoli and CooiUntinople. To acquire a juft idea
of thefe cventa, I have compared the narratives and prejudices of the
Moguls, Turks, Greeks, and Arabians. The Spanilh ambaflador
mentions this hoftile union of the Chriftians and Ottontans (Vie de
Timour, p. 96.).

{fio) Since the name of Cslar had been transferred to the fultans of
RcNim, the Greek princes of Conftantinople (Sherefeddin, 1. ▼. c. 54.)
were confounded with the Chriftian hr£ of Gallipoli, Theflalonica^
luc* under the title of TVUir, which is derived by corruption from
Che genitive fH »vfnf (Canumir, p. 51.),

33

^4 THE DECLINE AND FALL

ted to pay the fame tiibute which he had fti-
pulated with the Ttirkifh fultan, and ratified the
treaty by an oath of allegiance, from which he
could aofolve his confcience fo foon as the
Mogul arms had retired from Anatolia. But
the fears and fancy of nations aferibed to the
ambitious Tamerlane a new delign of vaft and
■ roiiiantic compafs; a defign of Fubduing Egypt
and Africa, marching from the Nile to the
Atlantic Ocean, tntevmg Europe by Ae
Streights of Gibraltar, and, after impofing hb
yoke on the kingdoms of Chriftendom, of re-
tumihghome by the deferts of Ruffia and Tar-
taiy. ^Tiis remote, and perhaps imaginary,
danger was averted by the fubmiflion of the
fultan fi( Egypt : the honours of the prayer and
the^ coin, attefted at Cairo the fupremacy of
Timourj and a rare gift of a gifoffe^ or came-
lopard) and nine oilriches, reprefented at Sa-
marcand the tribute of the African^ world. Our
imagination is not lefs aftonilhed by the portrait
of a Mogul, who, in his camp before Smyrna^
meditates and almoft accomplifhes the invaiion
of the Chinefe empire (6i). Timour was urged
to this enterprife by national hon&ur and reli-
gious zeal. The torrents which he had (bed of
Mufulman blood could be expiated only by au
equal deilru£lion of the iaifidelsf and as he now
Hood at the gates of paradife, he might bell
fccure his glorious entrance by demoliihing the
idols of China, founding mofchs in every city^
and eftablifhing the profeffion of faith in one
God, and his pr<4>het Mahomet* The recent
expulfion of the houfe of Zingis was an infult
on the Mogul name^ and Uie difbrders of the

empire

(Ci) See Shcrefeddin, I. v. c. 4. who tnsrkt, in « raft ittneivy,dte-
road to China, which Arabihah (tern. u. c. 35.) pimtt in mstie an^
rhetorical c^loim.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 35

empire afforded the faircfl opponunity for re«
vecge. 1 be illuftrious Hoogvou, founder of
the dyoafty of Ming, died four years before the
battle of Angora ; and bis grasdlbo, a weak
and unfortuDate youth, was burnt in bis palace,
after a million of Cbinefe bad perifhed in the
civil war (62)- Before lie evacuated Anatolia,
Timour difpatched beyoiud the Sihoon a nume-
rous army, or rather colony, of bis old and
new fubje<^, to open the road, to fubdue ijjie
Pagan Calwicks and Mungals, and to found
cities and magazines ia the. defert; and^ by the
diligence of his lieutenant, he foon received a
perfeA map and de£crip(ion of the unknpwn re-
gions, from the fource of the Irtilb to the wall
of China. During thefe preparations, the em-
peror atchieved the final cpnqueft of Georgia ;
pafied the w^ter on the baQJo of the Arans;
appeafed the troubles of Pef iia; and ilowly re-
turned to bis capital, after a, campaign of four
- years and nine months.

On the throne of Samarcand -(63), he dif-Hittri-
played vsx a ilbort repofe his magnificence andSS^^d,
powers litt^ned. to the compJaints of the peo-^. ^. 1404;
pie; dUlributied a juft meafuce of rewards and a. £"1405,
punilhroents ;. employed his riches in the archi.J"»*nr «•
te^re of palaces and temples.; and gave audi-
ence to .the ambafladors of £gypt, Ambia, In-
dia, Tartary, Ruflia, and Spain, the laft of
whom ptenpfitod a fuit of tapeftiy which eclipfed
the pencil of die Ofieotal artilts. The raarri-
lag^ of fix of the emperor's grandfons was efteem-
ed an zSt of religion, as well as of paternal ten-
D % demefs;

{Si) Synopfis HUk. Simcie, p. 74—7^ 0" t^« 4^^ part of the Re- .
iatioos de llie^enot), Duhalde, riift. de U Chine (torn. i. p. 507,
^8. Iblio fidiuen); «nd for the chronology of th« Cbinefe empc-
ioc% de Ouicnes. I^ft. des Huos, tom. i.p. 71, 7a.

(63} For the return, trinmph, wd deatn of Timour, fee Sherefed-
diD (1. Ti. c. t— 30.) and Arablhah (torn. ii. c. 3S«-47.).

S6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

dernefs; and the pomp of the ancient caliphs
was revived in their nuptials. They were cele-
tratcd in the gardens of Ganighiil, decorated
with innumerable tents and pavillions, which
difplayed the luxury of a great city and the
fpoils of a viftorious camp Whole forefts
were cut down to fupply fuel for the kitchens ;
the plain was fpread with pyramids of meat,
and vafes of every liquor, to which thoufands
of guefts were courteoufly invited : the orders
of the ftate, and the nations of the earth, were
marftialled at the royal banquet; nor were the
ambaffadors of Europe (fays the haughty Per-
fian) excluded from the feaft; fince even the
cajfesy the fmalleft fifh, find their place in the
ocean (64). The public joy was teftified by il-
luminations and mafquerades ; the trades of
Samarcand paffed in review; and every trade
was emulous to execut<^ fome quaint device,
fomc marvellous pageant, with the materials of
their peculiar art. After the marriage-contra£t$
had been ratified by the cadhis, the bride*
grooms and their brides retired to the nuptial
chambers; nine times, according to the Anatic
fafhion, they were drefled and undrefled ; and
at each change of apparel, pearls and rubies
vtrere ftiowered on their heads, and contemptu-
oufly abandoned to their attendants. A general
indulgence was proclaimed : every law was re-
laxed, every pleafure was allowed ; the people
was free, the fovereign was idle ; and the hifto-

rian

(64) Sbercfeddin (1. vi. c. 14.) mentions the ambaiiadon of ooe of
the nioft potent foverei?ns of Europe. We know that it Mras Henrf
- ' HI. king of Caftile; and the curious relation of his two embaflies ia
ftill extant (Mariana, Hift. Hifpan. 1. xiz. c. 1 1. torn. ii.p. it^, 330.
Aveitiflcnicnt a VHvSt. de Timar Bee, p. 28—33.). '^nere appears
likewife to have been fome corrcfpondence between the Mo^ul em^-
peror, and the court of Charles VII. king of France (Hiftoire ^
France, par Vellj et Villaret, torn. xii. p. 356.)*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 37

xian of Timour may remark, that, after devo-
ting fifty years to the attainment of empire,
the only happy period of bis life were the two
months in which he ceafed to ezercife his pow«
er. But he was foon awakened to the cares of
government and wan The fiandard was un-
tried for the invafion of China: the emirs
made their report of two hundred thoufand, the
feled and veteran foldiers of Iran and Touran :
their baggage and provifions were tranfpoiled bv
j|ve hiindred great waggons^ and an immen^
tf^in of horfes ^nd camels; and the troops
might prepares for a long abfence, fince more
than fix months were employed in the tranquil
journey of a caravan from Samarcand to Pekin.
Neither age, nor the feverity of the winter,
could retard the impatience of Timour ; he
mounted on horfeback, pafled the Sihoon on
the ice, marched fev^nty-fix parafangs, three
hundr^ miles, from his capital, and pitched
his laft camp in the neighbourhood of Otrar,
where he was expelled by the angel of death. Hbdcadi
Fatigue, and the indifcreet ufe of iced 'v^^cr,^^^*^
accelerated the progrefs of his fever; apd theA.D.1405,
con(]ueror of Afia expired in the feventieth year^^ ■•
of his age, thirty-five years after he had afcend*
ed the throne of Zagatai. His defigns were
loft; his armies were diibanded; China was
f^ved; and fourteen years after his deceafe, the
mod powerful of his children fent an embafly of
f riendlhip and commerce to the court of Pe«
kin (65).

The

{6$) Set the tranflation of the PeriUn account of their embafly, a
cnrioiis and original piece ^in the ivth part of the Rchtiont de liie-
Tenot^. They prefcnted the emperor of China with an old hoffe
which Timour had formerly rode. It was in the year 141^, that they
d^arted from the' court of Herat, to whidi place they rctSfDcd 10
s4ai from Pekis.

38 THE DECLINE AND FALL

^^^rita '^^ ^^^^ of Timour has pervaded tbc Baft
^ TS!II2I[!atid Weft ; his poftcrity is ftill invcfted with the
Imperial title; and the admiration of his fubr
je^s, who revered him almolt as a deity, may
be Jtli'llfied ia fome dqgree by the pratfe or con-
feflion of his bittereft enemies (60). AUhougb
he was lame of an hand and foot, his form and
ftature were not unworthy of his rank ; and his
tigorous health, fo effential to Bmfelf and to
the world, wa3 corroborated by temperance
arid exercife. In his familiar difcourfe he was
grave and modeft, and if he was ignorant of
the Arabic language, he fpoke with fluency and
elegancy the Perfian and Turkilh idioms. It
was his delight to cpnverfe with the learned oa
topics of hiftoiy and fcierice ; and the amufe-
ment of his leifure hours was the game of chefs,
which he improved or corrupted with new rCr
finements(67). In his. religion, he was a zea-
lous, though not perhaps an orthodo^c, Muful-
man(68); but his found underftanding may
tempt us to believe, that a fuperftitious reve-
rence for oipens and prophecies, for faints and
aftrologers, was only affefted as an inftrument
of policy. In the government of a vaft em-
pire, he Hood alone andabfolute, Without a re-'
bel to oppofe his power, a favourite t6 feduc^
his affeaions, or a miniller to miflead his judg-
ment- It was his firmeft maxim, that whatever

might

(66) From Arablhah, torn. ii. c. ^6' 'The bright or foftcr colotir%
ar^ borrowed from Shcrefeddin, d*Herbelot, and the tnilitutioni.

/6yJ His new fyftem was multiplied from 3a pieces and 64 fqwares,
to 56 pieces and no or 130 fquares. But, Acept in his court, the old
game nas been thought fufficiently elaborate The Mogul emperor
was rather pleafedthaA hurt, with the viAoty of afubjed : a chefe-
player w}U feel the Yalue of this encomium !

f€SJ Ste Shcrefcddin, 1. v. c ic. 25. Arablhah ^tom. ii. c. 9^. d.
801. S03 J reproves the impiety pfTimour and the Moguls, who al-
most wrtientd to th« Kora^) the Z'ac/m^ or Law of Zingis ^cui D^us
maledicat> : nor will he believe that Sharokh had abomked the uft
and authority of that Pagan code.

OF THB HOmAN EBfPlRR 39

ini§ht be the confequence,. the wotfl of the
prince &ould never be idifputed or recalled;
but his foes have malicioufly pbferved, that the
commauKls of aiiger ^nd deftruflion were more
ftridUy executed than thofe of beneficence and
favour. His fons and grandfons, of whom Tl-
mour le^ fix-and-thirty at his deceafe, ' were his
firft and moft fubmifiiverufcgefts; and whenever
they deviated from their duty, they were cor-
redled, according to the laws of 2ingis^ with
the bailonade, and afterwards xeflored to ho-
nour and command. Perhaps his heart was not
devoid of the ibcial virtues; perhaps he was
not incapable of loving his friends and pardon-
ing his enemies; but the rules of morsdity are
founded on the public intercft ; and it may be
fufiicient to applaud the wifiom of a monarch,
for the lilierality by which he is not impoverifh-
ed, and for the juftice by which he is ftrengthr
ened and enriched To maintain the harmony
of authority and obedience, to chaftife the
proud, to proteft the weak, to reward the de-
ferving, to baniih vice and idlenefs from his do-
minions, to fecure the traveller and merchant^
to reftrain the depredations of the foldier, t6
cheriih the labours of the hufbandman, to en-
courage induflry and learning, and, by an equal
and moderate affeffment, to encreafe the reve-
nue, without encreafin^ the taxes, are indeed
the duties of a prince; but, in the difcharge of
thefe duues, he finds an ample and immediate
recompenfe, Timour nught boaft, that at his
acceflion to the throne, Afia was the prey of
anarchy and rapine, whilft tmder his profperous
monarchy a chUd, fearlefs and unhurt, might
carry a purfe of gold from the JEaft to the Welt
Such was his confidence of merit, that from this
reformadon he derived an excufe &)r his vi&o-

lies^

40 THE DECLINE AND FALt

lies, and a title to univerfal dominion. The
four following obfervatioM ^11 fei-ve to appre-
ciate bis claim to tbe public gratitude; and per«-
haps we fhall conclude, that the Mogul empe-
ror was rather the fcourge than the benefaftor
of mankind, i . If fome partial diforders, fome
local oppreflions, were healed by the fword of
Timour, the remedy was far more pernicious
thaii the difeafe. By their rapine, cruelty, and
difcord, the petty tyrants of rerfia might afflid
their fubjefts ; but whole nations were cruflied
under the footfteps of the reformer. The ground
v^hich had been occupied by flourifliing cities,
was often marked by his abominable trophies,
by columns, or pyramids, of human heads.
Aftracan, Carizme, Delhi, Ifpahan, Bagdad,
Aleppo, Damafcus, Bourfa, Smyrna, and a
thoufand others, were facked, or burnt, or ut-
terly deftroyed, in his prefence, and by his
troops; and perhaps his confcience would have
been ftartled, if a pried or philofopher had
dared to number the millions of viftims whom
he had facrificed to the eftablifhment of peace
and order (69). 2. His moft deftrufiive wars
were rather inroads than conquefts. He inva-
ded Turkeftan, Kipzak, Ruflia, Hindoftan, Sy-
ria, Anatolia, Armenia, and Georgia, without
a hope or a defire of preferving thofe diftant
provinces. From thence he departed, laden
with fpoil; but he left behind him neither troops
to awe the contumacious, nor magiftrates to
proteftthe obedient, natives. When he had

broken

f€sii) Btrfides the bloody paCTages of this narrative, I muft refer to an
imkipation in the fixth voiunne of the Decline and Fall, which, in a
firigle note fp. 50. Note &$.>, accumulates near 300/900 heads of th«
znonumcnta of his cruelty. Except in Rowc*s play on the fifth of No-
vember, I did not expe<ft to hear of Timour s amiab

xpe^ft to hear of Timour s amiable moderation
f wniie's pretaee, p. ?.)• Yet 1 can ezcufe a generous en * " '
the reader, and ftitl more in the editor, of the L^iitutiau.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 41

broken the fabric of their ancient government^
he abandoned them to the evils which his inva-
iionhad aggravated or caufed; nor were thefe
evils compenfated by anyptefentor poflible be-
nefits. 3. The kingdoms of Tranfoziana and
Perlia were the proper field which he laboured
to cultivate and adorn, as the perpetual inheri-
tance of his family. But his peaceful labours
were often interrupted, and fometimes blafted,
by the abfence of the conqueror. While he
triumphed on the Volga or the Ganges, his fer-
vants, and even his fons, forgot their mafter
and their duty. The public and private inju-
ries were poorly redrefled by the tardy rigourof
enquiry and punifhment ; and we muft be con-
tent to praife the InJHtutiom of Timour, as the
fpedous idea of a perfect monarchy. 4. What-
Ibever might be the bleflings of his adminiftra-
tion, they evaporated with his life. To reign,
rather than to govern, was the ambition of his
children and grandchildren (70) ; the enemies of
each other and of the people. A fragment of
the empire was upheld with fome glory by
Sharokh his youngell fon; but after i6£rdeceafe,
the fcene was again involved in darknefs and
blood; and before the end of a century, Tran-
foxiana and Periia were trampled by the Uzbeks
from the north, and the Turkmans of the black
and white iheep. The race of Timour would
have been extinct, if an hero, his defcendant in
the fifth degree, had not fled before the Uzbek
arms to the conqueft of Hindoftan. His fuccei^
fors, the great Moguls (7 1), extended their fway

from

^70^ Confult the laft chapters of Sherefeddin and Anhfhah, ind
M. dc Gnignes ^Hift. det Huns, torn. it. L zx J. Frafcr's Hiilory of
Nadir Shah, p. 1^61. The ftory of Tixnour't defcendanU is imper-
fcAiy told : and the fecond and third parts of Sherefeddin are im-
inown.

(71) Shah Attnm, the prefent Mopl, is in the fourteenth degree
from Tiraoor hy Miran 3iah, hit third fos. See the iiid Toittinc of
Dow's HiiUry of Hindoftan.

41 THE DECLINE AND FALL

froBi tbe mountauas of Caflmiir to Cape Como-
fiQ, aikl from C^ndahar to the gulf of Bengal,
fiioce the leiga of Aureagzebe, their empire
has been diflblved; their treafures of Delhi have
been rifled by a Periiaa robber ; and the richefl
of thdbr kingdoms is now pdOfefled by a company
of Chriftian merchants^ of a remote ifland in
the Northern ocean. .
Civil wan Far different was the fate of the Ottoman mo-
2[^5j^narchy. The maffy trunk was bent to the
A.D. 'ground, but no Iboner did the hurricane pafs
i4o3.r4»i. away> than it s^ain rofe with frefti vigour and
more lively vegetation. When Timour, in
every lenfe, had evacuated Anatolia, he left the
cities without a palace, a treafure, or a king.
The open country was overfpread with hords of
ihepherds and robbers of Tartar or Turkman
origin ; the recen,t conqueils of Bajazet were re-
flored to the emirs, one of whom, in bafe re-
venge, demoUihed his fepulchre ; and his five
fons were eager, hy civil difcord, to confume
the remnant of their patrimony. I Ihall enu-
merate their names in the order of their age and
I. Mnfti-aftions (72). I. It is doubtful, whether I relate
^' • tbcftory of the true Muftapha^ or of an impof-
tor, who perfojiated that left prince. He fought
l^ his father's fide in the battle of Angora: but
when the captive fultan was permitted to en-
quire for his children, Moufa alone could be
found ; and the Turkifh hiftorians, the flaves of
the triumphant £afiion, are perfuaded that his
l^othcr was confounded among the llain. If
Muftapha efcaped from that difaftrous field, he

was

(71) The civil wars, from th/e death of Bjuazct to that of Mufta-
pha, are related, according to the Turks, by Demetrius Cantcmir (p.
^S-^^.)' ^^ t^c Creeks, Chalcondyles{l.iTr and ▼.), Phranza(l. i.
c. 30-— 37.), andDucas (c 18—27.), ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^'^^ copious and
heitinfiDriued.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 43

was concealed twelve years from bis frieiids and
enemies; till he emerged in Theifaly, and was
hailed by a numerous party, as the fon and fuc*
ceflbr of Bajazet. His firll defeat would have
been his laft, had not the true, orfalfe, Mufta^
pha been faved by the Greeks, and reftored,
after the deccafe of his brother Mahomet, to li-
berty and empire. A degenerate mind feemed
to argue his fpurious birth; and if, on the
throne of Adrianople, he was adored as the
Ottoman fultan; his flight, his fetters, and an
igoominions gibbet, delivered the impoftor to
popular contempt. A fimilar character and
claim was aflcrted by feveral rival pretenders ;
thirty perfons are faid to have fufiered under the
name of Muftapha ; and thefe frequent execu-
tions may perhaps iniinuate, that the Turidfh
court was not perfedlly fecure of the death of
the lawful prince. 2. After his father's capti-
'^•ity, Ifa (73) reigned for fome time in the neigh-i. uk;
boarhood of Angora, Sinope, and the Black
Sea; and his ambafladors were difmilled from
the prefence of Timour with fairpromifes and
honourable gifts. But their mafter was foon
deprived of his province and life, by a jealous
brother, the fovereign of Amafia ; and the final
event fuggcfted a pious allufion, that the law of
Mofes and Jefus, of Ifa and Motifa, had been
abrogated by the greater Mahomet. 3. Soliman^. Soiimaa,
is not numbered in the lift of the Turkiftiempe- ^^^•
lors : yet he checked the viftorious progrefs of *^^^"*****'
the Moguls ; and after their departure, united
for a while the thrones of Adrianople and
Bourfa. In war he was brave, aftive, and for-
tunate: his courage wasfoftened by clemency;

but

(73) Anbfhftfa, tMD.il. c. a6. whole teftimo&y eo this occafioo is
wctvbcy and valuable. The exiftcnce of Ifa (unknown to the Turks)
u likevrilc confirmed by Shercfeddin (1. v. c. 57.).

4* THE DECLINE AND PALL

bat it was likewife inflamed by prefumption,
and corrupted by intemperance and idlenefs.
He relaxed the nerves of difcipline, in a govern*,
ment where either the fubje^ or the fovereign
Qiuft continually tremble : his vices alienated
the chiefs of the army and the law ; and his
daily drunkennefs, fo contemptible in a prince
and a man, was doubly odious in a difciple of
the prophet. In the flumber of intoxication,
he was farprifed by his brother Moufa; and as
he fled from Adrianople towards the Byzantine
capital, Soliman was overtaken and flain in a
bath, after a reign of feven years and ten months.

4. Monfa, 4. The invefiiture of Moufa degraded him as
A.D.i4io.jjjg flave of the Moguls : his tributary kingdom

of Anatolia was confined within a narrow li*
mit, nor could his broken militia and empty
treafury contend with the hardy and veteran
bands of the fovereign of Romania. Moufa
fied in difguife from the palace of Bourfa; tra-
verfed the Propontis in an open boat ; wandered
over the Walachian and Ser\'ian bills ; and after
fome vain attempts, afcended the throne of
Adrianople, fo recently ftained with the blood
of Soliman. In a reign of three years and an
half, his troops were vidlorious againfl the
Chriflians of Hungary and the Morca; but
Moufa was ruined by bis timorous difpofition
and unfeafonable clemency. After refigning
the fovereignty of Anatolia, he fell a vidlim to
the perfidy of his minifters, and the fuperior af-

5. Maho- cendant of his brother Mahomet. 5. The fi^al
"^!'d. "^'^^^ry of Mahomet was the juft recompenfeof
1413-1421. his prudence and moderation. Before his fa-

ther s captivity, the royal youth had been en*
trufted with the government of Amafia, thirty
days journey from Conflantinople, and the
1'urkifti frontier againfl the Chriftians of Tre-

bizond

OF THEllOMAN EMPIRE. 45

bizond and Georgia. The cafUe, in Afiatic
warfare, was efteemed impregnable; and the
city of Amafia (74), which is equally divided
by the river Iris, nfes on cither fide in the form
of an amphitheatre, and reprefents on a fmall-
er fcale the image of B^dad. In his rapid ca«
reer, Timour appears to have overlooked this
obfcure and contumacious angle of Anatolia ;
and Mahcmet, without provoking the conquer-
or, maintained his filent independence, and
chafed from the province the laft ilragglers of
the Tartar hoft. He relieved himfelf from the
dangerous neighbourhood of Ifa; but in the
conteftsof their more powerful brethren, his
firm neutrality was tefpeAed; tall, after the tri-
umph of Moiuia, he flood forth the heir and
avenger of the unfortunate Soliman. Maho-
met obtained Anatolia by treaty and Romania
by arms; and the foldier who prefented him
with the head of Moufa was rewarded as the
benefactor of his king and country. The eight
years of his fole and peaceful reign were ufeful-
ly employed in banifhing the vices of civil dif-
cord, and reftoring on a firmer bafis the fabric
of the Ottoman monarchy. His laft care was
the choice of two vizirs, Bajazet and Ibra-
him (75), who might guide the youth of his fon
Amurath; and fuch was their union and pru- Reign of
dence, that thev concealed above forty days thc^]^^^
emperor's deato, ^l\ the arrival of his fucceflbrun-us^
in the palace of Bourfa, A new war was^*^**^**^^
kindled in Europe by the prince, or impoftor,

Muftapha;

(-'4) Anbihah, loc. citat. Abulfeda, Geograph. tab. xvii. p. 30X.
Boibeqiuiu, cpift, i. p. ^, 9;. ia Itinere C. P. ct Amafiano.

(75) The virtaet of fbrehim arc pralfed by a contemporarf Gretk
(Ducas, c. 1L$X HU defcendants are the fole nobles in Turkey : they
content themielret with the adminiftration of his pious foundations,
are excufed from public offices, and receive two annual YJiits from the
fdtan (Caatcmir, p. ytf.}.

4« THE DECLINE AND FALL

Muftapha; the firft vizir Joft his army and his
head ; but the xnore fortunate Ihrahini, whofe
name and family are ftill revered, eztinguifbed
thelaft pcetender to the throne of Bajazet, and
dofed the fcene of domeftic holHlity.
Re-union In thefe confli£ls, the wifeft TuiJcs, and in-
to,^^.deedthe body of the nation, were ftrongly at-
pire, tached to the unity of the empire ; and Roma-
A.D. Maijjj^gjjjj Anatolia, fo of ten torn aC^der by pri-
vate ambition, were animated by a ftrang and
invincible tendiency of cohefion. Their ^brls
might have inftni£led the Chriftian pomrers; and
bad they occupied with a confederate fleet, the
ftreigbts of Glllipoli, the Ottomans, at leaft in
Europe, muft- have been fpeedily annihilated.
'But &Le fchifm of the W^ bM the fafiiions
and: wars of France and England, tiivertedthe
JLatinirfrom this ^neix)us enteiptife:.thev en-
joyed the preieol! i^fpite, without .a tbougnt of
futurity ; and wete^ccten tempted by a momsn-
;tary intereft, to ferte the cocnm<!Mi enemy of
their religion. . A colony of Genoefe (76),
whidi had been planted at Phocaea.(7y^)on the
Ionian coaft, was enriched by tbe^hicrative mo-
nopoly of adum (76); and their tranquillity^
under the Tuckifh empirci wstsfecuved by the

annual

(7^) $tt P«€hyincr H/jv. i^.)^ Kkephefus Gr^gfras (1. ii.c. i.),
Shucrcteddin (I. v.<, 57.), and Ducm (c. 25.). 'The laft of thefc, a
ciiri6u«aiKl cardful 6bftrv«r, it entitled, ffoni hit birth and ftadon, ^to
i)articu}ar credit in all that concerns Ionia and tl^c iflanda. Amooe
' the nations that reforted to New Phocxa, he mentions the EngHIh
(lyy^Jftw) ; *n early -tTid^nee of Meditcrratwan trade.

O7) ^^ ^c fpirit of navigation, and freedom of ancient Phocza,
or rather of the Phocxans, confult the ift book of Herodotus, and
the Geographical Index of his laft and learned French tranilator, M.
Larcher (torn. vii. p. a^^.)*

(78) Phocsea is not enuitierated by Pliny (Hift. Kat. xnv. ca.)
Among the places produSivc of alum; he reckons E^ypt as the nrft,
and for the fccond the iile of Mdos, whofe alum mines are dcfcribod
by Tournefort (torn. i. Jettrc iV.V a traveller and a naturalift. After
the lofs of Phocjca, the Genoese, in i4Spt found that ufeful mineral
in the iflc of Ifchia (Ifmacl. BouiUaud, ad Pugiro, q. *$.).

OF THE ROMAN EMPIKB. 4^

animal payment of triixite. In tlie laft dvU
war of die Ottomans, the Gcnoefe goveraor,
Adomo, a bold and ambitious youth, erabraoed
the party of Amurath ; and undertook with ie-
ven ftoutgallies to tranfport him* from Alia to
Europe. The fultan and five hundred guards
aoibarked on board the admiral's flop; which
was manned by eight hundred of the bsaveft
Franks. His life and liberty were in their
hands; nor can we, widiout reludano^ ap-
plaud the fidelity of Adorno^ who, in the micUl
of thepafiage, knelt before him, andgratefidiy
accepted a diftjiaige of his arrears of tribute.
They laaided in fight of Muilapha and GalUpo-
li; two thouiand Italians, armed with Unces
and battle-axBB, attended Amuralh to the ecm«
queftof Adrianopfe; and this venal fervice was
iboa repaid by the ruin of the commerce aiad
colony of Pfaiocaau

If Timour had genexoufly marched at the re-S«e ^ ^^
queft, and to the relief, of the Greek empeiior,^J^**"
be might be endded to the praiie and gratitude ^i>-
of the Chriftians (79). But a Mufulman, who'^*"'^*^'-
carried into Georgia the fword of perfecutioti,
and refpe£led the holy warfare of B^aaet, was
not difpofed to pity or fuc^iQur the idolaters - of
Europe. The Tartar followed the impulfe of
ambition; and the deliverance of ConltaiELtino-
pie was the accidental confequenoe. When
Manuel abdicated tbe govecmnlent, it was his
prayer, rather than his hope, that the i!^n of
the church and ftate might be delayed. beyoBd

his

(79) The writer who hat the moft abufed thia fabntou gcnerofitf*
B our tnffenioiis Sir William Temple (his worka, yoI. iii. p. 349» |$o.
o^avo edition), that lover of ezouc virtue. After the conqueft of
Ruflia, Sec. and the pafiage of the Dsnube, faia Ttftttr hero rcUevea,
vifits, adaurea, and refafca the city of Conftasicme. His flattering
pesdl deviates in every liae from the tmtfa of hiftxirj : T^t ^ pliea-
£1^ fi fti«iia ar€ mow cic«fiiUe thaq the grof« erron of Cantemtr,

48 THE DECLINE AND FALL

his unhappy days; and after his return from a
weftern pilgrimage, he expeded every hour the
news of the fad cataftrophe. On a fudden he
was aftonifhed and rejoiced by the intelligence
of the retreat, the overthrow, and the captivity
of the Ottoman. Manuel (80) immediately
failed from Modon in the Morea ; afcended the
throne of Conftantinople ; and diimified his
blind competitor to an ealy exile in the ifle of
Lefbos. The ambafladors of the fon of Baja-
zet were foon introduced to his prefence; but
their pride was fallen, their tone was modeft ;
they were awed by the juft apprehenfion, left
the Greeks fhould open to the Moguls the gates
of Europe. Soliman faluted the emperor by
the name of father; folicited at his hands thd
government or gift of Romania ; and promifed
to deferve his favour by inviolable friendihip,
and the reftitution of Theffalonica, with the
moft important places along the Strymon, the
Propontis, and the Black Sea. The alliance of
Soliman ezpofed the emperor to the enmity and
revenge of Moufa: the Turks appeared in arms
before the gates of Conftantinople; but they
were repulfed by fea and land ; and unlefs the
city was guarded by fome foreign mercenaries,
the Greeks muft have wondered at their own
triumph. But, inftead of prolonging the divi-
lion of the Ottoman powers, the policy or paf-
lion of Manuel was tempted to aftUft the moft
formidable of the ions of Bajazet.' He conclu*
ded a treaty with Mahomet, whofe progrefs was
checked by the infuperable barrier of Gallipoli :
the fultan and his troops were tranfported over

the

rSo) For the retgns of Manuel and John, of Mihotnet I. and Amu-
raui U. fee the Othman hiftory of Cantemir (p. 70^9$ •)> sui<l the
three Greeks, ChalcondyleB, Phranzai and Ducaa, who is ftiU fupe«
rior to hift rivals.

OF THE ROMAN JJMHR?. 49

iA tb« qapatal ; aad bis fucce&fi)! (i»Uy wys x^
firft il^p to the coqqipft pf p.€uiis»nia. The roia
was fufpeo4^ by the prudent ai»d mod^raiiqp
of !)»• ^paqueror: he faithfully 4i(<^ha<]ge4 }^
owA ohligatipps aod thofi^ of SoUmfn, ^pe^^
the lav« of gratitwkt and peace; and Idt the
emperor giMu^diafi cf his two vounger ioosi ip
the vm hope of faviog th^m from ^ jea^
cnielty of dbeir hrother Amorath- But the esof-
cofian of hi9 laft tji^ftaoieiit would have pleaded
th^ aati^oal honour a«d rkHtpw : and the di-
van unaninQufly piQAounoed, that the loyal
jFOQcbs ihould pever b^ abandoned to the onfto-
dy and educatjoa of a Clhriftian dog. On this
refyfylj the Byzantine councils were divided :
but the age mA cauikxi of Manuel yielded to
the preftwpticm ^ his fon John; and they uu-
iheathed a dangeroua weapon of rav^uge. by
dJfnvbBing the tf ue cm: faKe Muftapha. who had
Ic^g been detained a» a captive and hoftage» and
for vhcyfe vamteMnce they f-e<;eived an annual
penfi^n of duress hwd^ed tbouiaad afp^rs (8i).
At the dpor of hift prifon, Muftaj^a fubicribed
toev^rypropofal; and the keys of Gallipoli,
or rather of £unppe> were ftipulated as the price
<3i \m deliverance. But no fooner was he feat-
ed OB the thi^>Qe of Romania^ than he difmi0hd '
the Greek arabafladors with a fmileof con^empt^
declaring^ in a pkws tone, that, at the day of
judgpmt» he woul^ rather anfwer for the vio-
lation of an oath, than for the furrender of a
Vol. Xn. £ MuTulman

(8i) TlieT«zii&a4^(arQnth»afe«k«Mir9H}u>orwa4»apkce
of «^#orfil«cr moDex, m pretot Much ^Mcd, but mhi^h was
Connevlf cfluvmleiit M tke^^di part, at laaft, of a. Vesotian ducat or
ftqaint and the 3o9«Opoalp<ri, a pnoctly aHowuice or royal UrihiMe,
nay he completed at xs*^l. Aerltef (LeuDcbv. Pandci5^« Tur«. p«
40f— 4oS.).

50 THE DECLINE AND FALL

Muiulmancity into the hands of the infidrfs".
The cihperor was at once the enemv of the two
rivals; from whom he ]ffid fuftamed, add t»
whom he had offered, an injury ; and the vic-
tory of Amurath wai followed, in the enfuing*.
l^pring, bythcfi^eof Conftantinople(82)-
sicgj of The religious mcrit^ of fubduing the city of thfc
n^ic^^A-Caefars, attrafted from Afia a crowd of volun-
murathif. teers, who afpired to the crown of martyrdom' :■
June i!ii** their military ardour was inflamed by the pro-
Auguft 14. jnifc of rich fpoils and beautiful females ; and
the fultan's ambition was confecrated by the
prefence and prediftion of Seid Bechar, a de-
fcendant of the prophet (83), who arrived in
the damp, on a mule, with a venerabte train of
five hundred difciples: But he might blufti, if
a fanatic could blufb, at the failure of his aflit-
ranees. Theftrengthof the walls refilled an
army of two hunch-ed rhoufand Turks : their:
aHaults were repelled by the' faWies of the
Greeks and their foreign mercenaries ; the old
refources of defence were oppofed to the new-
engines of attack ; and the enthufiafm of the
dervifli, who was fiiatched to heaven in vifiorv-
ary converfe with Mahomet, was anfweped by
the ctedulity of the Chriftians, who bebe/d the
Virgin Mary, in a violet garment, walking on
the rampart and animating their courage (84).
After aficgeof two months, Amurath' was re-
called fo Bourfa by a domeftic revolt, which
h^d^been kindled* by Greek t-reachery, asd^was

foon

(8a) For the fiegeof Conftdntinople in 1412, fee the pirticular and
contemporary narrative of John Cananiss, publiflied by Leo AUattus,
at the end of his edition of AcropoUta Yp. 1 88— 199.).

(83) Cantemir, p. Bb. Oananus, who defcribct Seid Bechar with-
out naming him, fuppofesthat the frifend of Mahomet aflume4 in his
artioilrt the privilege of a* prophet, and that the fiiireil •£ the Greek
nuns were promifed to the faint and his difciplet.

(84) For this miraculous apparition, Cananus appeals to the Muful-^
man faint ; but who will bear teftimony for Seid Bechar t

OF THE ROMAN. JEMPIRE. 51

fooD extioguiihed by the dea A of a guiltlefs bro^
then While be led his Janizaries to new c^^^r'^SS^*
quefts in Europe and Afia, the Byzantine envp^oiogus
pire was indulged in a fervile and precarious re-"-
fpile of thirty years. Manuel liink into thejuiyn—
grave; and John Palaeologus was permitted ^o^ili^^*
reign, for an axmual tribute of three hundred
thou/and afbers, and the dereli6lion of almoft
all that he held beyond the fuburbs of Confian*
dnople.

In the eftablifhment and reftoration of the"««^*«7
Turkilh empire, the firft merit muft doabtlefs beJ^cT ^

aifigned to the perfonal qualities of the fultaijsj^f ^^^
fince, in human life, the moll important fcenes
will depend on the character of a finglc a&or.
By fome (hades of wifdomand virtue, they may
be difcrimina4ed from each oth^r; but, except
inafingleiiftanoe, a period of nine reigns, and
two hundred and fixty-five years, is occupied,
from the elevation of Othman to the death of
Soliman, by a rare feries of warlike and adlive
princes, who impreifed their fubjedls with obe-
dience and their enemies with terror. Inflead
of the flothful luxury of the feraglio, the heirs
of royalty were educated in the council and the
field : from eariy youth they were entrufted by
their fathers with the command of provinces
and armies ; and this manly inftitution, which
was often produftive of civil war, muft have et
fentially contributed to the difcipline and vigour
of the monarchy. The Ottomans caimot ftyle
themfelves, like the Arabian caliphs, the de«
fcendants or fucceifors of the apoftle of God ;
and the kindred which they claim with the Tar-
tar khans of thehoufeof Zjngis, appears to be
founded in flatteiy rather than in truth (85).
E 2 Their

(8<) See Rycaut (1. L c. 1 3.). TheTurkifb fultaat aflume the title
of khan. Yet Abul[|^xi U ignoraat of hit Ottpman coufins.

Sa THE DECLINE AND FALL

Their origm is obicure ; but their iactcd and m-
defeafible right, which m> time can erafe and n^
TiclettCtt can infnnge^ was foon and unaiterabty
iniplanti^ in t)he minds of their fobrjcfls. A
weak pr vicious fuhan may be depoied aiyl
1 ihangWd ; but his inheritance devcdves to an ixv-

fant or an ideotr nor has the moft daring rebel
prefomed tb afcend the throne of hi3 lawful lb-
yexeign(86)> While the tranfi^t dynafties o£
Afi^ have been continually fubvected by a crafty
viiEi;r in the palace or a vii6k>rious general in the
eamp^ the Ottoman fbeceffiidn has been eonfirni-
ed by the pra£lice of £ve cent'Uri€s, and is now
incorporated with the vital principle of the
Turkifh. natiott.
Education To the l^ifft and eonftitutioh of that nation^
^M^^thc^ ^^^'^g and fin^ar influence may however be
Turki. afcnbci The primitive fut^^ of Othmaxi
were the Iqup hundred families of wandering
Turkmans, who had fallowed hi^ anceftors from
the bxus to the Sangar i and the ^aias o£ Ana-
tolia are ftill covered with the whke and black
tent? of their ruftic brethren. Bat this original
drop wa3 difibtved in the mafs of voluntary and
v^nqqilhed fubjefite, who, undel^ the name of
Turl^s, arc unked 'by the eommon ties of reli**
gion^ language, stttd manners. In the cities,.
nx>m Erzerbmii to Belgrade, that national ap{}eL
lation is com.ufion tfo zll the Moflen^s, the irft-
wdi moil honourable inhabitants; but thfsy have
abandoned^ ^ leaft in Romania, the villages^
and ^he cultivation of the land, to^ the ChrifSaii.

peafont^

(S^) TIk third i^ani^.vizir of tiKVame of KiHperli, whowatflain
at the battle of. SdankaneQ in itfpi (Qantcmir, pi. 361)1' prefuinc4 to
%, that ^thefacceflheaof StolonaA had Hcn ^i*.of tyraats, a,n4-
ttutMt, was time to abolifli the race (Marfi^li Stato Military &c. p^
ft8.). This political heretic was a good wliig, and juftified againih
thp French ambaflac)p]:th«l'eYQlutiiiQt& of England (Mignot, Hift. Ot-
tomane, torn. iii. p. 4340* His prefomptito co^idcBilis the fiogqUr
cKcepjcidn of coQtlntting aScesin the bme hmSki^

OF TH£ ROMAN SMPIR£. 53

pes^suits. Licbe ^%0fou8 age of ifae Ottoman
govemmeDt, the Turks were tbemfd^es ezclu«>
4led from all civU afid milkary i^onours ; and a
iervik €lai% aa artificial people, was raaied bgr
^itiiripliae €if leducadaa to obey, to conque];
and to commaad (S7). Fran tbelime of Or*
chan and the fidft Anmratb, the fidtans ^«iw«
perfiiaded tiiat a govemment of the fwoid muft
}9e i^nevv^ ki each generaUoa with new kl-
diers ; aad that fuch foldiers muft be 'lought; bat
io eflkmiaate Afia, but among the hardy and
warlthe nativee of £urc>pe« The provinces olf
Thrao^ MaX^edooia, AUkuiu^ Bnlgana, and
^ervia, became the |)eqpetual feaunsuy of the
Turldfli lamjr ; and when.tihe foyal fifiihof the
<}apuve6 99m <fiRiiiHfliad by conquefl^ an inhu-
man itzx, of 1^ fifth child, *or of ^veiy fiith
year, «tas ngor^ufly levied oa the Ghd^han ia-
4mlie6. At uie age<of •tvvielveaor fourteen years,
the mod loboft yoiM^ were torn frorathep: pa-
venta; theinr.n^aiesweQe enroled in abook; and
from that kiBoiaent ithey were clotfaed, taogfat,
and nuimaiiied, for the piifolic fervice. Ac-
'COrdi&g to theMomife^f their appearance, they
vfece fele^d ifH the ffoyal &hods of Boucfat
I'cra, and A(UiaaegBfe» '^mrufted to the care^yf
the bafhaws, or ^i^rjed iu the faou&sof tlie
Anatolian peafaxitfy/ 1^ was the $rft care of
their mailers to inftnsSt t^iem in the Tudcifh lan-
guage: tiieir bodies were eacercifed by^every la-
hour diat oould fortify their ftrength^ tW
learned to wieftle, to leap, to tun> ;to Jboot witli
the bow, and afterwards with the ^&^i(k€t j loU
^ley were drafted intothe chambers and comju^
nies of the Janizades, and feverely trained ta

the

<S7) Clnlcon<!|flM<l. v.) «ad Docm (e. aa.) odukitthe nide lines-
ocacs «f the Ottoman jpolicy, sad iho^MifmntitM sf Chriftiwt
diiUxai into Tnrkiih foMion.

54 THE DECLINE AND FALL

the military or monaftic difciplinc of the order-
^ The youths moft confpicuous for birth, talents,
and beauty, were admitted jpto the inferior clafs
of Agiatno^lansy or the more liberal rank of
IchpglanSy bf whom the former were attached to
the palace, and the latter to the perfon of the
prince, in four focceCfive fchools, under the
xod of the white eunuchs, the art&of horfeman-
Ihip and of darting the jayelin were their daily
fei^irc^ire-' while tHoTe of a more ftudioas caft ap-
plied themfelves to the ftudy of the Koran, and
the knowledge of the Arabic and Perfian
tqngueis'. As they advanced in femority and me-
rit, they were gradually difmifled to military,
civil, and even ccclefiaftical employments c the
longer their ftay, the higher wa^thfeir expe£la-
lion ; tillij; at a mature period, they were admit-
ted into the nutober of the forty iaga^, who ftood
'bcford;the fultan, and ^^ere prombted by his
choice' t6' the govcrhment of provinces and the
firft bontmrs bf' the eimpire (88). Such a niode
of inftitntion was 'admirably adapted to the form
and fpiri't of a defpdtic monarchy. The mini-
'ftei's and generals were, in the ftrifieft fenfe, the
fliaves of 'the emperot, to whole bounty they
were indebted for theif inftru6lion and fupport.
When they left the feraglip, and faffered their
beards to grow as the fymbol of i^nfi'anchife-
inent,' thej^ found themfelves in an important of-
fice, without fa<Sion or friiendlhip, without pa-
rents and without 'tieirs, dependent oil the hand
Which' had raifed ■ them from the' duft, and
ivhich, on the flighteft difpleafdre, could break
' ' ' ■ — ' • .. . in

(88) This fkctch of the TurkiOi edncatinn and difciplinc, is chiefly
borrovred from Rycaut's State of the Ottoman Empire, the Stato Mi-
litarc del* Imperio Ottpmannoof Count Marfigli fin Hajra, 1731, in
Iblio), and a bcftri))tioft of the Seraglio/ appivred by Mr. Greave*
himielf, •• curiout traveiWr, ttidinferted in thcfecond volume of fans
works. '

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 55

in pieces thcfc it^ta^.o£ glafi, nsribey are aptly
termed by the Jurkifli proverb (89), In.tbye
dowand painful ftcps of edugation, their cl)a-.
raders and talents were ^nfolc^d Xo a.difcerniQg
eve : the man, naked and alone, was reduced to
tne ftandard of his perfonal merit; and, if the
fovereign had wifdom to chule,. he poflefied a
pure andboundlefs liberty of choice. The Ot-
toman candidates were trained by the virtues of
abflinence tothofeof adion; by the habits of
fubn^il&oii to thp(e tof jcommand. A fimilar

g)irit was di£fufed amon^.tjie troops ; and their
lence and febriety, ;heir patience and modefiy,
have ei^torted tlje^elu^lant praife of their C3ic4*
tian enemies 0o). Kor can the viftory appear
doubtful, if we compare the difcipline^dcxer-
cife of the Jaiuzaries with the pri4e of l^itth,
the independence of cl^valry, ^the ignorance of
the new levies ,the luutiijous temper of the ve-
terans, and t)^e vices. of imfiemperande and dif-.
ordei:, wlxich ^long contaminated the armi^ of
Europe.

The only hojje of falvation for the Greek em* ^"^<«
pire and the idjacent kingdoms, would haveguiiKm-
beea/oQie n^ore poweiiul wj^aj^n, iome ^ifco-^-
very in theart,of ,w^r, that ihould give them a
decifive foperiority over their Turkifh foes.
Such a weapon was in their hands ; fuch a dif-
coveiy had been made in. the. critical momentof
their &te. The chynriftsx of China or Europe
had found, 4>y cafual oriclabocatie rCizpeiiments,
that a niixiure -cf fal^petr^ falphur, and char-
coal, produces, wkh a^^fpark^of fire, a tremen-
dous ezplofion. It was foon obferved, that^ if
^he ezpanfive force were comprefled in a ftrong

tube.

(j^Sf) From die iieriet of cxr 'Vistn till the (lege of Vienna (Marligli,
p. t3.\ their place may be valncd at three years and a half purchioe*
'(90} Sec the cnteruuing and judidow Icttexi of Bvibcfaiui,

5« TltE lifeCLlKt AKt) J?ALt

tahi, a ball «!>F ftoiii or itda thiglit be 6x|M(Ild!
i^ indiftibte dod flcftttiftivc vfehx%. Tht
pttcSft ttttLt/EitK ih-Mitiot AiiA i'ppVkz^A tut
g(iiii^\i«^r<bt) b invblvtd liiilotibtfQl tnkdS.^
mi^ iatod tqtttvtocal lan^age ; yet vre ttuiy dcAt-
. If mtteth, tm it Vr^ kiM^m bfefiife tb6 ttiddk;
<5f tbe feurtedQth idbhtury ; !ahd ttaM \:k^ti ibb
eiid U the Htiftfe, tbte «fe bf artillttj^ Sii baWts
ikud fi»^, by Iba ^ land, WaA fiilttifiat t6 tbfc
ftitds tjf GehnSiAy, My, Spain, Fraiiee, idid
tnblaiid 1(92). tht j)ribHty b^ liitibte fo bf
^ftal atcbimt} tijbtae could dftrfvft ajdy facdnfive
bfe^t fipfn their |>rdVbu& '6i fi^ribr ItftbW-
ledgt; iid ih th6 ooitombli imptdVethdfit they
ftbdd bn the fame level t>r reladr^e pttw«t ahd
flulttk'ry fcfeiltefe. Jf o^ tws it iJ6ffible to circtittii
ftfribe tlife fett^ i^rdiin the pale bf th< drtitch :
it W6 di&lofed to tJie Turks by the treactery 6f
SpbRkits and the MSfii p61tey of li^h; alid
ttit Mhxls bad fetafe to ^do^t, and Wealth t6
i*\Wft!, thft talent^ bt i| ChrtAiaii tfigitiw*.
The Genoefe, who traniported Amurath Itotb
Euit^, rhnft beai:cfa!fed a^hfe {>Mieebtofs; ^d
ft >fnis ptthkVty^ by their bahds ^at hi^ cannbh
«r%rH tiaft ahd dMed at the fiegb bf Duilhimi.
^<ipM9^)- Tilts fetft attempt v^as ititieed uh-
• - ' ^ * ; rticcefsJul;

X^} THe ^ft Ma iii VoAdkis* bf b». traOtM^I Ctwialcll Bfl^
contain nro valuable dtt»ulfc« onille dtTdbverxtiid comptmticm «t

(4ik).O&,d<!»1Ukje0t,nMHhteftteohta <aiimi>e boftid. He
«rigtaal f»tb£a are coHeAed br Ducane (OI<uC Latin, torn. i. p.
Kf^.MM^. BM 1« tbfe <!kr^ inMSA t#fli^t, We'ftkfaife, ftuM,
fini M4'^e«« tlMt)eelato'e9firar>llir«ntliery, mry.V ^If lateiv

5 rated of the old engines and tbe t^«ek fire. For the EngUiti cannoo
( CHX*. thHtdttit^WlF JiMt V»Mi (duwn. I. lU. c.^j.). it»tt1>«
w^^ieSajni^ tbelfefic^vf Froiffard. Ytt Munitori ^Antifuftt
ln& medii Xm, tom.ii. Diuert. xxvi. p. J14, ji5.)lia> {ntKluced ■
dMfin^ pailage from Petrardi (de Remedui atriufque Fortuo»
Dialog.), wl)o, before tbe year 1 344, execrates this terreftrial tkaa-
der, my^rara, mv commuois.

(in) The Tbkift Mtalrdii, i»)iib)i btic'akte. «».'^ lift inhMaCes ke>
{i«K»etj<nf^'(A.b.i43'«), litt>efctlt6htid b;^ Cbde'dhdrles (L v. p.
U3.) & )4%i, it the Ir^!^ u CttuibotlHojitt.

OF TH£ ROMAN £HPI]LE. 5*^

facceftfbl; bat in the general wax&re of the
age, the advantaRe was on their fide, who were
moft commonly the aflailattts; fo^ a while the
proportion of the attack and defence was fuf*
pended; and this thundering artillery was point-
ed agakift the walls and towers which had been
eredcd only to refill the lels potent engines of an-
tiquity. £y the Venetiaxis* the ufe of gunpow-
der was cooHnunicated without reproach to the
fultans of £gypt and Perfia, their allies againft
the Ottoman power ; the fecret Was foon propsu
gated to the extremities of Afia; and the ad^
vantage dT the European was confined to his
cafy viSories over the favages of the new world.
If we contraft the rapl progl^ft of this voSSa '
diievoti^ difcove^ with the fl^ and UtborkMis
advances of reaftxi, fciaice. and the arts of
peace, ^ ph&ofopher, accor(un| to his tempefi
«Qi lattght>r weep at the felly ot ms^lid9d*

CHAP.

58 THE DEGLI;NE AND FALL

CHAP. LXVL

•

Amplications of the Eafiem Emperors to the Popes.-^
Viftts to the Wefi, of John the Ftrjly Mantde/,
and John the Second^ Paiao/ogus. — Union of the
Greek and Latin Churches^ promoted by the Coun^
cil of Bajily and concluded at Ferrara and Flo-
rence. — State of Idterature at Gonjlantinople. —
Jts Revival in Italy by the Greek Fugitives. — Cw-
riojity and Emulation vffhe Latins.

^T^oS cfl ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ centuries of the Greek em-
,A^d^onicus peit)rs, their friendly or hoftile afpeft towards
]J^iT»[i'^^ pope and the Latins, may be obferved ^^
A.D.i33p*the thermometer of their profperity or diftrels^
as the.fcale of the rife and fall of Jthe.Baibaiiaa
dynafties. When the Turks 'of the houfe of
Seljuk pervaded Alia and threatened Conftan-
^inople, we have feen at the council of Pla-
centia, the fuppliant ambafladors of Alexius,
imploring the proteftion of the common father
of the Chriftians. No fooner had the arms of
jthe French pilgrims removed the fukan from
Nice to Iconium, than the Greek princes jre-
famed, or avowed, their genuine hatred and
contempt for the fchifmatics of the W^eft, which
precipitated the firft downfal of their empire.
The date of the Mogul invafion is marked in
<he foft aud charitable language of John Va-
taces. After the recovery of Conftantinopl^
the throne of the firft P|laeologus was encom-
palTed by foreign and donfeftic enemies : as long
at the f^ord of Charles was fufpended over
fcis head, he bafely courted the favour of the
Roman pontiff; and facrificcd to the prefent

danger^

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 5^

danger, his faitb^ his virtue, and the affed^ion
of bis (ubjefb. On the deceafe of Michael, the
prince and people aflerted the independence of
tbeir church and the purity of their creed : the
elder Andronicus neither feared nor loved the
Latins ; in his laft diftrefs, pride was the fafe-
guard of fuperllition, nor coiild he decently re-
trad in his age the firm anq orthodox declara-
lions of his youth. His ^randfon, the younger
Andronicus, was lefs a Have in bis temper and
fituation ; and the conqueft of Bithynia by the
Turks, admoniihed him to feek a temporal and
fpiritual alliance with the weftern princes. Af-
ter a reparation and filence of fifty years, a
fecret agent, the monk Barlaam, was diipatched
to pope BenediA the twelfth ; and bis artful in-
firu£)ions appear to have been draWn by the
mafier-hand of the great domeftic (i). » MoftTh««yn-
« holy father," was h« commiffioned lo fay,SS3e«d
'* the emperor is not lefs defirous than yourfelf'**^"*
** of an union between the two cbui^ches : but
*' in this delicate tranfaftion, he is obliged to
*« refpefl his own dignity and the prejudices of
** his fubje^. The ways of union arc two-
^ fold ; force, and perluafion. Of force, the
« ineflBcacy has been already tried ; fince the
" Latins have fubdued the empire, without fub-
** duing the minds, of the Greeks. The me-
" thod pf perftiafion, though flow, is fure and
« permanent. A deputation of thirty or forty
" of our do^lors wbuld probably agree witn
** thofe of the Vatican, in the love of truth
♦* axHi the unity of belief: but on their return,

** what

(i) Tlki« curious iofifu^oo was tranfcribed (I believe} from the
Vatican archives, hyK)<ioricus Raynaldus, in his continvation of the
Annals of Baronins (Romz, 1546—1577, in z volumes in folioV I
have contented myfclf with the abbe Fleury (Hift. Ecckfiaftiqw,
torn. XX. p. i->8.), whofe abftradsl have always found to be clear,
Kcttrau, and impartiaL

TH£ DECLINE AND FALL

* whxt would be the ufe, the reoMipeaCe of
^ iuch ag^meot? tbe fcom of ih6f brethitti^
^^ and the re^NroaciiaB of a Uiad and obftinate
^ natioQ. Yet that «ation iB accuftoiaed to xe-
^' vereoce the general cduociI^ wiuch, have
^' fixed the artkk» t)f <Mtt faith; and ^ thev
^' reprobate the decrees of LyOT^&, k is becau^
*' the £aftern churtrhes were tekher hiNtfd nor
^' reprefented in thi^ arbkraty neetbg. For
^ Ihb bluta^ eftid, k will be fezjpedittnt^ and
*' even neotS^^ that a welL^chofea legate
^' flKMild be fent iMo Grteeiee> to ccmvene tte
^ patriarchs of Gonftantinopley AlelEandri^
** Antioch, aftd Jeru(alef9; and* mth their
** aid» «6 prepaie a fme ^od iimverfal fynod.
*' But at thiss moment," cotntintsed the fubtle
a^iit» ^* the empire is a^Huked and endangered
*^ by the Turks, who have <^upied four of
'' the grtateft ckies of Anatolia. The Chditt»
'^^ inhabitants have exj^tsflbd a wif^ of returo^
*' &i)g to ^eif alkgiatere «ad it^ligion ; but the
f^ forc&s and iievenues<c^ tfae.-eniperojr are ia-
^' fuf^Kient for their delivetance f htd f be Ro-
*' 9iian legate mvHk be accoQ^anied» or preceded!^
*' by. an artt^y of IVanks, tb e;cpel the infidels^
^ and ^[pen ^ way to the holy fqpulchne.** if
the fu(pidk)U3 Latins flioald te^tiriFe ibme pledge,
feme previous effedl of the fmceiity of the
"Grejeks, the aiafijirets of Barlaam werfe perfpicu-
ous aad rillioilaL ^' i. A ^neral fynod can
/^ alone conlulnteale the iwionof the i:hurche8 ;
<< Bof can Alch la fyinod be held till the three
'' Oiieatad , patriarths^ and t, great number of
" bifhops, are enfranchifed from the Mahomc-
** tan yoke- 2. The Greeks are alienated by a
'' long ferie^ of ^Oppnsffion and injury : they
'** moft be reconciled by fome aS of brtrtherly
" Wve, ibftie efibftual fuccour, whidi may for-

'' tity

OF TH£ ROMAN EMPIRI. Ci

** t^ the aathority mA argimients, of the
** peror, and the friends of the uniqci. 3. U
^ iome difierence of faith or eereiaoniet fkioniA
** be foand incurable, the Greeks however are
*" thedifdplesofChrift; and the Turks are the
** GOBunoD enemies Qf the Chriftian name. The
** AnneniaBs, Cyprians, and Rhodians, are
^ eqaally attacked; and it will become the.
** piety of the fVench princes to draw their
^ fwords in the general defence of religioii.
** 4. Should the lubje^ts of Andrraicus be
** treated as the woift of fchifinatics, of heve-
^ tics, of pagans, a judicious policy may yet
^ inftruA the powers of the Weft to emorace
^ an ufeful ally, to uphold a fiakkig emfwe,
"* to guard the confines of Europe; and rather
^ to join the Greeks againft the Turks; than
*" to expert die union of the TurkMh arms with
^ the troops and treaftires of capdve Greece.''
The reafons, the ofiers, and the demands, of
Andronicue, were eluded with cold and ftatety
k^diSerence. l%e kings of France xiA Naples
declined the dangers and glory of a crufade :
the pope reiufed to call a new fynod to deter-
mine old articles of faith : and nia regard for
the oUblete cls^ims of the Latin emperor and
clergy, engaged him to ufe an ofienfive fiiper-
icription : " To the moderaiw (a) of the Greeks,
^ and the perfons who ftyle themfelves the pa*
*^ tiiarchs of the Eaflera ehurches."' For fuch
an embafl^, a time and cfaarader lefs propitious
could not eafily have been found. Beioiedid the
twelfth (3) was a dull peafant, perplexed with

fcruples,

(«> Thfi amWgitky oC tU« title Is tepST or iffceni^vi^s mA mU-
twm Ckerwui* Jl^aufiity^i wliick ma($ b« foiwd, aot in Uic Glofiu^

6% THE CTECLINE AND FALL

fcruples, and immerfed in floth and wine : his
pride might enrich with a third crown the papal
tiara, but he was alike unfit for the regal and
the paftoral office.
Ncgocia- After the deceafe of Andronicus, while the
^■J"^^^/"" Greeks were diftrafted by inteftine war, they
with cic- could not prefume to agitate a general union of
^^y^'^g the Chriilians. But as foon as Cantacuzene
had fubdued and pardoned his enemies, he was
anxious to juftify, or at leaft to extenuate, the
introdudion of the Turks into Europe, and the
nuptials of his daughter with a Mnfulman prince.
Two offi<;ers of ftate, with a Latin interpreter,
were fent in. his name to the Roman court,
which was tranfplanted to Avignon, on the
banks of the Rhone, during a period of feventv
years ; they reprefented the hard neceffity whicn
had urged him to embrace the alliance of the
mifcreants, and pronounced by his commaiKi
the fpecious and edifying founds of union and
crufade. Pope Clement the fixth (4), the fuc-
ceffor of Benedid, received them with hofpi-
. tality and honour, acknowledged the innocence
of tneir fovereign, excufed his diftrefs, applaud-
ed his magnanimity, and difplayed a clear know-
ledge of the ftate and revolutions of the Greek
empire, which he had imbibed from the honeft

accounts

the larky and the ui capacity of the piUt, Hxc inter, vino madiduf,
ftvo gravis ac foporifero rere perfufut, jam jam nutit«t> dormitat, jam
ibmno prxccps, atquc (utinani rofus) niit .... Heu qnanto fcliciua
patrio terram fulcauet aratro, quam fcalmum pircatoriiun aTccndiiTet.
This fatire engages hit biographer to weigh the virtues and vices of
Bencdid XII. which have been exaggerated by Guelphs and Ghxbe*
lines, by Papifts andProteftants (fee Memoirts fur la Vie de Petrarquc,
torn. i. p. 159. ii. not. xv. p. 1 3 — 15.). He gave occalion to the fay-
ing, Bibamus papalitcr.

^4) See the original lives of Clement VI. in Muratori (Script. Re*
turn Italicanim, torn. iii. P.ii. p*^ $0-^589.^ Matteo Villani (Chron.
1. iii. c. 43. in Muratori, torn. xiv. p^ 186.), who ftyles him, molta
cavallarefco, poco reliogofo ; Fleury (Hift. Ecdef. torn. xx. p. ii6.),
and the Vie de Petrarque (tom. ii. p. 41—45.) The abbe de Sade
treats him vrith the meft induIgCQCf ; but fc is a gentleman at well
•s a prieft.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 63

accounts erf* a Savoyard lady, an attendant of the
cmprefs Anne (5). If Clement was ill-endowed
with the virtues of a prieft, hepoifeffed however
the fpiiit and magnificence of a prince, whofe
liberal hand diftributed benefices and kingdoms
with equal facility. Under his reign, Avignon
was Hie feat of pomp and pleafure ; in his youth
be had furpafled the licentioufneis of a baron ;
and the palace, nay, the bed-chamber of the
pope, was adorned, or polluted, by the vifits
of his female favourites. The wars of France
and England were adverfe to the holy enter
prife ; but his vanity was amufed by the fplen-
did idea ; and the Greek ambafladors returned
with two Latin biQiops, the minifters of the
pcmtiffi On their arrival at Conftantinople, the
emperor and the nuncios admired each other's
piety and eloquence : and their frequent €OQr
fer^ices were filled with mutual praifes and
promifes, by which both parties were amufed,
and neither could be deceived. '* I am de-
'' lighted,"^ faid the devout Cantacuzene,
** with the projed of our holy war, which muft
*' redound to my perfonal glory, as well, as to
'' the public benefit of Chrifteudom. My domi-
'' uioDS will give a free paflage to the armies of
** France : my troops, my gallies, my treafures,
"" ihall be confecrated to the common caufe ;
" and happy would be my fate, could I deferve
^ and obtain the crown of martyrdom. Wordsf
** are infufiicient to exprefs the ardour with
*" which I £gh for the reunion of the.fcattered
" members of Chrift. If my death could avail,
'^ I would gladly prefent my fword and my

" neck:

(s) Her name (raoft probaUy comioted) was Zampea. She had
accompanied, and alone remained with her miftrefs at Conftantipople,
where her prudence, erudition, and politenefs. deferred the praifet
of the Greeks themfeUet (Cintacazen. 1. i. c. 41.).

Ci. THB DECLINE AND FALL

<^ neck } if the fpirinial phoenix couU arife
^ fFom my aflies, I would ere^t tbc pib and
^« kindle the flame with mj own hands.*^ Yet
the Greek empercu: prefbmed to obferve, that
the ajticles of &ith which divided the two
chiurches had been introduced by the pride and
precipitation of the Latins : he difclaimed the
tervile and arbitrary fteps of the firft Palsco-
lo|p6 ; and firmly declared, that he would ne-
ver fubmit his confci^nce unlefe to the deeiees
of a free and univerfal fynod. ^ *The fituation
*^ of tbp times,"^ continued he, ^ will not allow
^ the pope and myfelf to meet either at Rome
^ or Conftantinople ; but fome maritime city
^ may be chofen on the verge of the two em-
^ pirei, to unite the UQiops, and to inftnid the
'' faithful, of the Eaft and Weft.'' The qun-
dk>t feemf d content with the prqpofidon ; and
Cuitacuzepe afie£U to deplore the failure of his
hopes, which were foon overthrown by the
death of Clement and the different temper of
his fuccefibr. His own Ufe was prolcmged* bat
it was prolonged in a cloifler ; aiody except by
hi» praysrs, the humble monk was incapable
of mrfding the coun&ls of his pupil or the
fhite(6>
TreatYof Yet of all the Byzfintine princes, that pupil,
J|^,7^^ lohn PalsKOogus, was the beft difpofed to em-
w^inno- brace, to believe, and to obey, tbq fheplierd
ThVils^.^ the Weft- His mother, Anne of Savoy, was
baptized in the boibm of the Latin church : her
marria^ with Andronicos impofed a change of
name, of apjparel, and of worfhip; but her
heart was ftill faithful to her coui^try and reli-
ipon} ihe had formed the infancy of her fon,

and

{fi\ S«c thj» whole De^ociatiooL to Caotaco^eve (1. iv. c. o.). who,
ami<m the praifes 9iul virtues which hfi kcftowt on hinfelf, r«Te«ls
the uDeafincfs o£ » guilty coofcience.

OP I^HE ROMAN lUPltit. ifS

and (he governed the eitajteror^ after his mhl4
or at leaft bis ftature, was enlarged td the iice
of man. In the firft year of his deliverance and
reftoratioil^ the Turks were ftill maftets of the
HeUefpont; the fotx a£ Ganticacene was iA
arms at Adrianople; and Palseologus coold dei^
pend neither on himfelf nor on hb people. "Bf
his mother^s advice, and in the hope of fore^
aid, he abjored the rights both of the ehnrch
bM fiate ; arid the ad of flavery (f), fubfcribed
in purple ink, and fealed with the gdUen bull,
was privately intruiied to an Italian agent. The
firft article of the treaty is an oath c^ fidelity
and obedience to Innocent the iixth and his
foccefibrs, the fupreme Pontiff^ of the Roman
and Catholic church. The emperor protoUed
to entertain With due reverence their legates and
mmdds; to affign a palate fot their refidence
and a temple for their worfiup ; and to deliver
bb fecond foil Manuel as the hoftage of hid
£dth. For thefe condefcenlioiis, he requires a
prompt fuccour of fifteen gallies, with five hun^
dred men at arms, and a tboufand archers, to
ferve againft his Chriftian and Mufulman ene^
mies. Pal»>logUs engages to impoTe on his
clergy and people the fame fpiritual yoke j but
as me refiftance of the Greeks might be jdftljr
forefeen, he adopts the ty^o effeftual methods kH*
corruption ai^d education. The legate was
empowered to diftribute the vacant oenefices
among the ecclefiaftics who (hould fubfcribe the
creed of the Vatican : three fchoc^s were infti^
tuted to inftruft the youth of Conftantinople in
the language and dodrine of the Latins ; and
the name of Andronicus, the heir of the em«
Vol* XII. F pire^

(7) See tdis ifBotmnious treaty in Fleury (Hid. Ecckf. {• iSi-"
i^4.)» froib Raynaldus, who drew it from tlie Vaucan arcluYei* It
W4» DOC worth the troohk of a piomtorgery.

66 THE DECLINE AND FALL

pire, was airolled as the firft fiudent. Should
be faiMn the raeafures of peFfuafion or force,
Palseolc^us declares hirafelf uaworthy to reign ;
transferred to the pope all regal and paternal
authority; and iny efts Innocent with full power
(o regulate the family, the government, and
the marriage, of his fon and fuccelTor. But this
treaty was neither executed nor publifhed : the
Roman gallies were as vain and imaginary as
the fubmiifion of the Greeks ; and it .was only
by the fecrecy, that their fbvereign efcaped the
diihonour, of this fiuitlefs humiliatioa*
Vifit of . The tempeft of the Turkiih arms foon burft
JjJ^jJ^'pn his head ; and, after the lofs of Adrianople
Urban v. and Romania, he was enclofed in bis capital,
A.D!^i,,the yaffal of the haughty Amurath,.with the
oAobcrulmiferable hope of beu^g the laft devoured by
^^' the favage. In this abjed ftate, Palaeologus

embraced the refolution of embarking for Ve-
nice,^ and calling himfelf at the feet of the pope ;
tie w^ the firft of the Byzantine princes who
bad. ever vilited the unknown regions of the
Weft, yet in them alone he could feek confola-
tion. or relief; and with lefs violation of his
dignity he might appear in the facred college
than .at the Ottoman JPorte. After a long ab-
fence, .the Roman pontifls were returning fi:om
Ayigtipn to the banks of the Tyber ; Urban the
fiftl) (8)» of a mild aqd virtuous charafter, en-
couraged or allowed the pilgiimage qf the
Greek prince; and, within the fame year, en-
J9yed the glory of receiving in the Vatican the
tvyo Imperial madows, who rcprcfented the ma-

- ... ' ;.. . j^fty

(ft) See the two firft original' )Ives of Urbaa V^ (in ^uratori,
8crif»t» Rcnim Itaiicarttm, torn. iii. P. ii. p. 623. <3$-)^ and the £c-
clcfiaitical Aonalt of Spondanus (torn. i. p. 573. A. JL>. 1369, N^;.}
and Rayniidttt (Fleury, Hift. Ecdcf. torn. xx. p. 113, 414.). Yet«
from foBie vsrutiont, I fofpe^ die papal writers of flt^htly magnify •
bi£ thefcnuflttionsof F<kIaroIo^g.

OF THE ROMAN EM1>IR1. 6^

jefty of Cooftantine and Charlemagne. la this
fupjdiant vifit, the emperor of Conftantinoplcf>
whofe vanity was loft in his diftrefs, gave more
than could be expelled of empty founds and
formal fubmiflk>n& A previous trial was ioi-
pofed ; and in the prefence of four cardinals,
he aclmowledged, as a true Catholic, the fupre*
macnr c^ the pope, and the double proosffion
of tne Holy Ghoft. After this purification, he
was introduced to a public audience in the
church of St. Peter ; Urbim, in the midft of
the cardinals, was feated on his throne ; the
Greek monarch, after three genuflexions, de-
voutly kifled the feet, the hands, and at length
the mouth, of the holy father, who celebrated
high mafs in his prefence, allowed him to lead
the bridle of his mule, and trieated hini With a
fumptuous banquet in the Vatican. The en«
tertainment of Palseologus was friendly and ho-
nourable; yet fome difference was oblerved
between the emperors of the Eaft and Weft (9);
nor could the former be entitled to the rare pri-
vilege of chamiting the gofpel in the rank of a
deacon ( 10). In favour of his profelyte. Urban
flrove to rekindle the zeal of the French king,
and the other powers of the Weft ; but he found
them cold in the general caufe, and adive only
in their domeftic quarrels. The laft hope of
the emperor was in an £ngli(h mercenary, J(^

F 2 Hawk-

(9) Panilo minus quam ii fuiflet Imperator Romanorum. Yet hit.
titk of Imperator Grxcomm was no longer difputed ( Vit. Urban V*
p. 623,)-

( to) It was confined to the fucceflbrt of Charlemagne, and to them
onl J on Chriftmas day. On all other feftivals, thefe Imperialdeacons
were content to fenre the pope, at he iaid nufs, with the book and
the ctrftraf. Yet the abbe de Sade geBeroufly thinks, that the merttt
of Charlea IV, might ha^e entitled him, thongh not on the proper
daj (A. D. .1368, November i.), to the whole privilege. H« fiBcma
10 affix a joft Talne oo th« priTilcge and the man (Vie de Petrarfne,
iU.p. 735.).

^8 Tjit DtciiNt ANr> PALL

ftaWkWood (nX or Aciilo, who with a band*
Df kdVfeiltufert, tlic whife brothefhood, 6ad ra-
figea Italy frOtti tii€Alt» to Calabria; fold his
terVic^ to the hoftile llates ; and incurred a
jtili iScomihuiiicalidn by Ihoofing bits arrows^
igainft the tiajpal refidence.^ A 'fpecial licence
Wis granted to negociate wfth the outlaw, but
rile forces, oir the fpiri4-, of Hawkwobd were un-
equal to the enterprifc ; and it was ibr the ad-
vantage perha|>s of Pilseotogus to be difap-
|)6inted of a fuccbiir, ttat muft have been cou-
ly/ that could not be efiedual, and which might
If^Ve'.been dangcrou9.(x2). The difconfolate
l5fj^efc(i3)prepai:ed f return, but even hi&

ietiirn.was liiipeded by a riioft ignominious ob-
fta^le; Oh his arrival at Venice, he had bor-
rowed large films iai ezorbibnt lifary ; but his*
c6^ers\weie einpty, His creditors were iuipa-
tiehf, and his perfon was detained ias ibe bed
iecuiity for the payment His eldeft fon An-
ttrofaicus, the regent of donftanrinople, was re-
peatedly urged toexhauft cxcry refource ; and,
^veh fey Gripping the churches, to extricate his-
father from ca|)tivily and dilgrace. But the-

uimaturall

(fi) llu-oug-V '<*"* KaKaa conruptioni, tBe etymology of Falctm*
k ^<»j(Mattoo VilUoii, 1. li. c. 79. in Munuort, t6m. zV. p. 7Htf.)^
fikg^fts the £ngli(h woid HftkoAvifJ, the true luffle of our adyeatu*
rous'cCmitTyman (Thomas Waifingiiam, Hill. AnglTcan. inter Scrip-
toKM Ciitibdeni, p. i'84.). After two-and-twenty vi^oriea, and one-
defeat, he died, in 1 394* General of the Florentine*, and was buried
wixh Aich honours as. the republic has not paid to Dante or Petrarch-
(Mm-itgrr, Annali d*ttaKa, tom. tii. p. 21*— 371.).

( ti}' This torrent df lEiiflifli (by birth t* fervicc) i^verflowed from-
France into Italy after the peace of Bretigpy in 1 itfo. Yet the ei-
c^madbh of Kturatort ( Ahnili, toot. xii. p. 197)' » rather true than
tiVil. *• Ci msncava satcxir iqtzeff6, the dopb cflcre calpeftrata lltalia
** da 1^*1^1 inafttadieri Tcdefcin ed Ungheri, vemflero in daH* Inghil-^
•• ttira iiuovi cani h ftiirfe di d5v6rinrla."

' (1^^ Chafcondvlcs, I.t.' p^ i§', «^. The Creek fncpotft^ hi» jour-
Ifcj to the kmr dt H-jon*, \^h'is fifficicntly itfuttfa by the fiience'
xH tht ntitiond tihdrmt, Vdr tm I imieh-ntore inclined to believe^
that Palzologus departed from Italy, valde bene con^ktu et cob*
MAtus (Vit. Urban V. p. 6z}.).

OF THE |101«EA^ E^PiEf^i. £»

'Wiuttur^ ymnix w^ h&iUMc pf the . ^m^j
ind fecfetly pjcafed with ;tlii^ ^c^ptivity i^ ilf^
^pmerpr ; the fi^e wi^ tpoqxj Ithe <flc^. ^fts

vanti»g.to opcu^ the «^ik:<iif his iof)i£^iieQi^

anddeUy. SpphyncJx^JLncglef^l^^

r«)rovea by the piety pi ^ hrothajMwW^

)^hp inftanOf fbfd or nio^gflegefi all d)9^ h^ pctf-

f<^d, .embarJicd for Vefvio?, ceUeyed.hu J^tbc^^

and pledge4 J^s (Ow^fceedoiQi ^ be xc^^puiible

^r the debt. . £>a his xnotmn to CiQQiligitiQpp)^y«iiretiini

the parent and loM^diffii^guij^ trnf^io^^^^^

ners of the floch&l P^s^olpgiivs had 4Wt bi^
improved bj.bas iRoinan pilgooufie ; ai)4 });«
apoftf cy or^ppnv^fipq, .4eyQi4 of any 4^i>t)4il
•OF temporal ^^ MSfs 4^!C^4^y ^^^^^^fl^^ f%
the Ghioeks and Xatin^^i^ff : .. : ) n

Thirty yejiffi a^r fbe iftt]^pi ,^ >ftlggQ>OM'P>7^;^;^^
iiis foa and foiQceflbf, ..Manned &qm ^ ^mU^MiuiS
jQQotiv^ but on a lamer leak, -^gtHn i^i(ec} t^e
<xnmtae3i9f>the WeC; ^a precedwg^hap^r
I have rdatftd his tre?t^ mth 3^afui^f rthr j(^
Jadon of that treaty^ {ne i^fp or. hl^kdf^^
C!onfia4;^dnq)1e^ stnd^)^ Fjfe^fypGour..)^i^^
the commapd <^f tfaj& g<d)a|tt^ ^cR^aia^.(j(5^
By ]m ambafiadop» ]Nl2|Jfu^ had ^iiptj^:f^
ILatin pow.ec^ ; but it .was .thoufi^ (ba( the pcf^
ience of a diftreSed qoonavch would draw tc^avs
and fupplies fswa the.hairdeft BarbaidaA^ i^^}^
and the maribal whoadvifedthe jowjQk^yi pr^-
f)ared the reception, of the Byzantine prince.

The
♦ '. ' % ' • • •

(14) HU<r0t«ii'in ifTd, »ailiitf cMdtatioti of .M^^l> ^fV^-U*
^373 (DttCMigt, Fam. j§7nnt«p: 14*^ jeaves fome tn^ennediate «>
for the confpiracj andjpnniihmeiit of Androniciu.

(15) Menoireii de BoQCicattk, P. 1.0.3$, j^«

( t#) His journef into the weA of £qxx>p«, n fli^tly, ind I bclxete
sduaantly^ Acitictd bj Obidcondjicf (1. ti. c. 44*^^0.) ttd puc^f

70 THIE DECLiNE AND FALL

The land was occnpi^ by the Turks; but the
navigation of Venice was fafe and open : Italy
Ticceiyed him as the firft, or, at leaft, as the fe-
cond of the Chriftian princes ; Manuel was pi-
tied as the chaQipion and confefibr of the faith ;
^nd the dignity of his bdiaviour prevented that
pity from finking faiio contempt. From Venice
he proceeded to Padua and Pavia; and even
the duke of Milan, a fecret ally of fiajazet, gave
him fafe and honourable conduft to the verge
tothecovrtof his doHjinions (17); On the confines of
of France, Finance ( 1 8), the royal ofiicers undertook the

A. D. 1400* . • ^V* * r "^ J ^ ■

June 3; <:are of his perlon, journey, and expiences; and
two thoufand of the richeft citizens, in arms
and on horfeback, came forth to meet him as far
as Gharentpn, in the neighbourhood of the ca-
|iital; At the gates of Paris, he was faluted by
the chancellor and the parliament j and Charles
the iixth, attended by his princes and nobles^
wdconied his broth^t with,a cordial embrace.
The fucceflbr of Conflaiijine was clothed in a
robe of white filk^ ttnd- mognted oii a milk-
White fteed ; a circumftance, in the Ffench ce-
femcmAi of iingtilar importance : the white
e^our is confidered as the fymbol of fove-
reignty;' and, in a late vifit, the German, ein-
peror, after an haughty demand and a peevifh
l^fal^ had been reduced to content himfelf
ivith ablack courfer.' Manuel *^as lodged in
the Louvre ; a fucceffibn of feafts a-nd balls, the-
pleafujresof the banquet and the chace, w^re in-

genioufly

(17) MiiratoH« Annali d' Italia, torn. zii. p. 40^. John Galcazso
wa» the fir4,and moft Mwerful dv^ of MUao* Hi* ocmne^<m with
lSaja2ct i> iftteiled by Frofifar^; and he ccmtributed to iaveand deli-
ver the French captives of >^icopp]/is.

(18) For the reception of Manifelat Paris, fee Spond^ns OlBBa].
£ccki. ton I*, p. 677, *77* A, D. upfu N* 5.)*. who 4|iii>tf9. Juvenal
dc$ Urfins, and the monk of St. Benyf : and ViUaret (Hift.*Freare»
^om.*zir.'*p. 331 — '334.), who quotes nobody, according to the laft
iaihioD of the Fretich writers.

OF THE ROM A>^ lEMPrHE. ^t

geniottfl^' variea by tBe poiileilefe of the k^fenob/
to difplay tli^ir magmficenee and amufe his
griefc lie wad indulged k;thfe liberty of hkcba*
pel ; and the doctors of the Sorbonne were a£-
tcmilhed, and potSbfy fel^aKfed, by ^e \m^
guage, the rk^, aW Cthie veftmentB, 6f Jm
Greek clergy. But 'the 4Iigbt^ft gtoce «i - the
ti2Ltc of the kingdom, ntuft teach him to de-
^ir of ai)>p^jeie6taal sdlUbijice^ The unform-'
Bate Charles,' though he enjoyed' fome ludd^
intervals, continually relaj^ed' into fortoua >or
ftu{Hd infafiit^ : the rdns of government weref
alternately kH6A by faift bt^^ and uncle, the
dukes of Orleans and BurgUndyi whofe famous
ooorpetition prepared the niiieries of civil war.'
The foriher was a ^y youth, diflblved in luxurjr
aiid iove t the latter was the father of Joha-
count of Nevers, who had fo lately been ran-
fomed from Tutldfli captivity ; and, if the fear-
lefs fon was aitlent to tevenge-his defeat, the
more prudent Bui^mdy was content with- the
eoft and peiil of the fifft experiment. When
Manuei had fatiated the cui iofity, and pepbapi
fatigued the patience, of the French^ herefolvpd
on a vifit to tiie adjacent ifland. Iniiis prognB6®f^8i«»^»
from Dover, he was enteAained at GamerbQr7i>^cembcr!'
with due reverence by the prior askl monks of
St. Auftin ; ztkA on Blackbeath, king Henry the
fcurtfa, with the Engliih ccmrt, falut^ the Ureek
hero (I copy our old hiftorian), who, i during
many days, was lodged and treated in London
as emperor erf the Eaft (19). But the flate of

EoglaMt

(19) A fliort note of Miiroel in England, Uextnded by Dr. Hody
feom » M:>. at Lambeth <dc Gr«dt iUttftribttt» p. 14.% €. P. Imp^-
rator, daa varaique ct horrendts Paganorum iniultibua coardUtut^ 14
pro ekdem refiftentiam crinmplialem perquirerct AngWrum R^exn
vifitart decreyu»'&c. Rex (Jay Wal»>gn»n» p. 364.) nobili a^a-
0x6 . .^ .fiike^ Ittt deciiit) tampp ^iooa^ diMitauc Loadoniai, at

1% THE DSCUM'E AND FALL

Eii|^aD4 w^ ftiK mme advfi^ tp the 4^G^ of
the hplyiw^rv jln t))^,ia9ie. y^r, tbo heredttaty
ibveri^igii bad bflfp ikipofi^d wd murdered; the
KQ^Qing prmce w;ts a fuccefs&l ufunper, whole
aflabitipii was pmiihed by.jealouly and r^
marfe : npr comd Hesicypf Lsu^aft^ withdraw
his ^tSoa or fiprcfs /som ^ de&ace of a
dirooe ipceflantly (hakea bjr confpiracy a^d re*
beWoQf He pit^ed^.be praifed, he feafted, the
emperor of (^fiantmople ; bi|$ if th^ Englifh
monarch MSkmpi. the {:roft» it ws^^ ofily to ap»
Ms^ his peopl^j and perhaps his cpoicieQoe» ^
by the merit or feail^ance ^ this pious inten-
UQuiTpy Sadsfiipd^ however^ with gkb and
fib return hwpur^, Maouel reti^n^ to Paris ; aiid after a
A dT\ ^fi^^^ ^f two yc^it? in the Weft^ ibaped his
'■^**C0urfe thrpugh Gpfpiany apd Ital^, embarked
at Vepice, aad patiently e)q)^e4 m the Mprea,
the moment of his f^n or deliverance. Y#t he
liad pfcapad theii^pminious neceflitvof dur-
ing hi^. wligiop tp public or prifate fale. The
^ Latin church was diftradfd by the great ichifin :

|he kinf s, the mitipfas^ 4he vniveiluies^ of £u-
ippe, were ^ivii^ ij^t their obedience between
th^|)opes of Rqme gnd ATignpn; and the
emperor^ an^ns to conciliate tbf; friendihip of
both parties^ abitali^d fvom ajqr cprrefpondence
with tb^ indijiew .p»d unpopular rivals- His
journey ijpincided.wUb th^ ywr of the jubilee;
but h«. p5#d thrp|i^:Jtaly i^ithput de§ripg, or
f}efervi9g» the plenary indu^enqe which alxv
fi^ed the guilt or pMawice o£ lb?. fins of the
fjUth^^l'- The Roman pope was offended by

this

fCTimxItOs cBescKhibpit {(foriore, jiro ajMnifs holj^il fai felTens, et
enm rjcljpicieDs tanto Mijpo donatitis. (He repclUi tke Cmmc in liit
f^podigm N«itilri«, p. f;$€')'

(^o) S^okAfiMire b«gift« and cnSf Che pteyoF Henrf TV. widi tiut
nhiiice*»T0wof a cniAde, aftd hkbciicf that 'h€ ibmOd die in JcriK

OF THE ROMAN ^^lPl^i. 74

this p^Vc£% ; accufed him of irreverence to aa
image of Cbrift ; and exl^rted tbe prii)ce9 of
Italy to reject and abandpl^ tlie obftmate fchif-
jnatic (21)-

During the period of tbe cVuIades, t]ie Qreeto ^^^mt
beheld with ^ilonilhniest apd terror the ptiptr^dSeS^
tual Rtew^ of eoiigratioA tbat^wed, and cofi-'^^'^
tinued to flow, from the DnknWa cUmates of
the Weft. The vifits of their lall emperors ro- ^
moved the veil of feparation, and tbey difclofed
to their eyes the povy,er&)l natiop^ of £urop^
whom they no longer prefmned to br^nd with ^
the name of Barbariana* The obfervations of
Manuel, and hi* more inquifilive followers,
have been prefer\^ed by a Byzantine hiftorian
of the times (2%) : his fcattered ideas I ihall cpl^
le£l and abridge; and it may be amu£iy
enough, perhaps inftruftive, to contenjplate the
rude pi&ures of Germany^ France, sM^d Eng»
land, whofc anient and modern ftate are fo
familiar to onr ininds. L Cjjrmany (fays thcrfcer-
Greek Chalcondyles) is of ample latitude fronj"^^*
Vienna to the Ocean; and it ftretches a (firange
geography) from Prague in BdhejQiia to the river
Tarteflns, and the Pyrenaean mountains (23)*

Th«

(tij Thlt h6t IS jprefenred in the Hiftpria Politicay A. D. 1391^^
T47S, fnbVdhedhy Martin Cnifims (Turco OrMia, f. 1—43./ The
imaffe uC pbrift, which tjie Greek c^D|>«ror rcffiiiDd t9 wcdbip^ w«t
probaM J a work of fculpture.

(«») Th« QK<k aad Turkift ha&arf of Xaonieos ChalModylet
e«^ wisk ^^^ y'^n%cx. of p 4#^, wd tht abrupt coodniioir feem* to mark,
that Be laid down hi» |jen m the feme year. We knb^ t!hat hf waa
ao Atkcpiaa, ap4 tb9t hwc contconpor^ries of the lame name con-
tributed to the revi^ of the Greek langua^ f ip Xta^, £at in his mi^
nrerou^ dimffionf , the nfodeft hiftorian haa n^cr introduced him*
Self; and bia editor LeunclaYius, as well as Fabriciua (Bibliot. Grace,
tcm. Ti. p. 474*)> fcemt ignorant of his life and charaAer. For hia
defcriptions of Germany, France, and £ngland, fee 1. ii. p. 3^, 37*

613) I fhallso^ atu9i^vfr( on the ge€§n|)l»q^4ff«f»of Chaleo»>
d^fifu Jb» this ipAaoce, he perhaps fojkwed* andiniAo^k, Herodo-
tUB (l^u. c. 33.)» whofe text xfi%^ he explained (^Herodote de Larchor^
t4Mn. n. p. »i9, 210.], or wboie ignorance may be excofed. Had thefie
modem Orccksnererrcad Strabo, or any of their lefler geographers f

74 THE DECLINE AND FALL

The foil, except in figs and olives, is fuffid-
ently fruit&l; the air is falubrious; the bodies
of die natives are robuft and healthy ; and
thefe cold regions are feldom vifited with the
calamities of peftilence, or earthquakes. After
the Scythians or 'Tartars, the Germans are the
moft numerous of nations ; they are brave and

Eatient, and were they united under a fingle
ead, their force would be irrefiftible. By the
gift of the pope, they have acquired the privi-
lege of chufing the Roman emperor (24); nor
is any people more devoutly attached to the
faith and obedience bf the Latin patriarch.
The greateft part of the counity is divided
among the princes and prelates; but Stralburgh,
Cologne, Hamburgh, and more than two hun^.-
dred free cities, are governed by'fage and equal
laws, according to the will, and for the advan-
tage, of the whole community. The ufc of
duels, or fingle combats on foot, prevails
among them in, peace and war ; their mduftry
excels in all the mechanic arts, and the Ger*
mans may boaft of the invention of gtm-powder
and cannon, which is now diffufed over the
greateft part of the world* IL The kingdom of
ofFriDce; Franc* is fprcad above fifteen or twenty days
journey from Qermany to Spain, and from the
Alps to the Britilh Odean; containing many
flourifhing cities, among thefe Paris, the feat of
the king, which furpafles the reft in riches and
luxury. Many princes and lords alternately
wait ui his palace^ and acknowledge him as
their fovereign; the moft powerful are the dukes

of

(34) A citizen of new Rome, while new Rome farvrfc4«

would h«fe fcorned to dignify the German P«{ with the tklct of

. B«riXivf, tN* Avtitcpursfp fmfuumf z hot all m-ide was eztiDA in the

bofom 4f Cbalcondyles; and he defcribes the Bysaatinc prince, ao4

hit fubjefts, by the fropcr, though humble namei of *£AX«rt(| and

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 75

of Bretagne and Biirgundy, of whom the latter
pofliefles the wealthy province of Flanders,
whofe harbours are frequented by the ihips and
merchants of our own and the more remote
feas. The French are an ancient and opulent
people: and their language and manners,
though fomewhat different, are not diflimilar
fix>m thole of the Italians. Vain of the Impe-
rial dignity of Charlemagne, of their vidiories
over the Saracens, and of the exploits of their
heroes, Oliver and Rowland (25); they efteem
themfelves the firft of the weftem nations: but
tlus fooliih arrogance' has been recently hum-
bled by the unfortunate events of their wars
againft the Engliih, the inhabitants of the Bri-
tifh Ifland. III. Britain, in the ocean, and^'^B'*^
oppofite to the fhorcs of Flanders, jnay be con-
fidered either as one; or as three iflands; but
the whole is united by a common intereft, by
the fame manners, and by a fimilar govern-
ment. The mcafure of its circumference is five
thoufand ftadia: the land is overfpread with
towns and villages; thqugh deftitute of wine,
and not abounding in fruit-trees, it is fertile in
wheat and barley; in honey and wool; and
much cloth is manufactured by the inhabitants.
In populoulnefs and power, in riches and lux*
ury, London (26), the metropolis of the ifle,
may ciaim a pre-eminence over all the cities of

the

(15) Moft of the old romaticet were tranflued in the 14th century
tmo French profe, mqd foon became the fiivonrite amulemeot of the
knii^hu and udiet in the court of Charles VI. If a Greek believed
ia the cxplotu of Rowland and Oliyer, he naay foreW be eicufed.
£locc the monkf of St. Denyt, the national haftorians, nave inferted
the ^bles of archbiihopTvrpin in their Chronidei of France.

{z6^ A*y}«ni ••-ii Tf 7#Ais tiff MMu Tf ff-^M^Mw T«^y fv rn nnrf
TAvrv vmntf ifX$tnf %Xfif n km rn «AA4 %u$ktf»49m vIv^mk rttw
svac Uwffm» Xuwf^tfn* Even fince the time of Fiuftephen (the
ixik ccittury)t London appenn to have maint a ine d thit pre-eminence
of wealth and magmtode; and her gradual increaft has, at Ictft. kept
pace with the general imprevemeot of Europe.

7^ THj: DECHNJJAND FA,I,l-

the Weft. Itisfituatc on the Thames, abroad
anci rapid river, which at t]ie diftanqe of thirty
miles falls into the Gallic Siea ; and the daily
flow and ebb of the tide, aflfordsH fafe entrance
^d departure to the veffels of commerce. The
king is the head of a powerfiil and turbulent
ariftocracy ; his priqeipal vaflals hold their ef-
tates by a free and tmalterable tenure ; and the
laws define the limits of his authority and their
obedience. The kingdom has been often Afflifl-
ed by foreign c^onqueft and domeftic fedition ;
but the natives are bold and hardy, renowned ia
arms and viclorious in war. The form of their
fliields or target? is deriyed' from the Italians^
that of their Iwords from the Greeks j the ufe of
- the longbow is the peculiar and decilive advan-
tage of the Englifti. Their language bears no
affinity to the idioms of .the continent; in the
habits of jk>meftic life, they aie not eafily di«
ftinguilhed from their neighbours of France : but
the moft lingular circumllance of their manners
is their difregard of conjugal honour and of fi>
male chaftity. In their n^utual vilits, as the firil
a£l of hofpitality, the gueft is welcomed in the
embraces of their wives apd daughters : among
friends they arc lent ^i bprrowod without
ihame; nor are the iflanders ofiended gt ,thi&
ftrange commerce, and its inevitable confeqiien-
ces (^7). Jirfprmed as we arc of the cufloras of
old England, and aflured of the virtue of our
mothers, we may fmile at the credulity, or re-
fent the injuftice, of the Greek, ivho muft have
confounded a modeft falute (a8) with a criminal

embrace,

(17) If the double fenfeof the verb Kvtf (ofeuloi:, an<I in utero
tfcro) be equiToail, the context and pious liorrof of Chalcondjles can
WATo no donbt of hisneftnu^g and miftake (p. 49.% * ^ -

<il) erarmtw(«|Mft. Fsofto Andrelino) has a pretty f^^e oil tlte
Eflf lifli MiioB of iiMmg Arangert on their arrival and depftrt^urv,
bfmt -i»lMiMe» h^wtrreff ht draws ito feandidoits mfcTeoees^

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ?7

embrace. But bis credulity and iBJuftice may
teach an important leflbn; to dillruft the ac-
counts of foreign and remote nations^ and to
fufpepd our belief ot every tale that deviates
from the laws of nature and the charader of
man(29).

After his return, and the viftory of Timour^indiffe*
Manuel reigned many yeiirs in profperity and^^^'jj
peace. As long as the fons of Bajazet folicitedtowinkOw
his friendlhip and fpared his dominions, he waa^*^!!^.
iatisfied with the national religion; and his lci>(40ft-i4»7*
fure was employed in compcmug twenty theolo*
gical dialogues for its defence. The appearance
of the Byzantine ambafladors at the council of
Conftance (30) announces the reiloiation of th^
Turkiih power, as well as of the Latin church;
the coyqueft of the fultans, Mahomet and Amu«^
rath, reconciled the emperor to the Vatican;
and the ficge of Conftantmople ahnoft tempted
him to acquiefce in the double ptxxeifion of the
Holy Ghoft. When Martin the fifth afcended
without a rival the chair of St. Peter, a friendly
iQtercourfe of letters and embafOes was revived
between the Eafl and Weft. Ambition on oneH^ Bcg».
fide, and diftreis on the other, dilated thefame"*^**^
decent language of charity and peace: the 2txt- 1417-1^^
M Greek exprefied a defire of manying his fix
ious to Italian prtncefles; and the Roman, not
leis artful, difpatched the daughter of the mar-
quis of Montierrat, with a company of noble

virgins, ^

(19) Tetfapz we liwy ipp!)^thi8 remark to the commmiity of wiibmf
izoaagdie oM Brrons, at it is ftf[ypofedbf Cxtar and Dion (Dioir
Caffius, 1, faui.toin. ii.p. roo;.), with Reltnar's jndiciotn annotatioa.
The jSrrtrf of Otaheite, fo certain at i!rft, is become lefs vifible and
(caodaloiia, in proportion as we hare fhidxed the manners of that gen^
de and amoreiBpeople.

f 30) See Lenn^t, Hift. du Condle de Conftance, torn. ii. p. 57^. ;
and for the ccciefiaftical hifiory of the times, the Annals of Sponda-
mif, the Bibliothcque of Dnpin, tost. tii. and vdft and oild Yolumet'
«f the HaiUrfy or rather the CqAtianation, of Flenrx.

/78 THE DECLINE AND FALL

virgins, to foften by their charms the db&hncy
c£ the fchifmatics. Yet under this malk of 2eal,
a difceming eye will perceive that all was hoHow
and infincere in the court and church of Con*
^ ftantinople. According to the viciffitudes of
danger and repofe, the emperor advanced or re-
treated; alternately iaftru6led and difavowed
his minifters ; and efcaped from an importunate

J>refiure by urgmg the duty of enquiry, the ob-
igation of coUefling the fenfe of his patriarchs
and bi/hops, and the impoflibility of convening
them at a time when the Turkim arms were at
the gates of his capital. From a review of the

giblic tranfa£lions it will appear, that the
reeks infifted on three fuccemve mesdTures, a
fuccour, a council, and a final re-union, while
the Latins eluded the fecond, and only promifed
thefirft, as a confequentialand voluntary leward
of the third. But we have an opportunity of
Httjpnntc unfolding the moil fecret intentions of Manuel,
~ ~ as he explained them in a private converfation
without artifice or difguife. In his declining
age, the emperor had aflbciated John Palseolo-
gus, the fecond of the name, and the eldeft of
his fons, on whom he devolved the greateftpart
of the authority and weight of government.
One day, in the prefence only of the htftoriaii
Fhranza (31), his favourite chamberlain, he
of)ened to his colleague and fucceffor the true
principle of his ncgociations wuth the pope (32).

« Our

(31) From hU earl^ yoath, George Phrum, or Phn&zet, wa«
employed in the ferrice of the (bte and paUce ; and Hancktua (de
Scnpt. Byzant. P. i. c. 40.^ has coUe^ed his life from his own writ-
iDgs. He was 00 more than fbur-and-twenty years of age at the
death of Manuel, who recommended him in the llronged tetmt to
hii fucce0br : Imprimis vero hone Phranzeo tibi commendo, qui mi-
ni ftravit mihl fideliter ct diligenter (Phranzes, I. ii. c. 1.}. Yet the
emperor John was cold, and he preferred the fervicc of the defpots of
Peloponnelus.

, {3^) See Phranzet, 1. ii, c. 1 3, While fo many manufcripu of the

Orcck

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 79

*' Our laft refource," faid Manuel, *''uainft the
<' Tuxks is their fear of our union wi£ the La-
'' tins, of the warlike nations of the Weft, who
'' may arm for our relicfand for their deftru^cn.
" As often as you are threatened by the mit
** creants, prelent this danger before their eyes*
" Propofe a council ; confult on the means ; but
'' ever delay and avoid the convocation of an
'' a&mbly, which cannot tend either to our fpi«
'' ritual or temporal emolument. The Latms
*' are proud; the Greeks are obftinate; nei-
'' ther party will recede or retraA; and the at-
'' tempt ot a perfed union will confirm the
'' fchifm, alienate the chui:ches, and leave us,
'' without hope or defence, at the mercy of the
'' Barbarians." Impatient of this falutary le&
foD, the royal youth arofe from his feat, and
departed in filence; and the wife monarch
(continues Phranza), cafting hb eyes on me,
thus refumed his difcourfe : '' My fon deems
'' himfelf a great and heroic prince ; but, alasl
'' our &iferM)le age does not afford fcope for
^ heroifm or jgreatnefs. His daring fpirit might
*' have fuitedthe happier times of our anceftors;
'' but the prefent ftate requires aot an emperor,
'' but a cautious fteward of the laft relics of our
'* fortunes. Well do I remember the lofty ex-
'' pe£)ations which be built on our alliance with
"* Muftapha; and much do I fear, that his rafli
'' courage will urge the ruin of our houfe> and
" that even religion may precipitate our down*
" fial.** Yet the experience and authority of
Manuel preferved the peace and eluded the

council;

Gxf ek €tipaaX are exunc in tke libraries of Rome, liiGlan, die £feo«
rial, &c at it a matter of iktanc and reproach* that we fliovld ho r^
4iieed to the Latia tcrfioa, or thftrad, of James Pontaaus (adcajeem
TkeophylaA Simocattx; Ingolfladtf 1604), fo deficient in leewnsf
udeKgaace (Fahric* Bihiiot. Gnec. took ti. p. <! $ ■ ^ t»')*

8o TH£ DECLINE AND FALL

Hb death, eotmcil; till, in the fevcnty-eighth year of his
age, and in the habit of a monk, he terminated
his careet, dividing his precious moveables
among his children and the poor, his phyficians
and his favoarite fervant^. Of his fix foris (33),
Andtonicus the fecond was invefted with the
principality of Theffalonica, and died of a le-
profy foon after the fale of that city to the Vene-
tians and it3 final Conqueft by the Turks. Some
fortunate incidents had reftored Peloponnefus,
or the Morea, to the empire j and in his more
profperous days, Manuelhad fortified thenar-
WW ifthmus of fix miles (34) with a ftone wall
and one hundred and fifty-three towers. The
wall was overthrown by the firft Waft of the Ot-
tomans: the fertile peninfula might have been
fufficient for the fonr younger brothers, Theo-
dore and Clonftantine, Demetrius and Thomas ;
but they waited in ddmeftic contefts the remains
of their ftrength; and the leaft fuccefsfiil of the
rivals were reduced to a life of dependence in
the Byzantine palace.
Zetiof The eldeft of the fons of Manuel, John
{^j l^ateologQs the fecond, was acknowledged, after
u. A. 2" his father"^ death, as the fole emporor df the
«4«s-M37. Greeks. He immediately proceeded to repudi-
ate his wife, and to cdntraA a new marriage
With the princefs of Trebizond t beauty was in
his eyes the fitft qualification of an emprefe ; and
the clergy had yielded to his firm affurancc,
that unlefs he might be indulged in a divorce, he
Would retire to a cloifter, and leave the throne

to

(33) SeeDacwge, Fam. Byzaiit.p.143— 44B.
<J4) '^

Sftoo

The end meiftirt of die Hesaoiilioa, fr«m left to fes.

orgmae, or tcifit^ of fix Oreck fec< (Pkmues, 1. t» c. 38.%
wlttcli ttotU produce a Greek mile, ftitt imaUeF thn that of 660
FreMk fM/ft, frhkkk alTifBcd Ky d'AoTitte as ftiU mjiftkk Turkey.
FWe milei art ^mtmoDhf reckoned for clic breadtk «f tfae UUuAys.
Sec the TraTclt of Spon, Wheeler, and Chandler.

Oy THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 8i

to bis brother Conflandne. The firft, and in
truth the only, viflory of Palaeologus was over
a Jew (35), whom, after a long and learned
dilpcte, he converted to the Chriflian faith ;
and this momentous conouefl is carefully record*
ed in the hiftory of the times. But he foon re«
fumed the defign of uniting the Eaft and Weft ;
2Xkd^ xegardlefs of his father's advice, liilened^
as it fluHild feem with fincerity, to the propofal
of meeting the pope in a general council beyond
the Adriatic. This dangerous projedl was en^
couraged by Martin the fifth, and coldly enter-
tained by his fucceifor Eugenius, till, after a te-
dious negociation, the emperor received a fum-
mons from a Latin aflembly of a new charader,
the independent prelates of Bafil, who flyled
themfelves the teprefentadves and judges of the .
Catholic church.

The Roman ponti£f had fought and conquer- ^^P'^^
ed in the caufe of ecclefiaflical freedom ; but theunchwdb.
victorious clergy were foon expofed to the ty-
ranny of 9 their deliverer ; andhisfacred charac-
ter was invulnerable to thofe arms which they
found fo keen and e£fe6}ual againft the civil ma-
gifhrate. Their great charter, the right of elec-
tion^ was annihilated by appeals, evaded by
truftsor commendams, difappointed by rever-
fionary grants, and fuperfeded by previous aqd
arbitrary refervations (36). A public auSion
was infiituted in the court of Rome: the cardi-

VoL. XII. G njils

(35) The firft objeaion of the Jews, is on the death of Chrift : if
it wereToluDtary, Chriit wasafnidde; which the emperor parries
with a myftery. They then difpute on the conception of the virgin,
the fcaie of the prophecies, Sic. (Phranzes, L ii. c. ts. a whole chap-

(36) In the treatife delle Materie Beneficiarie of Fra-Paolo (in the
hrtb ▼•Uune of the laft and beft edition of his works), the papal fVftem
is deeply ftndied and freely defcribed. Should Rome and her religion
be annihilated, this golden ▼ohunc may ftiU fnmyCi a philofophical
luftary, and a falatary warning.

82 THE DECLINE ANI> FALL

nals and favoorrtes werccnrfched withtbc fpoiT^
of nations ; and every country might complain
that the moft important and valuable benefices
were accumulated on tbe heads of aliens and
abfentees. During their refidence at Avignon,
the ambition of the popes fubfided in tbe mean-
er paffions of avarice (37) and luxury: they ri-
goroufly impofed on the clei^y^ the tributes of
nrft-fruns and tenths; but theyYreely tolerated
the impunity of vice, dHbrder, and corruption.
Thefe manifold fcandals were aggravated by the
Schifm, great fchifm of the Weft, which continued'
■377-u»9« ^^^^ ^Y y^^^' I^ ^he furious conflidls of
Rome and Avignon, the vices of the rivals were
mutually expofed ; and their precarious fituation
degraded their authority, relaxed their difci-
•pline, and multiplied their M'ants and exa£tions.
To heal the wounds, and reftore the monarchy.
Council of of the church, the fynods of Pifa and Con-
a!d. i4op.ftance (38) were fucceffively convened ; but thefe
^Con- great affemblies, confcious of their ftrength, re-
A^b. folved to vindicate the privileges of theClhriftian
1414.1418. ariftocracy. From a perfonal fentence ag'ainfl
two poniUTs, whom they reje<Sed, and a third,
their acknowledged fovereigu, whom they dc-
pofed, the fathers of Conftance proceeded to
examine jhe nature and limits of the Roman fu-
premacy ; nor did they feparate till they had ef-
tablilhed the authority, above the pope, of a ge

neral

(17) Pope John XXH. (in 1334) left behind him, at Avicnon,
eighteen miUiont of gold florins, and the ralue of fcven miuiou^
more in plate and jewels. See the Chronicle of John Villani (I. xi.
c. 20. in Muratori'i ColIeAion, torn, xiii.p 7tfs )» ^hofe brother re-
cetvedf the account from the papal treaftirers. A treafure of Gz or
eight millious fterling in the xivih century is enormous, and almoft in-
credible.

1^38} A learned and liberal proteftant, M. Lenfant, has jriren a fair
hiilory of the councils of Pifa, Conftance, and Bafil, in Sx volumes
•ift quarto : but the lafi|)art i^the moft hafty and impcrfcA, except ii^
the account of the troubles of Buhcraia.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 83

neral counciK • It was enafied, that^ for the ga«
veroment and reformation of the church, fuch
affemblies Ihould be held at r^^lar intervals ;
and that each fynod^ before its diflblution^
ihould appoint the time and place of the fub£>
quent meeting. By the influence of the court
of Rome, the next convocation at Sienna was
eafily eluded ; but the bold and vigorous pro«> *
ceedings of the council of Bafil (39) had almoflof Bafii,
been fatal to the reigning pomiiF, Eugenius ther43t!i^j.
fourth. A juft fufpicion of his defign prompted
the &thers to haften the promulgation of their
firft^decree, that the reprefentatives of the
church-militant on earth were invefled with a
divine and fpiritual jurifdidion over all Chrif-
tians, without excepting the pope ; and that a
general council could not be diflblved, pro-
rogued, or transferred, unlefs by their free deli*>
beration and confent. On the notice that £u«
genius had fiilminated a bull for that purpofe,
they ventured to fummon, to admonifh, toj
threaten, to cenfure, the contumacious fucceflbr
of St. Peter. After manv delays, to allow time^^jj*g|
for repentance, they finally declared, that, unoJ^geniiM
lefshe fubmitted widiin the term of fizty days,^*
he was fufpended from the exercife of all tern*
poral and eccleliafiical authority. And to mark
their jurifdidion over the prince as well as the
prieft, they affumed the government of Avignon,
annuUed the alienation of the facred patrimony^
and protected Rome from the impoiition of new
taxes. Their boldnefs was jyflified, not only by
G 2 the

(3p) T^^ orifftnal ads or minntes of the council of Bafil, are pre*
ferVvd in the public library, io twelve Tolnmes in folio. Bafil was %
tree city, conveniently fituate on the Rhine, and guarded by the amu
of the neighbouring and confederate Swifs. In 14C9, the uniyerfity
was fottoded by pope Pius II. ('iEneas SylTius), who had been fecretary
to the council. But what is a council, or an muTeriity, to the prefift
of Frobcn and the ftvdiesof Srafmns i

H THE DECLINE AND FALL

the general opmion of the clergy, bat by the
fupport and power of the firft monarcus of
Gbriftendom: the emperor Sigifmond declared
himfelf the fervant and protestor of the fjmod ;
Germany and France adhered to their caufe ;
the duke of Milan was the enemy of Eugenius ;
and he was driven from the Vatican by an in*
furreflion of the Roman people. Reje£ied at
the £ame time by his temporal and fpirkual fob-
lefts, fubmiflion was his only choice : by a mod
humiliating bull, the pope repealed nis own
ads, and ratified tfaofe of the council ; incorpo-
rated his legates and cardinals with that Tene*
]^able body ; znd Jeemed to refign hiihfelf to the
decrees of the fupreme legiflature. Their fame
pervaded the CQuntries of the Eaft ; and it was
in their prefence that Sigifmond received the am-
bafladors of the TurkHh futtan (40), who laid at
his feet twelve large vafes, filled with robes of
Ncgocia. filk and pieces of gold. The fathers of Bafil
thc°GreIk8,2ifpw^d to the glory of reducing the Oreeks> as
A. D. well as the Bohemians^ within the pale of the
*^^***3^' church; and their deputies invited the emperor.
«id patriarch of Conftantinople to unite with an
aflembly which pofTeiTed the confidence of the
-Weftern nations. Palseologus was not averfe to
the pi'opofal ; and his ambafladors were intro- •
duced with due honours into the Catholic fe-
aate. But the choice of the place appeared to
he an infuperable obftacle, fince he refufed to
pafs the Alps, or the feaof Sicily, and pofitive-
ly required that the fynod fliould be adjourned
to fome convenient city in Italy, or at leaft on
th^ Danube. The other articles of this treaty
wei^e.more readily ftipulated: it was agreed to

defray

(40). This TBrki& embaffjr, stttftcd only hj CqLDtzius, as related
iivith lome doubt by the axmafift SfWDdasoi, A* D. 1433, No. «$. toi».
1.5.814.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. «5

defray the travelling expeaoes of the emperor,
with a train of feven hundred perfons (41), to
lemit an immediate fum of eight tboufa:nd du-
cats (42) for the accommodation of the Gieek
deiigy; and iq bis abfence to grant a fupply of
tea thcNifand ducats, ^rith three hundred archecs
and fbme gallies, for the protedUon of Ck>nftan*
tincple. The city of Avignon advanced ^e
fiinds of the preliminary ezpences ; and the em-
barkation was prepared at Marfeilles with fome
difficulty and delay.

In his diftrefs, the friendflup of PaheologusjoimPdc.
was difputed by the ecclefiaftical powers of theSl^i„*Se
Weft; but the dextrous a^ivity of a monarch pope**g»i-
prevailed over the ilow debates and inflexible A?b. 1437.
temper of sl republic* . The decrees of BafilNoT.tA.
ooniinually tended to circumfcribe the defpotifm
of the pope, and n> ere£l a fupjreme and per*
petual tribunal in the church. Eugenius was
impatient of the yoke ; and the union of the
Greeks might afford a decent pretence for traii*
flatiiig a rebellious fynod from the Rhine to the
Po. The independence of the fathers was loft
if they paffed the Alps : Savoy or Avignon,
to which they acced<;d with reludlance, were
defcribed at Gonftantinople as fituate far beyond
the pillars of Hercules (43); the emperor and

his

{41) Syropidut, p. 19. In this lift, the Grteks appear to ha^e «• •
ceeded the real namben of the clergy and laity which afterwards at-
tended the emperor and mtriarch, but which are not clearly fpfcified
by the great eccfafiaKk. The 75*000 fioritiswhichtheyalkedin thisiio-
gociatson of the pope (p, 9.}, were more than ther could hope or want.

(4a) I ufe indinerently the words, dmMt MDaJUrim^ which derive
tlbir names, the former from the Mis of Milan, the latter from the
■repablic of Fhrmt. Thefe gold pieces, the firft that were coined in
Italy, perhaps in the Latin .worki, may be compared in weig)it and
value to one-third of the Engliih guinea.

(41) -At the end of the Latin Tcriion of Phranzes, we read a long
Greek epiftle or declamation of George of Trebizond, who advifea
the emperor to prefer Eugenius and Italy. He treats with contempt
the fchifinatic aiSembly of Baiil| the Barbarians of Gaul and Ger*

many.

86 l^HE DECLINE AND FALL

his clergy were apprehenfive of the dangers of
a long navigation ; they were offended by an
haughty declaration, that after fuppreffing the
new herefy of the Bohemians, the council would
fooii eradicate the M herefy of the Greeks (44).
On thie fide of Eugenius, all was fmooth, anQ
yielding, and refpedtful : and he invited the By-
zanline monarch to heal by his prefence the
Ichifnr of the Latin, as well as of the Eaftern,
church. Ferrara, near the coaft of the Adriatic,
was propofed for their amicable interview ; and
with fome indulgence of forgery and theft, a
furreptitious decree was procured, which trans-
ferred the fynod, with its own confent, to that
Italian city. Nine gallies were equipped for
this ferv ice at Venice, and in the ifle of Candia ;
their diligence anticipated the flower veflels of
Bafil : the Roman admiral was commiflioned
to burn, fink, • and deftroy (45) ; and thefe
prieftly fquadrons, might have encountered
each other in the fame feas where Athens and
Sparta had formerly contended for the pre-emi-
nence of glory. AiTaulted by the importunity
of fadlions, wno were ready to fight for the
poffeilion of his perfon, Palaeologus hefitated
before he left his palace and country on a peri*
Icus experiment. His father's advice flill dwelt
on his memory : and reafon muft fuggeft, that

fincc

imaiy* who had coofplred to tnnfport the chair of St. Peter beyond
the Alps I «i a^AiM (fayi he) vt xen mv ^H« 9W vv9«}«v 4^ vmv
*pfaxXui/f ruAivr »«i mfm Ftfl^^jv? i{«^r<. Was Conftantinople
unprovided with * >nap f

(aa) Syropulut (p. <i6— 3i.)attefts his owo indication, and ^t
of his countrymen : and the Bafil deputies, who excufed the raih de-
chtrstion, could neither deny nor alter an ad of the council.

(as) Condolmieri, the pope's nephew and admiral, oaprefsly de-
clared, irt ifto-fff %x,u TTttfM nr n«9r« irm ff-sAvevm im »9 ivf^n

. The nayal orders of the fynod were Icfs peremptory, and, till the
hoftile fquadrons appeared, both parties tried to conceal their quarrel
from tbo Greeks.

OF TH£ ROMAN empire: S7

(ince the Latins were divided ^mong themfelves,
they could never unite in a foreign caufe. Sigif-
nx>nd difluaded the unfeafonable adventure;
his advice wa3 impartial, fince he adhered to
the council; and it was enforced by the ftrange
belid^ that the German Gaefar would nominate
a Greek his hesr and fucceflbr in the empire of
thp Weft (46). Even the Turkifh fulun was a
cQUiiiellor whom it might be unfafe to truft, but
wki9g9 it was dangerous to o£fend. Amurath
was unikilled in the difputes, but he was ^ppre-
henfive of the» union, of the Chriftians. From
his own triea/ures, he ofiered to relieve the wants
of the By;eantine court ; yet he declared vidth
feeming magpanimity,that Conftaminopleihould
be fecure apd inviolate, in the abfence of her fo-
vereign (47^ 'f he refolution of Paleeologus was
decided by th^moft fplendid gifts and the moil
fpecious piomiiiss : he wifhed tp efcape for a
while from a foene of danger and diftre&.; and
after difmii&pg with ai) apibiguops ^nfwer the
meflengers of the council, he declared his in-
tention of embarking ia $h^ Roman gallies.
The age of the patriarch Jcrfeph was more fut
ceptible of fi^ar than of hope ; he trembled at
the perils of the fea, and exprefled his ^ppre-
henfion, that his feeble voice, with thirty per-
haps of his orthodox brethi:en, wouldi be op-
preffed in a foreign land by the power and num-
bers of a Latin fynod. He yielded to the royal

mandate

. ■>

t40 STTopuliit fiieiitimi* the kopei <»f PalKologu (p. |tf .), and tke
laft a<Wice of SlgifmoAd (p. $7.). At Corfu, the Greek emperor was
informed of 1m friend't death ; had he knowo it fooncr, he would
hare returned home (p. 79 A

(47) Phranses hifluelf, though fromdiffersotmotiTes, was of the
advice of Amorath (1. ii. c. 13.). Utinam ne fynodui iia unqaam
f ttillet, fi taatas offenfiones et d^trimeaca! paritura erat. This Tor-
Idih cmbalTT U likewiie mentioned bf Sypopului (p. 58.) ; and Amu-
rath kept his word. He might threaten (p. ta$. % 19.), but he nercr
attacked the'Wty.

88 THE DECLINE AND FALL

mandate, to the flattering a8urance> that he
would be heard as the oracle of nation^ and
t6 the. fecret wifh of learning from his brodier
of the Weft, to deliver the chdrich from the
yoke of kings (48). The five crdfi^harers or
dignitaries of St. Sophia, were bound to attend
his perfon ; and one of raefe, the great eccle-
fiarch or preacher, Sylvefter Syropulus(49), has
corapofed (50) a free and curious hiftory of the
fdlfe union (51). Of the clei^gy that reludantly
oticyed the fummons of the etnp^tot and the
patriarch, fubmiflion was the firft duty, and pa«
tience the moft ufefiil virtue: In a chofen lift
of twenty bifhops, we difcover the thttropolitati
titles of Heraclea and Cyzicus, Nice and Nico*
media, Ephefus and Trebizond, and the perfonal
merit of Mark ^nd BeiTarion, who, in the confi-
dence of their learning and eloquence, were pro-
moted to the epifeopai rank. Some monks and
philofophers were named to difplay the fcience
and.fandity of the Greek church: and the fet-

vice

(48) The reader will fmile at f^ fixnplicitywuK which he imparted
thefs hopes to hit faTourites : tm^vt^v wMf^^tfuif 9^n&u9 nXwitt
xttt htc TV n«ff-« tt«ipf%i f Afv^M«nu mt iautA«r|«f «jr# mt MinTf

' iu§M »vTU ikXuat ^«6^« rv $m^ixmi (p. '9%.). Yet it woidd have
)>eer» iifiicult for hi|;n to have pra^iftd the iiflbni of Grej§;ory VJI.

(49) The Chriilian name of S jlveiler it horrowed from the L'atio
calendar. ' In modem Creek, «yA«c, at 4 dimhiirt2te, ia added to
the end of words : aor can asf reafoniqg 9f Crejrghtoni, the editor,
excufe hit changing iqto 5^a(r'0piilus (Sgaro9, fufcus) the Syropulus 6(
iKis 6Wn manofcript, who(b name is iubfcribcd wkdkis own haiid In
the ads pf the council of Florence. Why might not the author be
of Syrian extradion ?

(so) From the coridnflon of the hiftory, ^ihoQld fix the date to

the year 1444, four ^ears after the ijot^ wkaa «he mat ccciefiarcK

had abdicated his o&ce (fcAho kii. p. 33a-*-3SO.)- His paflions were

' cooled bj time ami retiremeaiv and^ akhougii Syropnlna is often par«

tial, he is never intemperate.

{51) #^#rv ajUha mtmii mm «»rw hiUr Grdtm tt,t0tht9f (fUi^ Ctmitit,
' 'i^6*> lA falio), wmk firft noUsihed with a loofe«od florid wfion, by
- Robert Creyghton, ehaplaitt to Charles II. io hi^ exile. The seal of
the editor liaa prefixed a poleinic titk» for the bcginniog of the ori*
ginal is waotlngt • irTropiilua jnay be raaked with the beft of the By*
zantine writers for the merit of his narration, and ainaa of his ftyW :
but he is excluded from the orthodox ooUe^oiuof the covncili.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ^

Ticeof the dioir wxs perfonnedbya fele& band
of fingeis and muficiafifi. The patmrclis of
Alexandria, Antioch/ and Jerufaletn^ am)eaMd
by tbeir genuine or fiAitious^ deputies ^ the pri«
mate of RdBa reprefented- a-national churcb»
and the Greeks mtgbt contend with the Latins
in the extent of their f|nritual tmpire. The
preciooB vafes of St. Sbphia'^iAnfttir «atp6fed^ id
the winds and waves, that the patriarch might
officiate with becoming fplendour; whatever
gold the emperor could ptoiute^ was expended
in the maffy ornaments of his bed and cha-
riot (52) : and while they afieded to maintaiki
the piofperity of their ancient fortTinie ; tbey
quarrelled for the divilion of fifteen thoufand
ducats, the firfi alms of the Roman ponii£
After the neceffary preparations^ Jbbn Palsed-
logus, widi a numerous tinin: aecompaaied by
his brother Demetrius, ^atid the moft refpeA-
able perfons of the church and fta«^, ^nbarked
in eight veflels with fails s^oai^, S^hich (leered
thiwtgh theTurkiih (Ireigbtsof GaUipoli to tibe
Archipelago^ the Morea, and the Adriatic

Afier a tedious and troubtefeme navigation of His trium.
feventy-feven days, this religious fqaidtbtl t9&^^^
anchor befofe Venice ; alid^thdf recepfidn pW-A.D;i43t.
clainied the jtfy ^nd magfttfceiuie of that power- ^***™^**
iul republic. In the command of the wc»rld,
the modeit Attgtiftils had m^^r clafiried fiicji

honours

($t) S7)r6t>ulus (p. iSp) fitnply expreflei liis intention* : iV irti
WfUfisMn IV iTofiPiMf (t>ty»9 fiitc'i^tvi fCAf iMiifVy v«^<^oir« \ and
the LAtin of Creyghton may afford a fpecimai of his florid paraphraft,
Ut pompa circumdndvs nofter Imperator ^aliae aliqnis deauratos
Jopiccr cred^reti/r, ant Qroefiu ex oplilentjt LydiJI.

\x%) Although I cannot flon to (^uote Sytopnlos for every faft, I
wijf obferYe, that tht navigaoon of the Greeks from Conftantinople
to Venice and Ferfcira is contained in the 4th fedion (p. ^7— loo.)*
and that the hiftorian has the noicoauQon ta^t of placii^ cadi fto^
hc£Bre the reader'* cye«

90 THJB DECLINE AND FALL

:hoiK>ui]a from his fubjeds as were, paid to his
feeble fucceffor hy an independent itate. Seated
on tlie poop, on a lofty throne^ he received the

. vifit, or, in the Greek ftyle, the adoratimy of

, the: doge and fenators (54). They failed in
the Bucentaur, which was accompanied by
twelve ftately gallies : the fea was overfpread
with innumerable gondolas of pomp and plea-

.ihjie.; the air refojinded with muiic and accla«

i9iatio03 ; the mariners, and even the veflels,
were drefled in filk and gold ; and in all the
emblems and pagleants, the Roman eagles were
blended with the lions of St. Mark. The tri-
umphal proceifion, afcending the great canal,
palfed under the bridge of the Rialto ; and the

.ilrangers gazed with admiration on the palaces,
the churches, aoid the populoufnefs ot a city

\that feems to float on the bofom of the
waves (55), They fighed to behold the fpoils

tand trophies witji which it had been decorated
after the fack of Conilaatinople. After an hof-

_pUable entertainmc;nt p£ fifteen days, Palseolo-

guaipurfu^ hi^.JQiirqey.by la$id and water from

Venice to Ferrara : and on this occaiion, the

.. » . prifte;Qf the Vatican was tempered by policy to

jxi^ulge; the anpifn^ dignity of the emperor of

^aotoFer^ the £af^. He mad^ his entry on-^ bla^k horle ;

^FSiiary l^t ^^ milk-white fteed, whoO? trappin|[s were

%%. epgj^rpijlftr^ Wth goW^n eagles, Meas led before

.bipi h^A. the iraiappy was borne over his head
- . ,by

' U4} At-thc time of the fyood, Phranzei wte in Pelo|>oimerus ;
bpi he received from the dcfpot Demetrius, « faithful account of the
Konourable reception of the emporor and patriarch both at Venice
and Ferrara (Dux .... fcdentem Imperatorem a/brat), which are
more flightiy mentioned ^y the Latins (1. ii. c. 1 4, 1 $» 1 6.).

r ^S$) The %ftoni(hment^of a Xxreek pnnce and a French ambuflador

^Mennoire$ de Philippe, dc Comines, t Tii. c. 18.) at the fight of Vc-
nrce, abundantly prove, that in the i^th century it was the firft and

' tridft Iplehdid of the ChHftiaii cities. For the fpoils of CoofUntinople
at Venice, -fee Syropulus (p, 87.);

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 91

by the princes of Efle, the fons or kinfinen of
Nicholas, marquis of the city, and a fovereign
more powerful than himfelf (56). Palaeologus
did not alight till he reached the bottom of the
ftair-cafe : the pope advanced to the door of the
apartment"^; rdufed his proffered genufleiion ;
and, after a paternal embrace, conduced the
emperor to a feat on his left-hand. Nor would
the patriarch defcend from his galley, till a
ceremony, almoft equal, had been fiipulatdd
between the biihops of Rome and Confianti-
Dople. The latter was faluted by his brother
with a kifs of union and charity : nor wotild
any of the Greek ecclefiaftics fubmit to kifs the
feet of the Weftern primate. On the opening
of the fynod, the palace of honour in the cen-
tre was claimed }yy the temporal and ecclefiafli-
cal cbie& ; and it was only hy alledging that
his predeceffors had not aflifted in peribn at
Mice or Cbalcedon, that Eugenius could evade
the ancient precedents of Conftantine and Mar-
cian. After much debate, it i;^*as agreed that
the right and lefi fides of the church fhould be
occupied by the two nations : that the folitary
chair of St. Peter fhould be raifed the firfl of
the Latin line ; and that the throne of the
Greek emperor, at the head of his clergy, fhould
be equal and oppofite to the fecond place, the
vacant feat of the emperor of the Wefl (57).

But

~($0 Nicholas 111. of £fte, rtigned forty-eight yean (A. D. i;)^)
.^1441), and was lord of Fcrrara» Modena, Reg^io, Parma, RoTXgo^
and Commachio. See his life in Muratori (Aauchiti Eftenfe, torn,
ii. p. ijy — 101.).

(o) The Latin Tolgar was provoked to laughter at the ftrange
drcflea of the Greeks, and efpecially the length of their garments,
their 0eeTes, and their beards; nor was the emperor diftinj^niihed.
except hy the purple coloar, and his diadem or tiara with a jewel oa
the tm (Hody de Graecis lUuftribus, p. 3i.> Yet another ibeaator
confeflcs, that the Greek (isihion was pin craTe e pio degnathao the
Italian (Vefpafiano^ in Vit. Eugen. fV. m Moratori, torn. xzr. p*
161.).

92 THE DECLINE ANIt FALL

Councflof But as foon as feftivity and fonai had given
^d^tiil^s plsrce to a more ferious treaty, the Greeks were
H^dFSf* ^l^^^^d with their journey, with themWves,
J^ncc,^ and with the pope. The artfal pencil of his
^^^{^43«.i-mfflkries had painted him in a profperous ftatc ;
A.D. 143^, at the head of the princes and prelates of Eu-
jniy 6. YQp^^ obedient, at his voice, to believe and to
arm. The thin appearance of the univeifal
fynod of Ferrarla betrayed his weaknefe ; and
tne Latins opened the nrft feiGon with only five
atchbifhbps, Eighteen biftiops, ind ten abbots,
the greateft part of whom wc*e the fubje6ls or
countrymen of the Italian pontiff. Except the
duke of Burgundy, none of the potentates of
the Weft condefcended to appear in perfon, or
by their ambaffadors; nor was k.poffible to
fiipprefs the judicial a&s of Bafil againft the
dignity and perfon of Eugcriiiis, \*ych were
finally concluded t>y a new eleftion. Under
tbefe circmnfiances, a truce or delay was afked
" atid granted, till Palaeologus kh&M erpeft from
the confcnt of the Latins fome temporal reward
for. an impopular imion ; and, after the firft
. feflion, the pifblic proceedings were adjourned
above Hx months* The emperor, with a cho-
fen band of his favourites and Janizaries, fixed
bisfammev refidence at a pleafant fpacious mo-
* n^ftery, fix miles from Ferrara; forgot, in the
jfcafnres of the chace, the diftrefs of the church
and ftate ; and perfifted in deftroying the game,
without liftening to the juft complaints of the
marquis or the hufbandman (58). In the mean
wlfile, his unfortunate Greeks were expofed to

all
i

(s8) For the emperor*! huntini^, fee Svropulus (P-T43, 144. 191. )•
The pope had font him eleven miferable hackr : out he brought a
flrong aad fwift horfe that came from Ruflia. The name of Jamma^
rms may Itirprife : but £he name, rather than the inftitutioh, ha4
paflcd from tne Ottoman, to the Byzantine, court ;, and is often ttfcd
m the Uft age of the empire. 1

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 93

all tbe nuferies of exile and poverty ; for the
fapport of each ftranger, a monthly allowance
was aligned of three or four gold fbrins ; and
although the entire fum did not amount to fe-
ven hundred florins, a long arrear was repeat-
edly incurred by the indigence or policy of the
Roman court (59). They fighed for a fpecdy
deliverance, but their efcape was prevented by
a triple chain : a paflport fix>m their fuperiors
was required at the gates of Ferrara ; the go«
venunent of Venice had engaged to arreft and
fend back the fiigitives ; and inevitable punifh*
ment awaited them at Conftantinople ; ezcom-
mimication, fines, and a fentence, which did
not refped the facerdotal dignity, that they
ifaould be ftripped naked and publicly whip*
ped (60). It was only by the alternative of
hunger or difpute that the Greeks could be per<-
fuaded to open the firft conference ; and they
3rielded with extreme relu£tance to attend frcmi
Ferrara to Florence the rear of a flying fynod.
This new tranflation was urged by inevitable
neceffity : the city was vifited by the plague ;
the fidelity a£ the marquis might be fufpeded ;
the mercenary troops of the duke of Milan
were at the gates ; and as they occupied Ro-
magna, it was nojt without difficulty and dan-
ger that the pope, the emperor, and the bifhops,

explored

($9) 'The Greeks obuined, with much difCculty, that inftead of
proriiions, money flioiild be diftributed, four florins^ mo oth to the
pcrfonsof honourable rank, and three florins to their fer?ants, with
an ad^tion of thirty more to the emperor, twenty-five to the patri-
arch, and twenty to the prince or defpot Demetrins. The payment
of the firft month amounted to 6^1 florins, a fum which wiU not aU
low US to reckon above 2co Greeks of everr condition (Syropulus. p.
104, 105.)- On the 40th Odober 1438, there was an arrear of tour
months; in April 1439, of three ; and of five and a half in July, at
the time of the union (p. 171.1% 5. 171.).

(60) SyropuJtt6(p. 141, 141. 104. 211.) deplores the imprifonment
of the Gfcwy *Dd the tyranny of the emperor and patriarch.

94 THE DECLINE AND FALL

explored their Way through the unfrequented
paths of the Apennine (61).

Yet all thefe obftacles were furHiounfed by
time and policy* The violence of the fatherra
of Bafil rather promoted than injured the caufe
of Eugenius : the nations of Europe abhorred
the fchifm, and difowned the eledion, of Felix
the fifth, who was fucceffively a duke of Savoy,
an hermit, and a pope ; and the great {)rinces
were gradually reclaimed by his competitor to
a favourable neutrality and a firm attachment.
The legates, with fome refpedbble members,
deferted to the Roman armv, which infeniibly
rofe in numbers and reputation : the council of
Bafil was reduced to thirty-nine bilhops, and
three hundred of the inferior clergy (6a); while
the Latins of Florence could produce the fub-
ftrriptions of the pope himfel^ eight cardinals,
two patriarchs, eight archbiihops, fifty-two bi-
fliops, and forty-five abbots, or chiefs of reli-
gious orders. After the labour of nine months,
and the debates of twenty-five feifions, they at-
tained the advantage and gloiy of the re-union
of the Greeks, Four principal queftions had
been agitated between the two churches: j.
The ufe of unleavened bread in the communion
of Chrift's body. 2. The nature of purgatory*
p;. The fupremacy of the pope. And, 4. The
finglc or double procelCon of the Holy Ghoft.
The caufe of either nation was managed by ten

the-

{61) The wart of Italy aremoft clearly rcprcfented id the 13th vo-
lume of the Annals of Muratori. Ihe fchiimattc Greek, Syroptilus
(p. 14^.). appears to have exaggerated the fear and diforder of the
pope io his retreut from Ferrarato Florence, which is proved by
the adls to have been fomewhat more decent and deliberatt.

(6t) Syropulus is pleafed to reckon feven hundred prelates in the
Council of Baiil. The error is manifeft, and perhaps voluntary. That
tatnvagant number could not be fupplied bv ail the ccciefiaftics of
every derrce who were prefent at the council, nor by all the abfent
bilhops of the Weft, who, ezprefsly or tacitly, might adhere to itt
decrees.

OF THE ROMAN EMt>IRE. 55

theological champions: the Latins were fup-
ported by the inezhaullible eloquence of cardi-
nal Julian ; and Mark o£ Epbefus and Beflarion
of Nice were the bold and able leaders of the
Greek forces. We may beftow fome praife on
the progreft of human reafon, by ooferving,
that the firft of thefe queftions was now treat^
as an immaterial rite, which might innocently
vary with the faihion of the age and country^
With regard to the fecond, both parties were
agreed in the &lief of an intermediate ftate of
pargati<m for the venial fins of the faithful ; and
wheAer their fouls were purified by elemental
fire, was a doubtful point, which m a few years
ndght be conveniently fettled on the fpot by
the difputants. The claims of fupremacy ap
peared of a more weighty and fubftantial kind ;
yet by the Orientals the Roman bilhop had ever
been refpeAed as the firft of the five patriarchs;
nor did they fcruple to admit, that his jurif-
didion ihould be ezercifed agreeable to the holy
canons; a vague allowance, which might be
defined or eluded by occafional convenience.
The proceiSon of the Holy Ghoft from the Fa*
ther alone, or from the Father and the Son, was
an article of fiuth which had funk much deeper
into the minds of men ; and in the feflions of
Ferrara and Florence, the Latin addition of
fiioque was fubdivided into cjueftions, whether
it were legal, and whether it were orthodox.
Perhaps it may not be neceflary to boaft on
this fubjeA of my own impartial indifference ;
but I maft think that the Greeks were ftrongly
fupported by the prohibition of the council of
Chalcedon, againft adding any article whatfo-
ever to the creed of Nice, or rather of Con-

ftantmople

96 THE DECLINE AND FALL

{lantinopL^(63). la earthly affiurs, it is iioC
eafy to conceive how an a&mbly of Icgiflators
can bind their fucoe0br8 invefted with powers
equal to their own. But the di£^ates of infpi*
ration mufl be true and unchangeable; nor
ihould a private bi{hop> or a provindali fynod,
have prefumed to innovate againft the judg-
ment of the Catholic church. On the fubftance
of the do£lrine» the controverfy was equal and
endlefs: reafon is confounded by the proc^on
of a deity ; the gofpel, which lay on the altar,
was iUent ; the various texts of the fathers might
be corrupted by fraud or entangled by fophif-
try ; and the Greeks were ignorant of the cha-
ra&ers and writmga of the Latin faints ((^4,)*
Of this at leaft we may be fure, that neitncr
iide could be convinced by the arguments of
their opponents. Prejudice may be oilightened
by reaibn, and a fuperficial glance may be rec-
tified by a clear and more perfcA view of an
objedl adapted to our Acuities* hut the Inihops
and monks had been taught from their infancy
to repeat a form of myfterious words; their na-
tional and perfonal honour depended on the
repetition of the fame fouiids; and their narrow
minds were hardened and inflamed by the acri-^
mony of a public difpute.
Kegoctati- While they were loft in a cloud of duft and
GreTk^/^^darknefs, the pope and emperor were defirotis
of a feeming union, which could alone accom-
plifti the purpofes of their interview; and the
ohftinacy of public difpute was fofteaed by the

arts

(6j) The Greeks, who difiiked the nuon, were unwiUiog to fi^tly
from this, ikrotg fortref« (p. 1 78. 193. 19$. to«. of Syropulqs). Tbo
fliam.e of the Latins was ajrgniTatcd by their producing an old MS.
of the fecond council of Nice, with/^f«« in tho Nicene creed: a
palpable forgery ! (p. 173)

(64) *GLi iyt» (faid an eminent Greek) •t«v u% r«df iioiA^ap

(Syropulua, p. 109.). See the perplexity of the Grcekt (p. 21 7, 1 1 8.

OF.THJf ROMAV EMPIU'E* 97

axt^ of pfivjtte a^d perii^nai o^ociation. The
patriarch Jofeph hsid fuak under the weight of
age md lo&r^iUies; bis dying voice breath^
the CQuofels of (h^rity ai^ concord, and his
vacant benefiqe might teinpt :tbe hopes of the
ambiliQius deic^» The rea^y and adive obe-
dience CKf thff arch-bifliQp^ o£ Raffia and Nice»
of I^doiv and Beflanop, w<as prompted and ie«
compenfed. I7 their fpeedy prpqiotion to the
dignky o£ eairdisuils. j^eflaripn, in the £rft der
hates^ had ^ftood ferth the miQft flrenuous and
cioqueat .ehamploQ of l^e G^ek church; an4
if the supoRm^s theti^fta;rd» w^ reprobated by
his Qountry (fijX ^^ app^a^^ jin ecclefiaftical
flory a laice. example of ^pateiot who was rcr
GomiBended to jOpuft-f^vQiij!! \)y]o\xd oppoiition
and wfi&tiined qompli^A^?* 'With the aid o(
hi^ two fpifitqal opadjutor^ii ^ ejcnperor ap-
plied his argnoiei^t^ to the g^jter^I fitu^tiqn ^n4
per&aal diaraAers of the biihops, and each
was lucQ^lifvcly moved b3ir authority and exam-
^. T^eir revenues iwte » this hands of the
Turks, >dijeir per(bja3 mthof^Qi the Lfitms: an
epi^opftk treafore, ;three robes and forty ducats>
wa^iix>n.iexh0iified!($6): the hppes ot their re-
turn iftiU depended on the fi)ipspf Venice and
the ^ixBS of Rome; and.fucb was their indi^
gence, that their ari^rs, the payment of a
debt» .'vhivhl^b^^acceptcdiias.af^Qur^ and^uight
operate<a$a .bcibe(67)^ 1 fjTbie .danger afud ro*
VauML.: U : . Ikf

i^$\ ^ ^^ Folltc alttircjition of jyfark and Bcftarion in SyVopulus
\T' *57*% 'wfto'DeverdUdtcfnbks tke vices of his ewd p^rtyj^ and tairly
pn>i^ the irirtnes of the X^atxns.

(6d) For the Dorerty of the Greek bifliopn, fee a remarkable palfagc
of Diicas (c. 31.;. One had poflefled, for his whole property, three
•Limini^ At. > By teaching oae-an^wevty ycar& in his mooaftery,
Bcffiri4Q,hinffelf hsd coUeded forty, gold flocins; but of thcfe, the
archbiihbp had expended twenty-eight id. his voyage from Velopon*
tMf«is» UM die vtmaiadcr at Coimaotinople (Syropuius, p« u;).

(07)#yropalat dediet that the Ore^» received any money before
they hdul Tabreiibed the aA of union (p* 183.) : yet he relat;es fomc
r«fpi€iotii ciratniibuices.; and their bnoery and corruFtion arc pofi-
Uvely aff niied by the hlftorian Dccas#

98 THE DECLINE AND FALL

lief of ConftantiBople might excufe fomepru*
dent and pious ilifliinHlatioD; and it was innnu*
ated, that the obftinate hei^cs who Ihould re-
fift the confent of the Eaft and Weft, would be
abandt)ned in a hoftile land to the revenge or
juftice of the Roman pcmtiff (68)- In the firft
private affembly of the Gredcs, the formulary
of union was approved by twenty-four, and
reje£^ed by twelve, members: but the five
crofs-bearers of St. Sophia, "who afpired to re-
prefent the patriarth^ were difqmilified 1^ an-
cient difcipline; and their right of voting was
transferred to an obfequious train of monks>
grammarians, and profane laymen. The will
of the monarch produced a falfe and fervtte una^
nimity, and nd more than two patriots had
coursige to fpeak their own fentiinenta and
thofe of their country » Demetrius, the empe-
ror's brother, retired to Venice, that he might
not be l^itnefs bf the union ; and Mark of
EphefuS) miftakin^ perhaps his' pride for his
confdence, difclaimed all communion with the
Latin heretics, and avowed himfelf the champi-
on and confeifor of the orthodox treed (69).
In the treaty between the two nations^ feveral
forms of confent Were propofed, fuch as. might
fatisfy the Latins, without diihonouring the
Greeks : and they weighed the fcruples of
words and fyllables, till the theological balanoe
treihbled with a flight preponderance in &voar
of the Vatican. It was agreed (I.-mtift intreat
the attention of the reader), that the Holy
Ghoft proceeds from the Father and the Son, as

from

. ^68) The Greeks moft piteoufljr ezprefs their own feurt of eaule and
perpetual flavery (Syropul. p. 196.) : and thef were fkronglj morod
hy the emperor** threats (p. ft6o.)*

^ (6q) I had forgot another po]iular and orthodox nrotefier ) a favou-
rite hottnd, who ufually lay muet on the footKlotli of the «mperor*a
throne; but who barked moft farioufly while the ad of union waa
rieading, without being ftlenced by the foothing or the Uflies of the
royal attendantt (Syropul. p. 165, atftf .)«

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 99

from oae principle and one fubilance; that he
proceeds oy the Son, being of the fame nature
and fabflance> and that he proceeds from the
Father and the Son, by one juration and pro-
dudion. It is lefs dinicult to underftand the
articles of the preliminary treaty; that the pope
ihould defray all the expences of the Greeks in
ithdr return home; that he fhould annually
maintain two gallies and three hundred foldiers
for the defence of C!onftantinoplej that all the
ihips which tranfported pilgrims to Jenifalem,
Ihould be obliged to touch at that port; that as
often as they were required, the pope Ihould
fbmifh ten gallies for a year, or twenty for fix
months; and that he Ihoiild powerfully folicit
the princes of Europe, if the emperor had oc-
caiion for land-forces.

The fame year, and almoft the fame day,E»«^»»
were marked by the depofition of Eugenius atj^S, ^
Balil; and, at Florence, by his' re-union of the^-^'^3*»
Greeks and L^itins. In thte former fynod
(which he ftyled indeed an aflembly of daemons),
the popfe was branded with the guilt of fimbny,
perjury, tyrannjr, herefy, and fchifm (70); and
declared to be incorrigible in his vices, imwor-
thy of any title, and incapable of holding any
ecdefiaftical office. In the latter, he was re-Rc-tmionof
vered as the true and holy vicar of Chrift, who,jFS"n^,
after a feparation of iix hundred years, had re-A. 0.1438*
conciled the Catholics of the Eaft and Weft,^"^^^'
in one fold, and under one Ihepherd. The aft
of union was fubfcribed by the pope, the em-
peror, and the principal members of both
churches; even by thofe who, like Syropulus
H 2 (71),

<7o) From the original Lives of the Popes, In Mttratori*s CoUeo
tioa (com. iii. P. ii. torn, xxv.), the manners of Eagenius IV. appear
to have been. decent, and even exemplary. His fitaation, expoied to
the world and to his enemies, was a reitraint, and is a pledge.

100 TUt DECLINE AND FALL

(71), had been di^ptivcd df the right of voting.
Two copies might hAvc fufficed' for the EaA
and Weft; but Eugenius was hot fatisfied, un*
lefe, four authentic arid finrilar tratifcripts were
figned arid attef^ed as the .monument^ df his
vi6liDry(72> On a memorable day, thefixth
of July, the fucceffors of St. Petet and C!on.
ftantine afcended their thrones; th^ twd nations
aflcmbled in the cathedral of tlotdiiCe ; their
reprefentatives, cardinal Julian and Beflfarion
archl)ilhop of Nice, appeared in tht pulpit,
and, after reading in their refpeflive tongaes
the a£f of union, they mutualljr embraced in
,the name and the pretence of their applauding
brethren. The pope arid his miniftersr then ot
ficiated according to the Koman litui^j the
creed was chaunted with the addition of fiioque;
the acqiiiefcence of the Greeks was poorly cx-
cufed uy their ignorance of the harmonious,
but inarticulate, founds (73); and the more
fcrifpulou5 Latins refufed any public celebration
of the Byzantine nte* . Yet the emperor and his
clergy were not .totally unmindful of national
honbur. The treaty Was ratified by, their C6n-
fent : it was tacitly agreed that no innovation
fhouldbe attempted iri their creed or ceremo-
nies; they, fpared, and'fecretly refpefled, the
generous firmnefs of Mark of !l^hefus} and on

the

(71) ^jTopuTus, fatter than Fiibfctibe, would hsfve iMftcd, as the
Trik eril, ar Ulc 'cerdmohy of. tht vnkm. He vru Goir|^(kd to do
' hoth ; and the great ecdefiarch poorly ezcufes his rubmiifioii to the

emperor (p. 290 — ip^.)* ' * '

(71) None of theie ori|[i||ftl a^sof onlooca]irar.pfefent Reproduced.
Oi the ten MSS. that are prefefve^ (five at Rome, aadthe remainder
at Florence, Bologna, Venice, -l*am, and London), nime have been
examined by an accurate critic (M. de Brequigny), who condemns
them for the variety and imperfcAions of the Greek ft^atures. Yet
federal oCtncfe way be eftrtrtied a? aoth^ntie <oj^«, Which Wetc fub-
fcf Ibcd af ffotehce before (»6th of Aujriift t43S|) the ImftlfepiiratMn of
the pope atid ein]^eror (Mdmt>itiM de TACademic de» Infcffptioni^ toin.
xliii. p. 1^7— — jrt.).

(73) 'Hfi^if 1% mi ocnfMi i«oxvi> ^m^tu (Syropul. p. i^? )•

OF THE ROMAN ^MPmje. loi

the deceafe p£ the patri^ch, they r^fed to
eled his ibqcpilbr, e^qQ>t in the <:athedral of St.
Sqphia. In the diftributiop p£ public and pri-
vate rewards, the liberal pontiff exceeded th^r
hopes and his promifcs^i^e Greeks^ with lefs Their re-
pomp ^nd pndc;, returned by the ianie road pf^^ftanti.
Ferzara and Venice; jguad th^ir reception atoppic*
Conftantinople was fuch las will be defcribed in^^cbroa^^i!
the following chapter (74), The fuccel's of the
firll trial enco^raged £i;^enius to repeat the
lame edifying ffenes.^ aiid .the deputies of the
Armenian^ the Maxof^u^ the Jacobites pf
Syria and £gy pt> the :Neftorians ^d the . iEthior
pians, were iuccefllvel^ intiodv^ed^ to kifs the
ficet of the A^man. pontiff, and to announce the
obedience and 4;he ortbqdq^y of the £afi. Thci'e
Oriental .embpfix^, .unknown ia the countries
which they preiumed to reprefept (,75), .diffufed
over the Weil, the !&me of Eugenius: and a
damonr ,was artfully propagated againil the
remnant .of .a fchifm in Switzerland and Savoy,
which alone impeded the ,harmony of the Chrilr
tian world. The vigour of qppohtion was fuc-
ceeded by therfafTifude of delpair: the council
of Bafil was fiiently diffolved ; ^nd Foelix, re-
nouncing the tiara^ ag^in withdrew to the de-
vout or delicious hermitage of Ripailk (76). Af^na^ p«ce
general peace was fecured by mutual afts of^h^Jr^h.
oblivion and indemnity; all ideas of reforma-A.D. /44J1,

tion

J 74) In their return, the Greeks converfed at Boloj[^ tvith the
bafiadord of Englasd; and after f<Mnp queftions and anfwers, thefe
impartial ftratigei^ hiighed at the prett:udcd union of riqrence

(Syropulp. 307.)-

(75) So nugatory, or rather fo fabulous, are thefe re-unions of the
Neftorians, Jacobites, &c. that f hare turned over, Vrithout fucceifs,
the BiMi^heca Orieptalis of Afleniaanus, a faithful flave of the Vatican.

ofi

«f hb worlts)1ias eelebnted the, place and the. founder. .Sncas Syi<^
Ytas, and the fathers of Bafil, applaud fhe anftcre life of the ducal
hermit; bat the Freneh- aad Italian ororcrbs Rtoft-uxili;ckily;Utc(l the
popular opinion of his luxury.

102 THE DECLINE AND FALL

tion fubfided ; the popes continued to ezerciie
and abufe their eccleliadftical defpotifm ; nor has
Rome been'fincc difturbed by the mifcbiefi of a
contefted eledlion (77),
sute of the The joumies of three emperors were imavaiU
«aw Ir* ^9 for ^^^^^ temporal, or perhaps their fpiritual,
Conlteiiti- falvation; but they were produ6dve of a bene^
a!^d! i3ooficial confequence; the revival of the Greek
— M53- learning in Italy, from whence it was )nx>pa»
gated to the laft nations of the Weft and North.
In their loweft fervitude and depreffion, the
fubjeSs of the Byzantine throne were ftill pof-
fefled of a golden key that could unlock the
treafures of antiquity; of a mufical and prolific
language, that gives a foul to the obje^ of
fenfe, and a body to the abftraftions of pbilo-
fophy. Since the barriers of the n^onarcfay^
and even of the capital, had been trampled
under foot, the various Barbarians had doubts
lefs corrupted the form and fubftanceof the na-
tional dialed; and ample gloflaries have b^a
compofed, to interpret a multitude of words,
of Arabic, Turkifh, Sclavonian, Latin, or French
origin (78). But a purer idiom was fpoken in
the court and taught in the college ; and the
flourifhing ftate of the language is defcribed,

an4

(77) In this account of tlie councils of Bafil, rerrara, and Florence,
I have confulted the original ads, which fill the 17th and iSth
tomes of. the edition of Venice, and are clofed hj the perfpica«u»»
though partial, hiftory of Augufiin Patricias, an Italian of Uie 1 sth
century. They are dieefted and abrideed by Dupin (BibHotheqae
£cclef. torn xii.), and Uie continuator of Fleury (torn x^di.); and the
refped of the Callican church for the adyeffe parties confines their
members to an aukward moderation.

(78) In the firft attempt, Meurfius colleded 3^00 GnBCo-harb»->
rous words, to which, in a fecond edition, he fubjoined 1800 more ;
yet what plenteous gleanings did he leave to Portias, Ducange, F»»
Drotti,the BoUandifts, &c. (Fabric. BibUot. Gr«c. torn. x. p. 191, &c.)
S09t0 Perfic words may be found in Xenophon, and fome Latin ones in
Plutarch ; and fuch is the ineviuble eifed of war and commerce :
but the form andfubfiance of the langiiage were not affcded by this
flight aUoy. '

OF THE ROMAN EftfPIRE. 103

and perhaps embelliflied> by a l^med Ita-
lian (79), who, by a ]oQg rd^ence and noble
maniage (80), was naturalized at Ck>ofiantino-
ple about thirty years be£>re tbe Turkifh con-
queft. " The vulgar fpeech," fays Philelphus
(81), ^ har been depraved by the people^ and
^^ infilled by the. nmltitude of ftrangers and
*^ merdianta» who eveiy dav flock to the city
« and mingle with the inhgpitants. It is from
** the difciples of fuch a fchool that the Latin
«f language received the verfious of Ariiloile
*' and Plato ; fo obfcDre in fenfe, aud ^n fpiric
" lb poor. ButtheGreeks who have efipaped the
^ contagion^ are thofe whQcq we follow; and
** they ^ODc are worthy cf cur imitation. In
^ fiiuHliar difcourfe, thi;y ftill fpeak the tongue.
^* of Arifiophanes and Euripides, of tbe hiftor
'^ rians and philofpphers of Athens; and tbe
** ftyle of their writmgs. is ftill more elaborate
** and corred. The perfons who, by their
'* birth and offices, are. attached to the Byzan-
'* tine court, are thofe who maintain, with the
" leaft alloy, the ancient ftandard of elegance

" and

(79) Tlie life of Francis Philelphus, a fophiA, prpud, refllels, and
npsdous, has been diligently compofed bj Lancelot (Memoires de
rAcademie des IniScriptions, toml z. p. 691— 7Si'I uidTirabofchi
(Iftoria.delU j^etteramra Italiafla, torn. vii. p. z8t— i94-)t ^oi* ^^^ "loA
part froxb his own letten. Hit elaborate writingSf and thofef «f hi«
conteiQpcpMQB are forfiMtten : bot their fami^ar epiiUci ftiU^dcicribe

the men and the times. ' ,

(80) He married, and had parhapvdebanched, the daughter of }ohn«
aad tte giaod-daughter of Mimuel Chryf^loray. She was you^g»
bcaotiful, and wealthy ; and her noble family was allied to the Doriaa
of GeDoaaadtKeem'perorsofCMiflaiitindple. '

(• I ) GflBci ^iiibii% Wgua depravata non fit .... ita lo^uuntur Yulgo
hac etiam tempeftate pt Arifiophanes cofnicus, aut Euripides tfag'-

cm, «t oratoresomne* at hiftoriograpM ut philoibphi litterati au- '

tcm hcmiioes et dodiui et emendatius Nam Tin aulici yeteren^

fermonis dignitatem atque elegantiam retinebant inprimifque iplx no-
bilea moiieres ; quibulcom nuUam effet omnino cum viris peregrinis
commcKtimiy meru8.iUe.ac puma GrzQorura fermo fervabatur in-
tadns (Philelph. Epift. ad ann. 14(1^ apud Hodibm, p.. 188, 189.)'
He •blervct in aaother paiTage, uxor ilia mpa Theodora l^cutione crat
»4mo(lam modcrataxt iHtfvi et maxime Attica.

104 THE DECLtl^E AND FALL

<' a|!id paritjr; atid the hati*^^ grains lDf.lkDgua(gl^
'< mdft cbhfpicuosfly ihitie aiAoi^ tb^ noble
'' matrcyns, who lite 6Md»dadl from kli inter^
" cobrfe with ftArdgii^k- With fbttigners da
« I fay? Tl^'livef^ifl^dinafequefteredfitjm
" theeyefebf thiar.feftew-^ifceiis. Scldotnatte
" thcv feen in the ftitiet^-^ ind When tbejr leave
*' tfecK houfes, it is in die 'diift: 4»f ^t^emng, on
'< yifits to the churches and timt 'near^ft idn'^
" di^d. On thefe occafi^s> they are on borfe^
« bade, covered with * Veil; and ^ncompffect
" by their parents, their hnlbands^ or tbeir fer-
" vants(82)."

Among the Greeks, a nunfefotis 41&A ofmlent
clergy was dedicabjd to thfe ferViee 6£ iiel^ion ;
their monks and bifhops have ever been diftin-
guilhed by' the ffavity tod aiiftcrity of their
manners; nor ^ere they diverted), like the Latia

})riefts, by the piirfuits and pleafures of a Ifecir-
ar, and even military, life. After a lai^e de-
du£H6n for the time and talents that ^tic loft
in the devotion, the lazinefs, and the ^ikord^
of the church and cloyfter> the more inquifitive
and ainbitioiis minds would explore the facred
and profane erudition of their native language.
I'he ecclefiaftics prefided pver the education o€
youth ; the fchools of philosophy and elo-
quence were prpetuated till the fen 6f the
cmpirej and it may be affirmed, that more
books and more knowledge wxre included with-
in the walls of Cfenftantinople than could -be
difperfed over the extenfive countries of the
compari- Weft' (83), But an important diftiniStton has
Greckf'^d^? already noticed : th© Greeks werf Nation-

(81) Tiiilelph\is, aUurdly enoa^, derfrei tlfn OHck tr Orfnud
jcalouf^'fromthe manoersof laiicierit Roihe. • •

(83) See tKe ftate of learniDg in the xiiith a&diHvth centvHii^'Ifl tke
learned and jadicions Mofhelin (Inftirat. Hift. EccRr. p. 434^440.
490— 494-/ ' ^ . , .. .

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. xo 5

nry at ledrogMfe, labile the Latins were ad-
V9iiang mth a tapx) and progreffite motion.
The nfeitidos ^nrtre excited fay the fpirit of inde-
petdfinoe and esmilation ; and even tbe little
woM <yf tihe italiaii fiates contained more peo-
ple a^d indoftry than the decreafii^ circle of
tike fiysantine empire. In Earope, the lower
ranks <i£ fociety were reliev^ed from the voke of
feudal fervitnde ; and freedom is the hrft ftep
to coriofity and knowledge. Theuie, however
rode andcorropt, of the Latin tongne had been
peferved by fuperftition ; the nniveriities, from
&>l0gn;^ %0 Oxfbvd (8f), were peopled with
thoufands <^ fcholars ; and their mifguided ar^
door might be direded to more liberal and man*
ly ihidies. Indie refurre^iion of fcience, Italy
was ikfQ firft &at caft away her ihroad ; and the
eloqoeat iPetrarch, by his leflbns and his ex.
a&iple, may juftly be applauded as the firft har-
binger of day. A purer ityle of €pmpofition>
a more genetons and rational ftrain of fenti-
ipenit, flowed ftom the ftudy and imitation of
the writers of ancient Rome ; and the difciples
of Cicero and Virgil approached, with reve-
rence and love, the fan^uary of thar Grecian
mailers. In the fack of Conftantinopic, the
French, and even the Venetians, had defpifed
and deftrpyed ' the works of Lyfippus and Ho-
mer : the monuments 0^ strt may be annihilated
by a lingle blow ; but the immortal mind is re-
newed 2jnd multiplied by the copies of the pen ;

and

• (f ja) At the end of the r $th cdnturj, there exifted in Europe thott
fifty vnrrerCties,' and of thcfe the foundation of ten or twelve 19
fcridrto the year 1300. They were crowded hi proportion to their
fcarcity. Bologna contained 10,000 {Indents, chiefly t>f the civil law.
In the year 1357 the number at Oxford had decreafed from 30,000 to
^000 icholars (Henry's Hiftory of Great Britain, vol. iv. p 478').
Yec eveft this decreafe is much fuperior to the prcfent lift of tne mem«
l>en sf tlie nnrverfity.

io6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

and fuch copies it was the ambiticKi of Pe-
trarch and his friends to poflels and underftand.
The arms of the Turks undoubtedly prefled the
flight of the mufes ; yet we may tremble at the
thought, that Greece might bave bees over-
whelmed, with her fchools and libraries, before
Europe had emerged from the deluge of barba-
xifm ; that the feeds of fcience might have been
fcattered by the winds, before the Italian foil
was prepared for their cultivation.
Revival of The moft learned Italians of the fifteenth cen.-
iwrn^ngln tury have ccMifeifed and applauded the reftora-
*^y- tion of Greek literature, after a long oblivion
of many hundred years (85). Yet m that
country, and beyond the Alps, fome nasoe^^Jte
quoted; fome profound fcholara, who in the
darker ages were honourably diftingyiflu^ by
their knowledge of the Greek tongue ; and na-
tional vanity has been loud in the praife pf fuch
rare examples of erudition^ Without f<pratiniz-
ing the merit of individuals, truth muft obferve
that their fcience is without a caufe, and with-
out an cffeft ; that it was eafy for them to fa-
tisfy themfelves and their more ignorant con-
temporaries ; and that the idiom, which they
had fo marvelloufly acquired, was tranfcribed
in few manufcripts, and was not taught in any
univerfity of the Weft* In a corner of Italy,
it faintly exifted as the popular, or at leafi as
the ecclefiallical, dialeft (86). The firft impref-

fion

(85) Of thofe writers Tvho profcfTcdly treat of the reftontioa o^
the Greek learning in Italy, the two priocipal are Hodiut, Dr. Hum-
phrey Hody (de Grxcia illuftribus, linguB Gnecae Literaninque
humaDiorum Inllauratoribus ; Loadini, 174a, in large o^vo^^ aqyd
Tirabofchi ^Ifioria della Letteratura Italiana, torn. t. p. 3^4 — ^yy,
torn. ▼!!.?. 1 1 a — 1 43.). The Oxford prolFclIor it a labgrioua jfcfcolar,
but the Uorarian of Modena enjoys the fupcrlority of a modero. and
national hiflorian.

(S6) In Calabria qux olim magna Grzcia dicebatur, coloniis Grizcis
rcplcta, remanlit quxdam linguae vctcris cognitio (Uodlus, p. a.).

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 107

£oa of the Doric and Ionic colonies bas never
been completely erazed : the Calabr ian chu rches
were long attached to the throne of Conftan-
tinople ; and the monks of St. Bafil puifued
their ftudies in mount Athos and the fcbools of
the Eaft. Calabria was the native country of
Barlaam, who has already appeared as a fcdtary i-cffont «r
and an ambaflador; and Barlaam was the firftA^iTiai^
who revived, beyond the Alps, the memory, or
at lead the writings, of Homer (87). He isde-
fcribed, by Petrarch and Boccace (88), as a
man of a diminutive ftature, though' truly great
in the meafure of learning and genius; of a
piercing difcemmem, though of a flow and
painful elocution. - For many ages (as they at
firm) Greece had not produced his equal in the
knowledge of hiftory, grammar, and philofo-
phy ; and his merit was celebrated in the atte&
tauons of the princes and doftors of Conftanti-
nople. One of thefe atteftations is ilill extant;
and the emperor' Catfitacuzene, the protedor of
his adverfaries, is forced to allow (hat Euclid,
Ariftotle, and Plato, were familiar to that pro-
found and fubtle logician (89). In the court of
Avignon, he formed an intimate connexion
with Petrarch (90),' the firft of the Latin fcho-
lars; and the deflre of mutual iuftrudion was
the principle of their literary commerce. The

Tufcaa

If It were enuSicated lyy the Romans, it wat revived and perpetuated
hj rhe monkt of St. Bafil, who poflfelTed feven convents at Roflaoo
alone (Giaonone, Iftoria di Kapou, torn. i. p. 510.):

(87) li Barbari (fays Petrarch, the French And Germans) via, acq
dicim libros, fed nomen Homeri audxverunt. Perhaps, in that re-
fprd, the I3thcentiirv waslefs happy than the age of Charlemagne.

(tS) See Uie charader of Barlaam, in Boccace de Genealog. Deo*
lum, L zv. c. ^.

f 89) Cantaoizen. I. \L c. y6.

(90) For the connexion of Petrarch and Barlaam, and the two
mtenriews a^ Avignott'in'iJ^p, and at Naples m I34i» fee the cxtcU
lent Memoires forta Tie de Petrar^itc, tbm. i.' p. 406 — 410. todL u«
P-75— 77.

108 THE DECLINE AND FALL

ISS^ Tufcan applied himfelf with eager curiofity and
a.d/ arduous diligence to the ftudy of the Gieek

>539-i974- language ; and in a laborious firuggle iifith the
drynefs and difficulty of the firft rwUnients^ hie
began to reach the (enfe, and to feel the fj^t,
of poets and philofophers, whofe mipds were
congenial to his own. But he was focHi de^
prived of the fodety and leflbns of this ufeful
afliftant : Barlaam relinquilhed bis fnutlefs em^
bafiy ; and> on bis return to Greece^ he ralhly
provoked the fwarms of fanatic monks, by at^
tempting to fubfiitute the light of realba to
that of their navel. After a feparation of three
years, the two friends again met in the court of
Naples ; but the generous pupil renounced the
faireft occafion of improvement; and by his
recommendation Barlaam was finally fettled in
a fmall biihopric of his native Calabria (91).
The manifold avocations of .Petrarch, love and
friendihip, his various correfpopdence and fre^.
quent journies, the Roman laurel, and his ela-r
borate compofitions in profe and vetft^, inlatia
and Italian, diverted him frpoi a foreign idiom ;
and as he advanced in life, the att^nment of
the Greek language was the obie6l of his wiihes^
rather than of his hopes. When he w^ about
fifty years of age, a Byzantipe ambaffiuk>r, his
friend, and a mailer 01 both tongues, prefented
him with a copy of Homer ; ;md the anfwer of
Petrarch is at once expreflive pf his eloquence,
gratitude, and regret. After cekbratmgthe ge^
neroli ty of the donor, and the v^ue of a gift nK>re
precious in his eftimation than gold or f^bies,

he

(01) The bifhopric to which Barla^pi retired, wis the (Jd JLocri,
in the middle stges - Seta Cyriaca, and hj corruption Hieracium, Ge-
race (DiiTert. Chorqgraphica Ijalis medii JEvi, p. 3i^0« The di^es
opum of the Norman times foon lapfcd into poverty, unce eiMn the! i
church wai poor : yet the town ftill contains 3000 inhabitants (Swiji- 1
burne, p. 340.)'

OF TH£ ROMAN EMPIRE. 109

he thus proceeds : ^ Your prefent of the ge»
•• nuine and origmal text of the divine poet,
" the foimtain of all invention, is worthy of
^ yourfelf and of me : you have fulfilled your
^' promife, and fatisfied my delires. Yet your
*< liberality is ilill imperfed : vtrith Homer you
^' fhould have given me yourfelf ; a guide,
** who cotdd lead me into the fields of light,
^ and difdofe to my wondering eyes the fpeci*
*' ous miracles of the Iliad and Odyfley. But,
^ alas ! Homer is dumb, or I am deal; nor is
•* it in roy power to enjoy the beauty which I
•* pofie&. I have feated him by the fide of
^ rlato, the prince of poets near the prince of
** philofophers ; and I glory in the fight of my
** illuftrious guefts. Of their immortal wril-
*^ ings, whatever had been tranflated into the
<< Latin idiom, I had already acquired; but,
" if there be no profit, there is fome pleafure,
•• in beholding thefe venerable Greeks in their
" proper and national habit. I am delighted
" with the afpeft of Homer ; and as often as I
** embrace the filent volume, I exclaim with a
•* figh, illuftrious bard ! with what pleafure
** ftiould I liften to thy fong, if my fenfe of hear-
** ing were not obftruiied and loft by the death
^ of one friend, and in the much-lamented ab*
•* fence of another, -Nor do I yet defpair ; and
*• the example of Cato fuggefb fome comftnt
^ and hope, fince it was in the laft period of
•* age that he attained the knowledge of the
« Greek letters (92)."

The

(91) I will tranfcribe a paflkge from thi* etnAle of Petnrch (FamiL
11. a.) : Dcpnifti Homcmm non ia alienum icrmoDem fiolento alveo
derivatnm. fed ex ipfit Orsei doquii fcat«brU, d ^aalis divino iUi
prdOUizit mgenio .... Sine tni voce Homenu tuns apad me mutus,
immo veto ero apud ilium fordiis Turn. Oaudeo tamea vel adfpeAu
folo, aclJeiMe Skin amplexus atqiie fnipiraBtdtco, O magae vir, &c«

no THE DECLINE AND FALL .

A^D^*^o* '^^^ P"^^ which eluded th^ efforts of Pc-
Ac. '^ ^'trarch, was obtained by t;he fortune and induP
try of bis fiiend Boccace (93), the father of the
Tufcan prbfe. That popular writer, who de-
rives his reputation from the Decameron, an
hundred novels of pleafantry and love,, may
afpire to the more ferious praife of reftoring in
Italy the ftudy of the Greek language. In the
year one thoufand three hundred and iizty, a
difciple of Barlaara, whofe ,naiue was Leo, or
Leontius PiUtus, was detained in his way to
Avignon by the advice and hofpitality of Boc-
cace, who lodged the ftranger in his houfc, pre*
vailed on the republic of Florence to allow him
an annual ftipend, and devoted his leifure to
the firft Greek profeffor, who taught that Ian-
guage in the Weftern countries of Europe*
LeoPiiatus,The appearance of Leo might difguft the moft
|.rff^or*u eager difciple; he was clothed in the mantle of
*^*«»^cnc^ a philofopher; or a mendicant ; his countenance
Weft" was hideous.; his face was overlhadowed with
^'^' black hair: his beard long and uncombed; his

1360-1363. J n- 1 • ^ 3 '

deportment rultic ; his temper gloomy and m-
conflant ; nor could he grace his difcourfe with
the ornament^, or even the perfpicuity, of Latin
clocutio9. Bat his mind was ftored with a trea-
fure of Gre<:k learning : hiftory and fable, phi-
jofopby and grammar, were alike at his com-
iihuA ; and he. read the. poems of Homer in the
bhools of FloFence. It was from his explana-
tion' that Boccace compofed and tranfcribed a
literal prole verfion of the Iliad and Odyffey,

which

(03^ For the life and writinn of Boccace, who was born is I3i3>
and died in 137$, Fabriciut (BibUot. Latin, medii JEvi, torn. i. p.
148, &c.) and I'irabofchi (torn. v. ^. i 3- 4397-4$ >0 °^7 beconfult-
cd. llie editions^ verfion*, imitations ot his noyels« are innume-
TzhU, Vvt he waa afliamcd to communicate that trifling, 4md pei^
laps fcandalous, inrork to Petrarch his refpedtable friead^ in, whofo
' Ictirrs and memoirs he conrpicuouHf appears.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. in

which fatisfied the thirft of his friend Petrarcb,
and which perhaps, in the fucceeding century^
was clandeftinely ufed by Laurentius Valla, the
Latin interpreter. It was from his narratives
that the fame Boccaoe coUeded the materials
fer his treatife on the genealogy of the heathen
gods, a work) in that age, of ftupendous em*
didon, and which he oftentatioi!^y fprinkled
with Greek charaders and paflages^ to excite
the wonder and applaufe of his moie ignorant
leaders (94)* The firft ftieps of learning are
How and kborious; no more than ten votaries
of Homer could be enumerated in all Italy ;
and neither Rome^ nor Venice, nor Naples,
could add a fingle name to this fhidious catar
logue. But their numbers would have multi-
plied, their progrefs would have been accele^
rat^, if the inconfbnt Leo, at the end of three
years, had not relinquiihed an honourable and
beneficial ftatioh. In his paflage, Petrarch en-
tertained him at Padua a ihort time ; he enjoy-
ed the fcbolar, but was juftly offended with the
gloomy and unfocial temper of the man. Dit
contented with the world and with himfelf, Leo
depreciated his" prefent enjoyments, while ab-
feat perfons and ob^eds M'ere dear to his ima^
ginatioo. In Italy he was a Th^lalian, in
Greece a native of Calabria ; in the company
of the Latins he difdained their language, reli*
gion^ and manner } no iboner was he landed at
Gonftantinople, than he again £ghed for ^he
wealth of Venice and the elegance of Florence.
His Italian friends were deaf to his importunity;

(94) Boceace indtolges as honeft vanitf : OAe&tatioiiis cavcS Ormck
cannina adfcripii .... jure utor meo ; meum eft hoc decus mea gkn
ria icilicec inter Etmfcot Gnecis uti carminibus. Konns ego fui qui
Leomiuok Pilatunt, &c. (de Ocnealogia Deorum, 1. xt. c. 7. m wont
wludi, though Dov Sbigotun, hat rua through thirteen or fbaitcea
editioBt.)

:;

m THE DECLINE AND FALt

he depencted od their curiofity ttd iadulgeacc,

and embarked on a fecond voyage ; but w, kb

entrance into the Adriatic^ the ilup was ^jSaikd

by a tempeft, and the unfoitunaic teacher^ who

like Ui>^es had fafleaed hbofelf to ^.n»iil^

ivas ftruck dead by a fi^fh of Ugbtotfig. The

humane Petrarch dropt a tear oil his d^f^^^r ;

but he Yras mod anxious to kasu wketheif fome

copy of Euripides or Soj^ocled migbt not; be

faved from the handa of the faartxkers (95)*

otihcS ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ rudiments of Gre^k leao3ikg>

language in which Petraicdi had encouraged &Qd Bocoice

M^nudi ^^^ planted/ foon withered and expired- The

chryfoio- fuccccding generation was ^content for A wiiEe

^. D. "with the improvement of l^tin doquence : nor

1590-1415* was it before the end of the fourteenth cei^tury^

that a new and perpetusd flaine waa rekindled

in Itaiy (96X PreviQa& to hk own jouraey,

the emperor -Manuel dJTpafcfaed his envoys afid

oratojrs to implore the compai&oa.of .tlift.W:e£'

tern princes^ Of tfaefe envoys,, the moft coo*

fpicuous, or the moft learned^ was Manuel

Cbryfoloras (97), of noble birth, and whole

Roman anceftors are fuppofed to l^re migrated

with the/ great Canftamine«: ; After. Tifitii^ the

ccAirts of France and fingiliandr .where he oI>

tained fome contribmions alnd more promifes,

the

(9§) L<:ontiU9, or JUebniatttft, Is A^c^piit^in^.k^taitv^ bj^Mf
(p. a — II.), aud the Abbe dc.Sa^e»( Vic de Pcttar^jue, ton^ "«• Pr
6%s->634: 670—673.), who ha»Yery^ hatuply caught the lirely uid
4r4Qiatic mvm^r of hit ofieiivili

(96) Dr. Hody (p. 54.) is aftgry with Leonard Aretin, G^arUnu.
«Paiilus Joviust^c. for afiirmitig, that the Greek lettol» w«l»efeftored
l%jyh^\y beft ffptiHgentes annct; as if, fays he, they had flouriihed till the
end of tnc 7 th century. Thefe writers moft probably reckoned from
the hid period of the exarchate ; and the preiebce of the Greek ma-

•>^rat«s and troops at RaTqpm and Rome, moOb hUTO pr6(^rTcd» xo
;ft>iiie degree, the uicof their native tongue.

(97) See the artide of Emanuel, vt Manuel Chiyfokra*, in Hody
(p.'i»— 54.) and Timbofthi (torn. vit. p. ir^-^-nS.). The fvedie

*date of his arrival floats between the years 1390 and 14100, and is
only confined by the reign of Boniface ^X«

Oi* THE kOMAN EMPtRl. n^

tTie eivoy was invited to afliime the office of
SL pxo&fibr ; and Florence had again the honour
of this fecond invitation. By his knowledge^
not only of the Greek, but of the Latin, tongue,
Chryfoloras deferved the ftipend, iknd furpaffed
ihe expetSation, of the republic : his fehobi was
freqUentM by a crowd of difciples of every
T^k and age ; and one of thefe, in a general hif-
tory, has defcribed his motives and his fuccefi^
•* At that time," fay Leonard Aretin (98), " I
^ was a ftudent of the civil tew ; but my foul
^ was inflamed with the lov^ of letters ; and I
'* beftowed fome application on the fciences of
" logic and rhetoric. On the arrival of Ma-
*' ni^^ I hefitated whether I ihoukl defert my
** legzi ftudies, or relinquifh this golden op-
'< portunity ; and thus, in the ardour of youths
<' 1 communed with my own mind— -Wilt thou
" be wanting to thyfelf and thy fortune ? Wilt
^< thou refufe to be introduced to a familiar
« converfe with Homer, Plato, and Demoft-
'< henes? with thofe poets, philofophers, and
^ Orators, of whom fuch wonders are related,
»< and who are celebrated by evety age as the ^
^ ^eat matters of human Icience ? Of piofef-
«« fors and fchblars in civil law, a fufficient fup-
^^ ply will always be found in our univerfities ;
'^ but a teacher, and fuch a teacher, of the
" Greek language, if he once be fufifered to ef^
" cape> may never afterwards be retrieved.
*• Ck)nvinced by thefe reafons, I gave myfelf to
Vol. XIL I « Chry-

(p8) The liaaw of Aretimtt has been aifumed by five or fix natives
of Jbiamt in Tufcany* of whom the moil famous and the moft worth*
V& ihred in the itftn century. Leonardos Bninss Aretinus, the dif-*
d{hk of Chryfoloras, was a lingnift, an orator, and an hiftorian, the
fecretmry of four focceffive popes, and the chancellor of the republic
of Florence, where he died A. D. 1444, at the age of feventy-five
(Fibric. Bibliot. medti JEvi| torn. i. p. 1^, &c. Tirabofcki, toBH

114 THE DECLINE AND FALJ.

^^ Chryfoloras ; and fo firong was my paffioo,
" that the leflcHis which I had imbibed in the
" day were the conftant fubjecl of my nightly
^^ dreams (99)*" At the fam^ time and place,
the Latin claflics were explained by John of
Ravenna, thedomcllic pupil of Petrarch (lOo):
the Italians, who illuftrated their age and coun-
try, were formed itx tbis double fchool; and
Florence became the fruitfiil feminary of Greek
and Roman erudition (loi). The, prefenoe of
the emperor recalled Chryfoloras from the col-
lege to the court ; but he afterwards taught at
Pavia and Rome with equal induftry and ap-
plaufe» The reooainder of his li^, about fifteen
yearsi wa$ divided between Italy and Conftanti-
nofde, between embailies and leffons. In the
noble office of enlightening a foreign nation,, the
grammarian was not unmindfiil of a more facred
duty to his prince and country ; and Emanuel
Chryfoloras died at Conftanoe on a public ouflioii
from the emperor to the council.

i^^'iSyr^ After his examfde, the reftoration <rf the
A.D. Greek letters in Italy wasprofecuted by a feries

1 400- 1 500. ^f emigrants, who were deftitute of fortune,
and endowed with learnings or at leaft with
language. From tiie terror or oppreifion of the
Turkifh arms, the natives of Theflalonica aixl
Gonftantinople escaped to a land of freedom,

curiofity,

($gi^ See the paflage in Aretin. Commtntario Renim fuo Tempore
In it^ageftarum, apbdHodium, p. 18*^30.

(lod) In this domeftic difcipline, Petrarch, wh^ loVed the youth,
often complains of the eager curio{ity,fre(l]efs temper, and proud fieel-
ings, which announce the genius and glory of a riper age (Memoirea
ftir Ptoarcfue, tom. iii. p. 700— 709.)*

(tot) Hinc Orccs Latinseqiie fchelacsorui funt* Gwarioo Phild*
pho, Leonardo Aretiflo, Cafolo^ue, ae DUrii4|ue alijs tan^uam ex
cquo Tri^ano prodeuntibiu, quofum cmuiacionc mnka ingenia deiti-
cepg ad laudem exciuta font ( Hatiaa in BonUacio IX.), Another Ita-
lian writer adds the names of Paulus Petnu Vergerim^ Omaibonus
Vtncentius, Poggios, Fraacircut Barharus, &c. But 1 cneftickii whe-
ther a rieid chronology would allow Chryfolont aU thdfo €flUQent
fcholars (Hpdxus, p. 25— 27, &c.).

N

OF THE ROMAN EMPIEE. jj^

cnriofity, and wealth. The fynod introduced
into Fbrence the lights of the Greek church and
the oracles c^ the Platonic philofophy : and the
fugitives who adhered to the union, had the
doable merit of renouncing their country, not
only for the Ghriftian, but for the Catholic^
catiie. A patriot, who facrificcs his party and
conicience to the allurements of favour, may
be poffeffed however of the private and focial
virtues : he no longer hears the reproachful epi^
thetsof flaveandapoftatej and the confidera*
tion whkh he acquires among his new aiTociates,
will ireflore in his own eyes the dignity of his
character. The prudent conformity of Beitkrion
was rewarded with the Roman purple: he fixed
his rcfidcficc in Italy ;. and the Greek cardinal, cwdinii
the titular patriarch of Comflantinople, was re*^^^"""*
fpefled as the chief and protedor of his nar**^'
tion (loj) : bis abilities were ezercifed in the
legations of Bologna, Venice, Gemiahy, and
France ; and his eieAion to the chair of St. Pe*
ter floated for a momenton the uncertain breath
of a conclave ( 103). His ecclellaliical honours
difiuled a fj>lendour and preeminence over his
literary merit and fervice: his palace was a
fchool } as often as the cardinal vinted the Vati*
can, he was attended by a learned train of both
unions ( J04) ; of men applauded by themielves
and the public ; and whofe writings, now over-r
I 2 fpread

(fo»J See ID Hody the article ot Beflarion (o. i^6—ijy.): Theo-
dore Gaza, George of Trebizond, and the reft of the Greek* whom
I have named or omitted, are inferted io their proper chapters of liit
kamed work. Sec likcwife Tirabofchi, in the i ft and ad pans of the
iith tome.

{193) The cardinals ino<ked at his door, but his conclavif^ refufed
ip mcerni^ the ftudies of Beflarion ; ** Nicho^/' faid he, ** thy re*
<* tpe& has coft ^lee an hat, 4nd me the tiara.^*

the pious zeal of a fcholar; noUo svo periturt (p. i $6.)

a

ii6 THE DECLINE ANi) PALt

(bread with duft» were popukr and ufeful id
their bwn times. I fhall not attempt to enume^
rate the feftorers of Grecian literature in the fif-
teenth century : and it may be fuffident to men-
tion with gratitude the n^me^ of ThcodorcJ
Gaza, of Ckorge of Trebiz6nd, bf John Ar-
gyropulus, and Demetrius Chalcocondtles, whd
taught their native language in the urhoold of
Their faults Floren<:e and Rome. Their labours were not
andmeriu. inferior lo thofe of Beflkrion, whofe purple they
levered, and whofe fortune was the fecret ob-
ytGt of their envy. But the lives of thefe gram-
Inarians was huhible and bbfcure: they had de-
clined the lucrative paths of the church; their
diefs knd matmers fecluded them from the
commerce of the wotld; and finc^ they were
confined to the merit, tliey might be codtcint
with the rfewards, of learnmg. FrOm thi^ dia.
ta&er, Janus L^fcaris (105) will defervt an ex-
ception* His eloquence, politenefs, and Impe-
rial defcent, recomiliended him to the French
inonarchs; and in the fame cities he was alter-
nately employed to teich and to negodate.
Duty and intereft prompted them to Cfultivite thd
iludy bf the Latin language ; and the moft fuc-
cefsful attained the faculty of writing and fpeak-
ing with fluency and elegance in a fi^reign idi-
om. But they ever retained the inveterate va-
nity of their country: their praife, or at leaft
their cfteem, was refervcd for the national wri-
ters« to whom they owed their fame and fubfift-

ence;

(10$) Me was horn hdort tbe taking of tbnftailtiirople, bat his
boDoiirabk life waa ftretched far into the ZTith ccnturx (A. 1>. t S^$0
Leo X. and Francis 1. were his nobleft patrons, under whofe au^ices
lie founded the Greek colleges of Rome and Paris f Hody, p. 147—^
VS;)* He left pofterity in France ; but the counts de Vintimille,and
tneir bumerdus branches, derite the name of JLafcarit, from a doubt*
All marriage in the ziiith century with the daughter cf a Creek eiDpe-»
nw (Dycange, Fato. Bytant- p. a44— ajo.}'

QF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. J17

^nce; and they fomedmes betrayed their coo,
tempt in licentious crituafm or fatiie on Virgil's
poetry ^d the pratoiy of TuUy (106). Thf
fupenority of thefp mailers ajx>fe from the (am^
)iar ufe pt a living language; and their firft d^
ciples were incapable of difceming how far they
had de^ierated from the knowle^e, and even
the pra&ce, of their anceftocs. A vicious pro-
nunciation (107), which dMqr introduced, wbb
banifhed from the fchools by the i^afpn pf \hp
fucceeding ^ge. Qf the power of the Qreck
accents they wcr^ ignorant : and tholp joiuiical
notes, which, from an Attic tongue, and to an
Attic car, iiiu|l t^ve bepn the fecret foul of bar- .
mony, were to their ^y^, as to our own, no
more than mute and unmeaning marks; in profe
fuperfluQus, and troublcfomc in ver^e, The art
of grammar they truly poffeffed : the valuable
fragments of ApoUonius and Herodian were
transftifed Into their leffons; and their trestfife?
of fyntax and etymplp^, tl^ough devoid of
|>hilofophic fpiri^, are ftill uf^l tp the Greek

iludentf

(lotf) Two of hif cpi^nw agjainft V4reil, and three againft Talljr,
are pf^ferved aiul refuted by Francifcut FloWdus, who can jfind no
better Dftmct than Grsculus ilieptvs et imiNideDs (Hody, p. a74.)*
In our own times, an Englilh critic has accufed the JEneio of goh-
cainin^, malu Jaofruida, nugatorim, Tpiritd et majeftite canninis
(wroici defe^; maayfuchverfetathe, the (aid JercoMh MarUand*
would have been alhamed of owning (pJl^asfat, ad ^ta'tii Sylvas, p. ii,

(107) Emanuel Cbryfoloras, and his ^llpasne^ are accufed of ig-
norance, envy, or av»-ice (SyHoge, &c. torn. ii. p. 135.). The mo-
deni Greeks prooi»noc« the )l at aV conP^nant, and confound thttt
Towcb («* < 9)1 and Arveral diplitlkuit). Such yns the vulgar pronanp
ciation which the (len? Gardiner ma^tained by penal ftatutea in the
uniTcrfity of Cambridge : but the monofyllable fin reprefented to an
Attic ear th^ bleating of iheep; and a bell-wether it better cridence
than a Sifliop or a chancellor. The treatifet of thfle feholari, parti-
cularly Eraimut, who afierted a mere claflical pronunciation, are col*
le^ed in the SvUo^i of HaTercamp (1 volt, in 6€tzroy Lurd. Bat.
1736, 1740) * bvt It it difficult to paint founds by words; and in their
reference to modern ufe, they can be underfiood only by their re*
/pe^ve countrymen. We may obferre, that our peculiar pronuncia^
tion of the ^, ti^ it approved by Eraimut (torn. iL p. 130.)*

n8 THE DECtlNE AND FALL

ftijdejat. lit tbc fiiip^i*tcpk of the By^ajjtine li-
btaries, eich fqytiy<f fefaeda fragment of trea-
ft re,, a copy of Ibme iipthor^ who, without his
iijdttftiyi raigtit' have periflicd; the tranfcripts
were niultipliecl: bj ^n ^ffidpous, ax>d fbmetiixies
art elegant, pen J and thte text ii^ eotrefted and
expJatojd bv their owii comments, or' tbofe of
the elder fcholijifb; The fcrife, though not the
Ibirit, of the <5reek cl;4ffics, Was iAtirpreted to
the Larin worM : the beauties of ftjrle evaporate
tn a verfiop ; btft the judgjncnt of Theodore
Craza fclectcd the nibre folid works of Ariftotle
ancj Theopfaraftas, and their natural hiftories of
animals and plants opened a rftih fUnd of genuine
and experimental fcience.
The Plato, Yet the fleeting ftiadows of metaphyfics were
mc'phUofp-p^j^ygjj with more cnriofity and ardour. After
^' a long oblivion, Plato was revived hi Italy by ^
venerable Greek if 108); who taught iri thehoufe
of Gofma of Medicis. While thefynod of Flo-
rence was involved in theological . debate, fome
beneficial cbnfequences might flow from the
ftudy of his elegant philofophy ; his ftyle is the
pureft ftandard of the Attic dij|led j and his
fublime thoughts are fometimes adapted to fa-
miliar converfotion, and fometimes adorned
with the ricbeft colours of poetry and eloQuence,
The dialogues of Plato ^re a dramatic picture of
the life and death of a fage ; and, as often as he
defcends from the clouds, his moral fyftem in^
cukates the love of truth, of our oountry, and
of mankind. The precept and example c^ 9o^
crates recommended a modeft doubt aiid liberal

enquirj' :

(loS) Oeorge Oemiftut Pkth«» a ▼anom aad Tolumiioas writer,
themafier of Be0Arion» and ail the PUtonifb of the times. He tit
fited Itahr m hit old age, aad foon returned to end his days in Pe-
loponneutf . See the curious. Diatribe of Leo A)latiui de Gcor^Us, ii^
Fabricius (BiUiot. GraDC. torn. x. p. 735H-7$tf.)i

OF THE ROMAK SMPIRg. ti9

enqmry: and if the Platoniftaj with blind de*
votion, adored the Yifiow wd errors of their
divine mafter, their enthnfiafm* might corr^
the dry^ dermatic method of tlie Pbiripatetic
fchool. So equal, yek fo <^pofite> ar^ the xoi^
lits of Plato and Ariftolle> that Uiey may b^
balanced in cndlefs controverfy ; but fome fpark
of fiieedom iBay be produced by thQ colUfio^i of
adverfe fervitude. 1*he modern Greeks w^i^
divided between the twp ii^ : with more fur^
thanikill Cfaey fought nadec the banner of their
leaders; and the field of battle w^s removed. 19
their ffight fiom Conftsmtinople to Rome. Bot
this phikfophical debate fpon degen^rat^ into
an angry and perfonal quarrel of grammarians:
and Be&rioBv though.; au: advocate lor Plato,
protected the B£^bnal hQiK>nr, hy ipt;9rj)oiipg
the advice and anthority oC a^iediaior* : In tb«
gardens of the Medidi,/the academical doflnne
was enjoyed by the polite and learned : but
their philofcqf^c fodety was quickly diffolycd {
and if the writings of the Atdc lage were pe^
rufed in the cbfet, the more powerful Stagyritg
continued to reign, the oracle of the church and
fchool (109). ' . • *

I have fiiirly reprefented the; literary ineritsofEmuUtion
the Gieelis^ yet it muft be confeffed, that tbey^^P^^^-^j,^
were feconded and furpaffed by the ardour oftatins,
the Latins. Italy was divided into many inde-
pendent ftates ; and at that time, it was the am*
bition of princes and republics to yie wkh each
othei: in the encouragement and reward of litera-
ture. The fame of Nicholas the fifth ( 1 10) hasNichohs v.

(109) Th« ftatc of the Platonic phflofophy in Italy, is illuftratcd by
BoiTin (M«m. de TAcad. d«t Infcnpeions, torn. ii. p. 715— 7*5-) »d
TiraBofchi (torn* vL P. i. p. asp— iSS.)*

(no) Sec the life of Nicholas V. by two contemporary authora,
Janottus Manettus (tom.iii. P. ii. p. ^$-96t.)v^d Vefpafianof Flo-
• rencc

IV> THE DECLINE AND FALL

not beai adequate to bis merits^ From a pie*
beian origin, he raifed himfelf by his virtue and
learnings the chara^r of the man prevailed
over the intoreft of the pope; and he iharpened
tbofe weapons which were (boo pointed againft
the Raman church (ni). He had be^i the
friend of the mod eminent fcholars of the age.:
be became their patron ; and fuch was the ha«
mility of his manners, that the change was
fcarcely difcemiblc either to them or to b'mifelf.
If hepreifed the acceptance of a liberal gift, it;
was not as the meafure of defert, bitf 93 the
proof of benevolence; and when inodi^ merit
declined his bounty, " accept it,'^ woold he lay
with a confcioufnds of his own worth; ^' you
*^ will not always have a Nkholas among ye.^
The influence of the holy fee pervaded Ghrift^
endqni; and he exerted that mfhience in the
fearch, not of benefices, but of books* From.
the ruins of the By^ant^ine libraries^ fix>m the
darkeft moJQafteries of- Germany and Britain, he
collected the 4ufty manufcripts of the writers of
antiquity ; and wnerever the original could not
be removed, a faithful copy was tranfcribed and
franfmitted for his ufe. The Vatican, the old
repofitory for bulls and legends, for fuperftition
and forgery, was daily repleniftied with more
precious fijmiture; and fuch was the induftryof
Nicholas, that in a reign c^ eight years, he
formed a library of five ihoufand volumes. To
l^s munificence, the Latin wodd was indebted

fee

teBtt (torn. xxT. p. <l67— 9L9o.)> >■ tlie coUedmn 6f Mantori ; and
cenfnltTirabofchiQtom. ti. P. i. 45>^ 51. 109.) and Hody in the uti*
d^of Theodore Caixa, George of Trebxxond, &c.

(tii) Lord Rolingbroke oblenret, with truth and fpirft, that die
|»opes in thiainAance were worfepolitidani than the muftii, and tfau
the charm which has bound mankind for fo many ages, waa broken bjr
the magicians themfelvcs (Letters on the Study Si Hiftory, 1. ri. p.
1^5, t^. o^avo edition^ »77SC^ ♦

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ui

fer the verfions of Xenophon, Dip^orus, Jpoly-
bius, Thucydides^ Herodotus, an^ Appian; of
Strabo'8 geography, of the Iliad, of th^ ipoft
valuable works of Plato and Ariftotlc, of Pto-
lemy and Theophraftus, and of the iathers of
die Greek church. The example of the Ro-CoTmona
man pontiff was preceded or imitated by a I'^o J^J]^"^^
rentine merchant, who governed the republic a. d.
without arms and without a title- G^fmo of'^***'^**
Medicis ( 1 1 2) was the father of a line of princes,
whole name and age are almoft fynouynious
with the reftoration of learning; his credit was
ennobled into fji^me i his riches were dedicated
to the fervke of mankind ; he correfponded at
once with Cairo and London: and a cargo of
Indian fpices and Greek books was often import*.
ediathe fame veflel. The genius and educa-
tion of his grandfon Lorenzo gendered him, not
only a patron, but a judge and candidate, in the
literary race. In his palace, diftrefs was entitled
to relief, and merit to reward ; his leifure hours
were delightfully fpentinthe Platonic academy :
he encouraged th^ en^ulation of Demetrius CbaU
(X)Condyles and Angelo Politian ; and his adive
miilionary Janus Lafcaris returned from the £alt
with a treafure of two Uwndrqd mapufcripts,
fqurfcore o^ which were as yet unknown in the
libraries of Europe (113). The reft of Italy
was animated by a iimilar fpirit, and the pro-

greft

{ill') See t&e licenry liiAorj of Coftno anci lidretizo of Medicis, ia
Tirabofchi (torn, ri, P. i. 1. i. c. i.), whobeftoi^r* a due meafure of
Mife on Alpikmib of Arragon, king of Naples, the dukes of Milan,
Forara, Urbine, Ac. The republic of Venice has deferred the Icaik
from the gratitude of fcholars.

(113) Tirabofchi (torn, vl P. i. p. 104O, from the preface of Tanws
Lafcaris to the Greek Anthology, printed at Florence '494' ^tc^
liant (fays Aldos in his preface to the Greek Orators, apud «pdium,
p. a49.) in Atho Thraciac monte. Eas Lafcaris .... in Italiam re-
portavit. Miferat enim ipfum Laurentius ille Mcdices in O rxciam ad
loqnirendos fining et (roantovis cmendos pretio bonos libros. It is re-
-nafkfil'ie enough, that the refearch was faciliuted by fultan B«ja;Ect 14'

I2Z THE DECLINE AND FALL

grefs of the nation repaid the liberality of her
princes. The Latins held the exclufive proper-
ty of their own literature: and thefedifciplesof
Greece were fbon capable of tranfmitting and
improving the leffons which they had imbibed.
After a Ihort facceflion of foreign teachers, the
tide of emigration fubfided ; bnt the language
of Conftantinople was fpread beyond Ihe Alps ;
and the natives of France, Germany, and Eng-
land ( 1 14), imparted to their country the iacred
fire which they had kindled in the fchools of
Florence and Rome (115). In the productions
of the mind, as in thofe of the foil, the gifts of
nature are excelled by induftry and Ikill : the
Greek authors, forgotten on the banks of the
Iliffus, have been illuftrated on thofe of the Elbe
and the Thames : and BeSarion or Gaza might
have envied the fuperior fcience of the Barba-
rians; the accuracy of Budaeus, the tafte of
Erafmus, the copioufneft of Stephens, the eru-
dition of Scaliger^ the difcernment of R^flce,
or of Bentley. On the fide of the Latins^ the
difcovery of printing was a cafual advantage :
but this ufeful art has been applied by Aldus,
and his innumerable fucceffors, to perpetuate
and multiply the works of antiquity (116). A

fingle

(114) The Greek laneuage wtt introdncedinto tlitimrrcrfityof

OxSford in the lad yean oftl^e xnh century, by Groqrn, Linacer, and
Latimer, who had all ftudied at Florence under Demetrius ChalooNCon-
dyles. See Dr. Knifirht's curious Life of Erafmus. Although a hciut
academical patriot, he U forced to acknowledge, that Erafinus learn-
ed Greek«t Oxford, and taught it at Cambri<&c.

(11$) The jealous Italians were defirovs of keeping a monopoly of
Greek learning. When Aldus was about to pubfiih the Greek fcho->
liaftson So^hodes and Euripides, Cave (faid they), cave h«c facias^
ne Bariari iftis adjuti domi nuneant, et paudores m Italiam Tentiteat
(Dr. knight, in his Life of Erafmus, p. 36$. from Beatus Rhenanas).

(1 iQ The prels of Aldus Manutius, a Roman, was eftabliflied at
Venice about the year 1 494 : he printed above fixty confiderable works
of Greek literature, almoft all (or the firft time; feveral containing
different treatifes and authors, and of feveral authors two, three, or
lour editions (Fabric. Bibliot. Grsc. torn, xiii. p. 605, Ax.}. Yet his

glory

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. x^

finglemanufbript imported from Greece is revi-
ved in ten thodkn^ copies ; and each copy is
fiiiter than the original, bi this form. Homer
and Plato would perufe with more fatis&flion
their own writings : and theit fcholiafts muft re-
figu the prize to the labours of our weftern edi-
tors.

Before the revival of daflic literature, theufc and
Barbarians in Europe were imoierfed in igno-c|*c"Jj2^.
ranee; and their vulgar tongues were marked^g*
with the rudenefs and poverty of their man-
ners. The ftudents of the more pcifc6i idioms
of Rome and Greece, were introduced to a new
world of light andfcience ; to the fociety ofthe
free and polifiied nations of antiquity; and to
a&miliar converfe with thofe immortal men
who fpoke the fublime language of eloquence
and reafon. Such an intercourfe muft tend to
refine the tafte, and to elevate the genius, ofthe
moderns :• and yet, from the firft experiment, it
might appear that the ftudy of the ancients had
given fetters, rather than wmgs, to the human
mind. However laudable, the fpirit of imit^.
tion is of a fervile caft ; and the firft difqiples of
the Greeks and Romans were a colony of ftran-
gers ift th,e midft of their age and country. The
minute and laborious diligence which explored
the antiquities of remote times, might have im-
proved or adpiWlJ tb^ prpfent ftate of fociety :
the critic and metaphyfician were the flaves of
Ariftolle; the pwts, hiftoriansa and orators,
vrere proud to.rc|«fat the thoughtflr and words of
the ^uguftanage; the works of nature were ob-
ferv^d with (heeyespf Pliny and Thedphraftus ;

and

{iMTf «ivft IMC umfm ti»t»fofgct« that the firft Greek book, the Oram-
mar oi Conftantine Lafcaris, -was printed at Milan In 1 476 ; and th&t
the Florence HolA«f df 1-48 Idifphiys all the \nx\itj bf the typofcra-
phietil mrt. S«e the Antiales Typognrphid of Mattaire, and the BilH
Hographie M^^iic of de Bo^e, m knonnrittg bookfeller of Pari*,

124 THB DECLINE AND FAH

and fome Pagan votaries profeied a fecret deviv
tion tQ the gods of Homer and PUto(n7).
The Italians were oppofed by the flrength and
number of their ancient auxiliaries; the century
;^|ter the deaths of Petrarch and Boccace was
filled with a crowd of Latin imitators, who de-
cently repofe on our fhelves ; but in that aera
of learning, it will not be eafy to difcem a real
difcovery of fcience, a work of invention Cf
eloquence, in the popular language of the coun-
try (i j8.) But as foon as it had been deeply
faturated with the celeftial dew, t^e foil was;
quickened into vegetation and 1^ ; the modern
idioms were refined : the cl^cs pf Athens and
Rome infpired a pure taflf and a generous emu-
lation ; and in Italy, fis afterwards in France
and England, the pleating reign of poetry an^
fidion was fucceeded by the ligUt of fpeculativp
and experimental philofophy. Genius may an-
ticipate the feafon of maturity j put in the edu-
cation of a people, as in that of an individual,
memory inuft be ^xercifed, before the powers
of reafon and fancy can be expanded ; nor may
the ariift hope to equal or furpafs, till he has
learned to ^mitat?, the works, of his prede-
cefibrs-

CHAP.

( f T7) T will Me^ three iingiilar cyaif^es of this cUflic cBthiifiafii|.
1 . At the fynod of Florence, Geniftus Pletho faid, in {amilUr coa-
▼erfation to George of Trebizond, that in a fliort ttme maakind
would unanimoafly renounce the Gofpel and the Koran for a reli-
gion fimilar to that of the Gentiles (Leo Afiatiut, apod FahricinRi»
com. x.p. 751.). 4, Paulll. perfecntedcbe Roman atademj) which
had peep founded by f omponius Lstns ; and the principal members
were accufed of hovTy, impiety, and pmiimfm (Tirabofihs ton^* «!•
.P. i. p. 81, St.). 3. In the next eentiinr» fome fcholara andpoeta in
France celebrated the fuccefs of Todelle t tragedy of Cleopatra, bj a
\ feftival of Bacchus, and as it is Mid, by the facrifice of a goat (Bayle,
Di^ionnatre, JoD£Li.t. Fontenelle, torn. iii. p. ^tf— €iTS. Yet the
fpiritof bigotry might often difcem aferioos impiety in Uu ^ortive
play of fancy and learning.

( I iS) The fonrivor Boccace died in the year 137$ ; and we cannot

^ before 1480, the compofition of the Morgante Maggi<ire o£
, and the Orlando Inamorato of Boyardo (Tin^bofchi, torn. v>.
P,ii.p. 174F-177.).

OF ^tiH, ROMAN feMPlRE. ns

CHAP. LXVIL

Scbijm of the Greeks and Latins^. — Ragn and
raSer of Amurath the Second — Crufade of 4^

dj/laus King of Hungary. His Defeat and

Veatb. — John Htmiades. — Scanderbeg. Qn^

ftantinc ralaohgus lafk Bn^eror of the Et{Jl.

1 H £ refpedlive merits of Rome and Coo-Co"?*"'
fiantinople are compared and celebrated bya'^con-
an eloquent Greek the £ither of the Italian ^^*'^**°*^
ichools(i). The view of the ancient capital^
die ieat of his anceftors, furpaffed the moft (an-
guine ezpe£lations of Emanuel Chryfoloras (
and be no longer blamed the exclamation of
an old fi^hift, that Rome was the habitation^
not of men, but of godsw Thde gods, and
tlK^e men, had long iince vaniflied ; but, to
the eye of liberal enthufiafm, the majefty of
ruin mlored the image of her ancient profpe«
lity. The monuments of the confuls and Cas^
iars, of the martyrs and apoftles, engaged on
all fides the curiofity of the philofopher and
the Chriitian; and he confeflbd, that in every
age the arms and the religion of Rome were
ddtined to reign over the earth. While Chry-
Ibloras admired the venerable beauties of the
mother^ he was not forget&l of hb native^
country, her £iireft daughter, her Imperial co^
lony ; and the Byzantine patriot expatiates with

zeai

(i) The cpiftk of Manuel Chryfolont to the emperor John Pals-
titeaa, wHl not offend the eye or ew of « ckiEcal fta<knt (ad adeem
Codini de Antiqiutau1>ut C. P. p. to?— ittfA The fupcrfcription
fiiggelb a diNmoiogical remailc, vbax John Palcologut 11. w«8 affo-
dated in the empire before the year 1414, the date of ChrTfoloraa'a
death. A ftill eariier date, at kaft 1408, U deduced Croffl the age of
hit youngeft fena, Semetriut «nd Thomat, who were both hrpkp-p'
iruti (l>Bcangei Fam. Byxant. p. 944. a47*)«

126 THE DECLINE AND FALL

zeal and truth, on the eternal advantages of
nature, and the more tranfitory glories of art
and dominion, which adorned, or had adorned,
the city of Conftantine! Yet the perfedion of
the copy ftill redounds (as he modeftlj obfenrcs),
tcj^e honour of the oiiginal, and parents are
d^^hted to be renewed, and even excelled, by
the fuperior merit of their children. " Con-
" ftantinople," fays the orator, " is fituate on
" a commanding point, between Europe and
" Alia, between the Archipelago and the Eu-
" xine. By her interpofitionj the two feas,
" and the two continea^ts, are miited for the
** common benefit of nations i sind the gates
'* of commerce may be Ihut Or open at her
** command. The harbour, ^i^coibpifled on
** all fides by the fea and the <!<Hitinent, is the
** moft fecure and ckpaciOus iii the wtold. The
*' walls and gates of Conftantinopte may be
** compared with thofe of Babylon: the towers
'*' are many ; each tower b k folid and lofty
'* ftrufture; and the fecond i*all, the outer for-
** tification, would be fufficient for the defebcei
^ and dlgnit;f of an ordbary capital. A broad
'* and rapid ftream may be ifitroduced into the
^' ditches.; and the artificial ifland may he en-
'* compafled, like Athens (2), by land or wa-
'^ ter.'* Two ftrong and nature) caUfes are al-
leged for the perfediion of the naodd ef new-
Rome. The royal founder rdgned over the
oioft illuftrious nations of the globe ; add m
the accomplifiiment of his defigns, the power
of the Romans was comb^ed with (be art and

fcience

(a) Somebody obftrvcd, that the city of Athens mi^ht b^ <
iiaYigated(t4( um* mt wXtf rmtAhmmt tvvttr^mi mu wmfmsrXuw
mu wtfiwktifjm But what may be true in a rhetorical fezife of Coi»-
ftantinoplct caoBoc be ft^pUed to the Btuatioo o£ AthQB% Atc miles
from the ft»» and not intofcdcd of furroiiodcd by any UTi^Ue
ftrcami.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 127

fcience of the Greeks. Other cities have been
reared to maturity by accident and time ; their
beauties are mingled with diforder and defor-
mity ; and the inhabitants^ unwilling to remove
from their natal fpot, are incapable of corredl-
iug the errors of their anceftors, and the origi-
nsd vices of fituation or climate. £ut the free
idea of Ck>nftantinople was formed and exe*
cuted by a iingle mind ; and the primitive mo-
del was improved by the obedient zeal of the
fubje^ and fucceifors of the firft monarch.
ThcL adjacent ifles were ftored with an inez-
faauitible fupply of marble ; but the various ma-
terials were tranfported from the moft remote
fhores of Europe and Aiia ; and the public and
private buildings^ the palaces, churches, aque-
dudls, dfterns, porticoes, columns, baths, and
hippodromes, were adapted to the greatnefs of
the capital of the Eaft. The fuperfluity of
wealth was fpread along the fhores of Europe
and Afia ; and the Byzantine territory, as ur
as the Euxine, the Hellefpont, and the long
wall, might be confidered as a populous fuburb
and a perpetual garden. In this flattering pic-
ture, the pail and the prefent, the times of prof-
peritv and decay, are artfiilly confounded ; but
a fign and a confeifion efcape from the orator, <
that his wretched country was the fhadow and
fepulchre of its former fel£ The works of an-
cient fculpture had been defaced bv Chriftian
zeal or Barbaric violence ; the faireft ftru^lures
were demoliihed ; and the marbles of Paros or
Numidia were burnt for lime, or applied to the
meaneft ufes. Of many a (latue, the place was
marked by an empty pedeflal ; of many a cor
Imnn, the fize was determined by a broken ca-
{xtal ; the tombs of the emperors were fcattered
on the ground ; the ftroke of time was accel^

rated

128 THE DECLINE AND FALL

rated by ftorms and earthquakes ; and th? va-
cant Ijpace was adorned, oy vulgar tradition^
with labulotis monuments of gold and filvcr.
From thefe wonders, which lived only in ine-
iiiory or belief, he diftinguifhes however the
porphyry pilUr, the column and coloffus of
Juftinian (3), and the church, more efpecially
the dome, of St. Sophia j thd beft Conclufibn,
lince it could not be defcribed according to
its merits, and after it no other bbjeft could
deferve to be mentioned. Bui he forgets, that
i century before, the trembling fabrics of the
cbTolfus and the church had been faved and
fupported by the timely care of Andronicu^
the elder. Thirty years after the emperor had
fortified St. Sophia with two new buttrefles or
pyramids, the eaftern hemifphere fuddenly gave
way ; and the images, the altars, and the fanc-
tuary, were Crufhed by the falling ruin. The
mifchief indeed was fpcedily repaired ; the rub-
bifti was cleared by the inceffant labour ot
every rank and age ; and the poor remains oi
riches and taduftry were confecrated by th^
Greeks to the moft ftately and venerable temple
oftheEaft(4)-
The Greek The laft hope of the falling city and empire
thc*[?nndTwas placed in the harmony of the mother and
«^^o2°««» daughter, in the maternal tendernefs of Rome>
1440^1448. smd the filial obedience of Conftantinople. In
the fynod of Fldreiice, the Greeks and Latins

bad

(a) Nicephonis dregoras fias defcribecl the coloflus of Juftinian (1. Tti.
1 1.) : but his mcafures are falle and inconfiftent. T&ddifeor Berv&i
comulted his friend Girardon ; and the fculptor gaTc him the tn^pro>
portions of an equeftrian ftatue. That of Juftinian was flill yifi&te to
Ptter Gyllius not oA the coiumn, but in the etatward cMut Clf tlSe ie-
raelio ; and he was at Conftantinople when itwa< n»eu«d down, and
call itlto a brafs cannon (de Top4>graph. C. P. 1. ii. t, i ?.),

(4) See the decay and reguH of St. SofJib, in Nlcephofnit Gre-
|;oras (hvii. 11, L xt« i.)* The building was propped hj Andronicus
m t3i>, the eaftcM hemlfphefe fell in lu^i llie Grqekft in thelk-
pompous rhetoric, exalt this beauty and holineit of the church, aii
earthly heaven, the abode of angeli| and of GodhimlcIf| &c.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 139

had embraced, and fobfcribed, and promifed ;
but thefe figos of frieiKUhip were perfidious or
fruitlers (5) ; and the bafelels faimc of the union
vaniihed like a dream (6). The emperor and
his prelates returned home in the Venetian gaU
lies ; but as they touched at the Moiea aild the
ifles of Gorfti and Lelbos, the fubjeds of the La-
tins complain^ that the pretiended union would
be an inflrument of oj^preflion. No fooner did
they land on the Byzantine ihofe than they were
fainted, or rather aflailed, with a general mur*
mur of zeal ai^ difc(Hitent. During their al>>
fence, above two years, the capital had been
deprived of its dvil^ and eccleuaftical rulers^
fanatictfm fermented in anarchy; the moft fa-^
rious monks reigned over the confcience of wo-
men and Ingots; and the hatred of the Latin
name was the firft priaciple of nature and reli*^
gion. Beiore his departure for Italy, the em*
peror had flattered the city with the afiurance
of a prompt relief and a powerful fuccour ; and
the clergy, confident in their orthodoxy and
fdeac^, had proraifed themfelves and their
flocks an eafy vidlory over the blind ihepherds
of the Weft. Tli^ double difappointment ezaf-
perated the Greeks ; the confcience of the ful>
fcrilnng prelates was awakteed ; the hour of
temptation was paft; and they had more to
dread from the public refentment, than they
could hope from the favour of the "emperor or .
Vou XIL K the

($) Tke ffcttttinc and origind «amtive of Bjrppiiltts (p. 31a***
3|t.)opeDt tbeiciufi&irom the Mi tgU* of the Greeks at Venice, to
the geoeni oppofitioft' at Conftantinople of the clergy and people.

(tf) On the^ fetiUqa of Co nft i m i h oyU, Uc Phranza <1. ti. c. t70»
Laookot Chalcondyles (1. Ti. p. «SS* iS6.)> <^<^ ^"^^C^- 3i-)> ^^
lail of THiom wHtcs with troth and freedom. Amon^ the moderfis

we nia7#ftin83M& the cootSnuttor^of Floury (torn* xzii* P« jslt $oc.
401. 41P9 &c.)y and SpondaniM (A. D. 1 440F— jo.). The feme of the
latter is drowned in preju£ce andpaflion, ai tson a» Rome and reli-

I30 TH£ DECLINE AND FALL

the pope. ; lailead o£juftifying,.lbeir tondu£):>
tbey. deplored their weakitefs^ 4)rQfe&d • their
contrition, and Caft tierofdv©? pn the mercy
of God andof th^ir brethren. . To the reproach-
ful qufcftioni wbat had :been th^ event or the
•ule of thieir Italian fynod ? they anfwered with
iighs. and teiar^,* ^ Alas !. ue havj^ inade a new
*' fai^b ; we have exchanged pifrty for impiety;
** we have . betrayed the inimafcuj^te fa^rifite ;
" and we are heoova^ JzymifesJ^. (The A?y-
mibes were thofe .who.cclebrated the communis
evt with unleavened bread ; and I muft retra£l
or qualify, the piaife which I have beilowed on
the growing philofopby of th^ tiojes,) . " Alas !
." we have been fediteed by diftref$, by fraud,
V, and by the hopes and fears of a tra^afuory life.
^^ The band that has. iigned the union ihould be
'^ cut off; and the tongue that has pronounced
" the Latin creed defcrves to be torto from the
" ,root." The beft proof of their repentance
was an encreafe of zeal for the pioil trivial
rites and the moft incomprehenfibl^ ^vdlrines ;
and an abfolutci f^aration^ from, ,^11, without
excepting their prince, who preferved ipme re-
gard for honour and confillency. After the
deceafe of the patriarch Jofephi the archbi-
ihops of Heracka and Trebizond had courage
t9 re&fe the vacant x^ffice ; and cardinal BeiTa-
^i'KM} preferred the iwarm ^qd CQfnfortable ihel-
t^rpf .the Vaticg©. -i.The choice of the emperor
ai\d his clergy was_confined to .Metrpphanes
of Cvzicus : he was conlecrated in St. Sophia ^
but the tempk was vaeaot* 1 he crolsJbearers
abdicated their ifervicie ; the infeflion fpread
from the city to the villages ; and Metrophanes
difcharged, without effcfl, feme eccleliaflical
thunders againft a nation of fchifmatics. 1 he
eyes of the Greeks were direfled to Mark of

Ephefus,.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE* 131

Ephefus, the champion of his country; and the
fiifferings of the holy con&flbr were lepaid with
a tribute of admiration and applaufe. His ex-
ample and writings propagated the flame of re*
]igious difcord; age and infirmity foon removed
him from the world ; but the gofpel of Mark
was not a law of forgivenefs ; and be requefted
with his dying breath, that none of the adhe-
rfflts of Rome might attend his obfequies or
pray for his foul.

The fchifm was not confined to the narrow ^/^^^^j^*"*
limits of the Byzantine empire. Secure under udRvffi-
the Mamaluke fceptre, the three patriarchs of^*-
Alexandria^ Antioch, and Jeiiifalem, afiembled
a numerous fynod; difowned their reprefenta-
tives at Ferrara and Florence ; condemned the
creed and council of the Latins ; and threaten*
ed the emperor of Conftantinople with the ccn-
furcs of the Eaftein church. Of the fe£iaries of
the Greek communion, the Ruflians were the
moil powerful, ignorant, and fuperftitious.
Their primate the cardinal liidore, haftened
from Florence to Mofcow (7), to reduce the
independejnt nation under the Roman yoke.
But the Ruffian bifhops had been educated at
mount Athos; and the prince and people
embraced the theology of their priefts. They
were fcandalifed by the title, the pomp, the
Latin crofs of the legate, the friend of^ thofe
impious men who fhaved their beards, and per-
fbnned the divine office with gloves on their
hands and rings on their fingers : Ifidore was
K 2 con-

(7) Ifidore was metropoHun of Kiow, bot the Greeks fubje A to
Poland have removed tlut fee from the niins of Kiow to Lemberg,
or Leopold (Herbeftein, in Ramiifio» torn. ii. p. 127.). On the
other hand, the Ruffians transferred their fpiritual obedience to the
archbiihop, who became, in t $88, the patriarch, of Mofcow (Le-
vefquc, Hift. de Rui&e, torn. iii. p. 1S8. t^o. from a Greek MS.
»t Turio, Uer ct laborcs Arcbiepifcopi Arfenii.).

13a THE DECLINE AND FALL

condemned by a fynod; his perfon was iinpri#
foned-in a monaftery; and it vras with extreme
difficulty, that the cardinal could cfcape from
the hands of a fierce and fiinatic people (8).
The Ruffians refufed a paflage to the ihiffiona-
ries of Rome who afpired to convert the Pa-
gans beyond the Tanais (9) ; and their refiifal
was julufied by the maxim, that the guilt of
idolatry is lefs damnable than that of fchifin.
The errors of the Bohemians were excufed by
their abhorrence for the pope; and a deputati^
on of the Greek clergy folicited the friendfliip
of thofe fanguinary cnthufiafts (10). While
Eugenius triumphed in the union and orthodoxy
of the Greeks, his party was contrafted to the
walls, or rather to the palace^ of Conftantino^
pie. The zeal of Pala^ologus had been excited
by intereft ; it was foon cooled by oppofition :

an attempt to violate the national belief might
Endanger his life and crown ; nor could the pi-
ous rebels be deftitute of foreign and domeftic
aid. The fword of his brother Demetrius, who
in Italy had maintained a prudent and popular
£lence, was half unftieathed in the caufe of re-
ligion ; and Amurath, the Turkifli fultan, was

difpleafed

(8) The curioQtfiarratlTe of LcTefque (Hift. de Ruffie« tQm.ii. p.
241 — «47.) is extraaed from the {Nttriarchal «rchire«. The fcenes of
Ferrara aAd Florence aredefcribed by ignorance andpafllon; but the
Ruffians etc credible in the actount of their own prejudices.

(9) The Shamanifm, the «ncient religion of the Samaiotans and
Gymnofophifts, has been driven by the more popular Bramins from
Indift into the northern defeitt} the aaked phiioiophen were compel-'
ledto wra^ theasfelves in fur; but they inlenfibly funk into wizards
andphyGciant. The Mordrana and Tcheremiffcs in the European
Ruffia adhere to this religion, which is formed on the earthly model
of one. king or God, his miniilersor angels, and the rebellions fpirits
nehooppofe his government. As thefe tribes of the Volga have no
images, thev might more juftl^ retort on the Latin miffionarics the
name of idolaters (Levdfquc, Hift. des l^euples foumis a la DominatioB
desRufles, torn. i. p. 194*~137. 413-^460.).

^lo) Spondanus, Annal. Ecdcf. torn. ii.A. D.f4$i« V9i%. The
Epiftle of the Grecksi with a Latin vcrfion, is extant in the coUcgc li-
brary at Prague.

OF THE ROMAN JMPIRe. 133

difpleaded aod alarmed hy tbe f^emiqg frind*
fliip c£ the Greeks and Latioo-

•* Sultan Murad or Amurath^ lived foj^-J^u^S^i"^
<' and temped thirty years^ &x months^ aUdAmnrath
^' eight days. He was a juft and valiant prince,"- ^-^^
<< of a great foul, patient of kiJxHuss, lmnaed,us!* ^^
** merafid, reUffkxis, chaiitaUe; a lover and*™^»'
« encoorager o£ the ihidiow, and of all who
<< excelled in any art or fcience; a good emper
<' ror, apd a great general. No nian obtained
'< more or greater vidlories ^lan Amurath : Bel-
'* grade alone withftood his attacks. Under his
'* reign, the foldier was ever viAorious, the ci*
<^ tizen rich and fecuoe. If he fubdued any
« country, his firft care was to build mofcM
<' and caravanferas, hofpitals, and colleges^
*' £very year he gave athoafand pieces of gold
^ to the fons of the pro|^et; and fent two
'^ ihoufand five hundred to the religious per^
*^ fons of Mecca, Medina, and Jerulalem, (i i)."*^
This portrait is tranfcribed from the hiftorian of
the Othman empire : but the applaufe of a fer-
vile and fuperlUtious people has been lavi{he4
on the worlt of tyrants ; and the virtues of a
fultan are often the vices moil ufefiil to himlelf,
or moil agreeable to hb fubjccls. A nation
ignorant of the equal benefits of liberty and
law, muil be awed by the flaihes of arbitrary
power : the cruelty of a defpot will aiTume tbcr
chara^r of juilice; his profiifion, of liberalir
ty; his obftioacv, of firmnefs. If the moil rea*.
ionable excufe be rejected, &w ads of obedi<»
ence will be foimd impoflible ; and guilt muil
tremble, where innocence cannot always be for

cure.

(11) See Caaicmir, Hiftory of the Othmui Empire, p. 94. Mu-
rad« or Mormd, may be more concSt : but I hsTe preferred tbe po^
pular name, to that obfcure diligence which is raf ely fucc^fsfui iq
fra|ilbtiiig an Orienul, ix|to the Romuii silphabet.

134 THE DEGtI*IE AND PALL

cure. The tranquillity of the people, and the
difcipline of the troops, were beft maintained
ty perpetual a^ion in the field; war was the
trade of the Janizaries : - dnd thofe who furvi vcd
the peril, alid divided the fpoil, applauded the
generous aoibition of their Ibvereign, To pro-
pagate the true religion, was the duty of a faith*
fill Mufulman; the unbelievers \Vere M ene-
mies, and thofe of the prophet ; and, in the
hands of the Turks, the icy met ar was ihe only
inftrumcnt of converfion. Under thefc circum-
flances, however, the juftice and moderation of
Amurath are attefted by his condu^, and ac-
knowledged by the Chrillians tbemfelves ; who
conlider a profperons reign and a peaceful
death as the reward of his lingular merits. In
the vigour of his age and military power, he
feldom engaged in war till he was juflified by
a previous and adequate provocation : the vie*
torious fultan was difaxmed by fubniiffion; and
in the obfervance of treaties, his woid was in*
violate and facred (i2). The Hung^irians were
commonly the aggreflbrs; he was provoked by
the revolt of Scanderbeg; and the petfidious
Caramanian was twice vanqniihed, and twice
pardoned, by the Ottoman monarch. Before
he invaded the Morea,- Thebes had been fur-
prifed by the defpot: in the conqueft of Thefla-
lonica, the grandfon of Baja^t might difpute
the recent purchafe of the Venetians ; and after
thefirft fiege of Conflantinople, the fuhan was
never tempted, by the diftrefs, the ;tbfeiice, or
the injuries of Palaologus, to extingai^li the
dying light of the £y2ai:tine empire*

. But

(ii) Sec Chalcondylw (I. vii. p. i85. 198.), Dwca« (c. 33.% aad
Marinus Barlctius (in Vit. Scanderbeg, p. 145, f4€\ In his go^d
f^ith towards the garrifon of Sfetignde, he was a Icflon and example
to his Ton Mahomet.

0P:THE ROMANS empire. 135

Bat the moft firiking feature in the life ^uul[^<^^^^«
charader of Adioratb, fe tJi^ double abdication^ a^dT'
of the Turtdih throned and^'Weter not hi« ino.»*4»-i444.
tives debafed by an aUoy of fuperftition^ we
muft praife tbct royal philoibphef (13), who at
the age of forty could difoerft the vanity of hu*
man greatnefr; • * Refigning the fceptre to his ion,
he retiredto th^pleafant refidence of Magn^a;
bathe tetii^tb thefocietyof faints and her-
mits. It ^s^'^bot till the fourth century of the
Hegira, that tlia religion of Mahooset had been
corrupted!:^ an inlUtutlonro.;adveTfe to his:g&.
nius; but in thba^edfthe^na|adesythe varioua
orders of D^rvrlhes wcre'multipUed by the ex*
amfde of the Ghriftian, and even the Latin»
monks (i4.X The lord of nations iubmitted td
faft, and- pru^/ and turn rodn(i!tn endlefsi.rora*.
, tionmth the fanatics, who niiilook' the giddN.
nels of the head for the illunnn^tion of the fpi-
rit (15). But he was ibon awakened from thik
dream of entfaafiafm, by: the Hni^arian iava^:
fion; and his; obedient ibn was. the foremoft to
urge the public danger and the wiQies of the.
people. Under the banner of their veteran
leader, the Janizaries fought and conquered ;.
but he withdrew, from the field of Varna, again
to pray, to faft, and to turn round with his Mag-
nefian bnethpen*, Tbde pious occupations were

! again

(13) Vokair<(£il^lfurr.HULoire Ginerale, C.&9 p*x83> 984.) ad-.,
mires i!r FhtUfnplt Tt^'c; would he hivc beflowccl the fame praile on a
Chrlftian fnoce Cor retiris^ to a maooaktrf } In hit wa^r, VolUiFO'
ws^.a Kieo^, anuitoirra,pt bigot.

(14) 5>ec th« zrlicle* Dervtfehft Fskir, ^ajfer^ Jhhbdniat, in d'Hcr- '
belot'a Bibliothl^tte Of icntale. Y«t tbe (ubj?^ is fiiperficially trea;;-
ed (rom the Pcriian and Arabian writers. It is among the i urks that
theie orders have principally flouriihtd*

(1$) Rycaut (in the prefeot State of the Ottoman Empire, p.
ft4i*-a68.) affords much information^ which he drew from his pe^-
fonal convcrfation with the he^ds of the derviihes, moft of whom af-
cribed their origin to the time of Orchan. He does not mention the
ZtchtJ^ of Chalcondylcs (I. vii. p. a86.), among whom Amurath re-
tired : the SctJsoi that author are the dcfce&dants of Mahonut.

136 THE: J>ICU»Z AND FAIL

again. mtcrrupfe4:bjrr.&e datnger of the (late.
A viddrious anny ; cnfiiaiHed the inexperience of
their youthful nilec : tbecityof Aidiiiaiic^le was
abandoned to rapine, and flaugbter; and the
unanimous divan impioked bis* pitfenx^ to ap^
peafethe tumult^ and ptevtot tbe rebellion! of
the Janisaries. At the Vweill-knb.wn v^G^ce of
their mafter, they trembled and obeyed; and
the reludant fultan was compelled to fupport
his fplendid fervitude, tiU»' at the end of four
years, be was relieved by the angel of deaths
Age or difeaie* misfbrtone or caprice, have
tempted feveral princes to defceod from the
throne ; and they have had leiAure <o itpakt of
their irretrievable ftep^ But Amucftth nlone, ia
the full liberty of choice, after the trial of emr
pire and foJitudey.has repaid hi;^ preference of
a private life.
iTttfciuut After the departure of his Gre^k brethren^
i«^c* Eugenius had not been unmindful of .their tem-
againft the pQj-alinterefl ; and his tender regard for the By--
A"]J^',443.zantine empire was animated by a juft appre-
hen£on of the Turks, who ^ppro^ched, and
might foon invade, the borders of Italy. But
the fpirit of the crufadcs had expired ^ and the
coldnefs of the Franks was not lefs unreafon-
able than their headlong paffion^ In the eleventh
century, a fanatic monk could jM-ecipitate £u«
rope on Afia for the recovery of the holy fepulr-
chre; but in the fifteenth, the moft prefling mo-
tives of religion and policy were infuflScient to
unite the Latins in the defence of Ohriftendom.
Germany Mas an inexhaqftible ftore-houfe of
men ^nd firms (i6) : but that complex and lan^

gu^d

(i6 In the year I4^t» Germany raifed 40^00 horfe» men atarms,
a^inft the Huflfites of Bohemia (Lcnfant, Hift. du CoDcile de Baile,
torn. i. p. 318.). At the (Lege of Nuys on the Rhitie in 1474. the

|>rinccs.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 137

gold body required the impulfe of a vigorous
hand ; and Frederic the third was alike iropo-
teat in his perfonal chara^er and his Imperial
digmty. A long war had impaired the ftrength,
without fadating the animolity of France and
England (17): but Philip, duke of Burgundy,
was a vain and magnificent'prince ; and he en-
joyed, without danger or ezpence, the adven-
turous piety c£ his fubje£ls, who failed, in a
gallant fleet, from the coaft of Flanders to the
Hellefpont The maritime republics of Venice
and Genoa were lefs remote from the fcene of
adicm ; and their hoftile fleets were alTociated un-
der the fiandard of St. Peter. The kingdoms
of Hungary and Poland, which covered as it
were the interior pale of the Latin church, were
the moft nearly concerned to oppofe the progrefs
of the Turks. Arms were the patrimony of the
Sq^ians and Sarmatians, and thefe nations
might appear equal to the conteft, could they
point, againft the common fix, thofe fwords that
were to wantonly drawn in bloody and domeilic
quarrels. But the fame fpirit was adverfe to
concord and obedience : a poor countrjr and a
linuted monarch are incapable of maintaining a
{landing force; and the loofe bodies of Polifh
and Hungarian hotfe were not armed with the
fendments and weapons which, on fome occafi-
ons, b?v.p giv^n irrefiftible weight to the French

chivalry.

pflocet, inrelatea, aikd cities, fent their refpediTe quotas : and the hi-
9iop oi Mnnfter (qui o*eft pas des plus grands) furnifhed i4':o horfe.
6000 foot, all in green, with itoo wagg«ns. The united armies of '
theJkSng of Englanl and the duke of Burgundy fcarceW equalled one-
third of thit German hoft (Memoires de Philippe de Coniines, 1. iv.
c. I.). At prefent, fix or feven hundred thoufand men are maintain-
ed in ceoftant pa/ and admirable difciplinc, by the powers of Oer^
niaiiy.

(17) It was not till the year 1444, that France and England could
a^ee on a tmceof fome months (SeeBLymer*s Fcedera, and the chro-
Biclcs of both nations).

138 THEDECLINE ANH) FALL

chivalry. Yet, on this fide, the dcfigns dF thtf
Roman pontiff, and the eloquence of cardinal
Julian, his legate, were promoted by the cir-
cumftances of the times (i8); by the uniob of
the two crowns on the hea*of Ladiflaas(i9), a
young and ambitious foldier; by the ^aloUr of
an hero, whofe name, the name of John Hu-*
niades, was already popular among the ChlrMli-
ans, and formidable to the Turkff.' An endlefs
trcafure of pardons and indulgences was fcsttt^r-
cd by the legate; many pii^at^ warrioi-s' of
France and Germany enltfted under thehdy
banner; and the crufade derived Tome ftrfengtb,
oratleaftfome reputation, from the new allies,
both of Europfe and Afia. A fugitive defpot of
Servia exaggerated the diftrefsand ardour of the
Chriftians beyond the Danube, S^ho would tina-
nimoufly rife to vindicate their religion atidlK
berty. The Greek emperor (20), with a fpirit*
unknown to his fathers, engaged to guard the
Bofphorus^ and to fally from Conftantinople at
the head of his national and mercenary troops*
The fultan of Caramania (21) announced the
letreat of Amurath, and a powerful diverfion in

: the

(18) Tn tTie HiinjrariaB cmHtde, SpMidanos (Anaai EccIcT. A, X>.

>443» 1 ^44 ) iisis ^('^n my leading euide. He h^is diligently read, and
trit;cal!y ccniparfd the «' rock and Tiirktfli muterials the hifldrian»
of Hun>!ary, Poland, ^nd the Weft. Hia narratWe is p«rfpi<9uous ;
and where he can he fi ec from a religious bias, the judgment of Spou-
danus is not contemptible.

(ly) I have curtailed the harlh letter (Wladiflaus) which moft vri-
tc>»iifiix tohisiiiinte. either in compliance with the Polifh pronuncia-
t"oii, tir to diftiuguxfh him fri m his rival the infant Ladiflaus of Atrf-
tria. TJieir competition for the crown of Hungary is defcrikc* h^
Ca11iniacl.ii<i (I. i, ii. p. 447 — 486), Bonfin:u£(Decad.tii. 1. iv.),Sp«n-
danus. and Lenfant.

(io) The Greek hif^orians, Phranza, Chalcondylcs, and Ducts, do
p. t afcribe to their prince a very a<5Hvt; part in this crufade, which he
icfins to have promoted by his wiihes, and injured by his fean.

(-•i) Cuntcmir (p. 88.) afcnbcs to his policy the original plan, and
t anf ribes his animating cpiftle to the king of Hungary. But the
Ma' otni t: n powers are feloom informed of the ftate of Chriftendom ;
4nd the fituution and correfpondence of the knights of Rhodea muft
corne<51 them with the fultan of Caramania*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 139

the heart of Anatolia; and if the fleets of the
Weft could occupy at the fame moment the
ftreightB of the Hellefpont, the Ottoman mo-
narchy would be diffevered arid deftroyed.
Heaven and earth thoft rejoice in the perdition
of the mifcieants; and the legate, with prudent
ambiguity, iniliiled the opinion of the invifible,
perhaps the vifible, aid, of the Son of God,
and his divine Mother.

Of the Polifli and Hungarian diets, a religi-LadiiUtis,
ous war was the unanimous cry ; and Ladiflaus,i^d ina *"
after pafling the Danube, led an aniiy of his"""s*^»
con&derate fubj^ds as far as Sophia, the capital !^4nft*
of the Bulgarian kingdom. In this expediiion^^"*-
they obtained twp fignail viftories, which were
jaftly afcribed to the valour and conduft of Hu-
niades. In the firft, with a vanguard of ten
thoufand men, he fuiprifed the Turkifh camp ;
in the fecond, he vanquifhed and made prifoner
the moft renowned of their generals, who poffet
fed the double advantage of ground and num-
bers. The approach of winter, and the natu-
ral and artificial obftacles of mount Hsemus, ar-
retted the progrefsof the hero, who mcafured a
narrow interval of fix days march from the foot
of the mountains to the hoftile towers of Adria-
iiople, and the friendly capital of the Greek
empire. The retreat was undifturbed ; and ihe
entrance into Buda was at once a military and
religious triumph. An ecclefiaftical procelfioa
was followed by the king and his waniors on ,
foot: he nicely balanced the merits and rewards
of the two nations; and the pride of conqueft
was blended with the humble temper of Chriltia-
nity. Thirteen bafhaws, nine ilaiidards, and
four thoufand captives, were unqueftionabie tro-
phies; and as all were williug to believe, and
Bone were prefent to contradict, the crufaders

multiplied.

140 THE DECLINE AND FALL

multiplied, lyith imbluihing coafidence, the my-
riads of Turks whom they had left on the field
TiieTwk- of battle (22). The moft folid ptoo^ and the
**'**^' moft falutanr confequence, of vifiory, was a
deputation from the divan to iolicit peape, to
reftore Servia> to ranfom the prifoners, and to
evacuate the Hungarian frontier. By thistreaty,
the rational obje£b of the war were obtained :
the king, the defpot, and Huniades himlelf> in
the diet of Segedin, were iatisfiied with public
and private emolument; a truce often years
was concluded ; and the followers of Jefus and
Mahomet, who fwore on the Go^l and the Ko*
ran, attelled the word of God as the guardian
of truth and the avenger of perfidy. In the
place of the Gofpel, the Turkuh minifiers had
propofed to fubftitute the Euchanft, the real pre-
tence of the Catholic deity; but the Ghriftians
refufed to profane their holy myfteries; and a
fuperftitious confcience is lejs forcibly boimd by
the fpiritual energy, than by the outw*ard and
vifible fymbols, of an oath (23).
Violation During the whole tranfadiion, the cardmal le-
^^ gate had obferved a fuUen filence, unwilling to
A.D.i444.approve, and unable tp oppofe, the confent of
the king and people. But the diet was not di&
folved before Julian was fortified by the wel-
come intelligence, that Anatolia was invaded
by the Caramanian, and Thrace by the Greek
emperor ; that the fleets of Genoa, Venice, and
Burgundy, were matters of the Hellefpont ; and

tbat

(xt) In their letters to the emperor Frederic III. the HungariaM
flaj 30,000 I'urks in one battle; but the modeft Julian reduces, the
fiaughtcr to 6000* or even looo infidels (.£neas Sybius in Europ! c. 5.
and epift. 44. 81 . apud Si

(13) See the origin of the Turkiih war, and the firft expedition of
Ladifiaus, in the vth and vith books of the iiid Oecad of Bonfinius,
who, in his divifion and ftyle, copies Iiivy with tolerable fuccefs.
Callimachus (1. ix. p. 487— 49^) is IliU more pure and authentic.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 141

that the allies, informed of the vidlory, and ig-
norant of the treaty, of Ladiflaus, impatiently
waited for the return of his victorious army.
** And is it thus,*' exclaimed the cardinal (24),
" that you will defert their expeflations and
" your own fortune. It is to them, to your God^
" and your fellow-Chriftians, that you have
" pledged your faith; and that prior obligation
'' annihilates a ra(h and facrilegious oath to the
** enemies of Chrift. His vicar on earth is the
•* Roman pontiff; without whofe fan^on you
** can neither promife nor perform. In his
** name I abfolve your peijury and fandiify
** your arms : follow my footfteps in the paths
** of glory and falvation ; and if ftill ye have
** fcniples, devolve on my head the pimifhment
^ and the fin.** This mifchievous cafuiftry was
feconded by his refpeflable charader, and the
levity of popular aifemblies : war was refolved,.
on the fame fpot where peace had fo lately been
fwom ; and, in the execution of the treaty, the
Turks were affaulted by the Ghriftians; to
whom, with fome reafon, thej might appiv the
epithet of in&dels. The wifehood of Ladiflaus
to his word and oath, was palliated by the reli-
gion of the times: the moll perfedl, or at leaft
the moft popular, excufe would have been the
fuccefs of his arms and the deliverance of the
Eaftem church. But the fame treaty which
{hould have bound his confcience, had diminifh-
ed his ftrength. On the proclamation of the

peace,

(24) I do not pi*etend to warrant the literal accuracy of Julian*t
fpecch, which is varionfly worded by Calltinachtt8(l. iii« p. $o{— S07.)*
Sonfinins (Dec. iii. 1. ti. p. 4^7, 4s8.)i and other hiftoriant, who
mi{ht indulge their own eloquence, while they reprefent one of the
orators of the a^. But they all agree in the advice and arguments
for perpuj, which in the field of controverfj are fiercely attacked by
the Proteftants, and feebly defended by the Catholics. The btter are
difcouraged by the mitfortune of Wama.

142 THE DECLINE AND FALL

peace, the French and German voliinteers de-
parted with indignant nmrniurs r-the Poles were
exhaufted by diltant warfare, and perhaps dif-
gulled with foreign command ; and Jtheir pala-
tines accepted the firft licence, and haJRily reti-
red to their provinces and caftles. Even Hun-
gary was divided by faition, or reftrained by a
laudable fcruple; and the relics of the crufadc
that marched in the fecond expedition, were re-
duced to an inadequate force of twenty thou-
fand men. A Walachian .chief, who joined the
royal flandard with his vaflals, prefumed to re-
mark that their numbers did not eixceed the
huntiug letinue that fomctimes attended the ful-
tan ; and the gift of two borfes of matchlefs
fpeed, might admonifh Ladiflaus of his fecret
forelight cf the event. But the defpot of Servia,
after the reftoration of his country and children,
was tempted by the piomife of new realms; and
the inexperience of the king, the enthufiafm of
the legate, and the martial prefumptionof Hu-
niades himfelf, were perfuaded that every obfta-
de muft yield to the invincible virtue of the
fword and the crofs. After the paflage of the
Danube, two roads might lead to Conftantinoplc
and the Hellefpont ; the one direct, abrupt, and
difficult, through the mountains of Haemus ; the
other more tedious and fecure, over a level
country, and along the fhores of the Euxine ;
in which their flanks, according to the Scythian
difcipline, might always be covered by a move-
able fortification of waggons. The latter was
. judicioufly preferred : the Catholics marched
through the plains of Bulgaria, burning, wath
wanton cruelty, the churches akid villages of the
Chriftian natives ; and their laft ftation was at
Warna, near the fea-lbore ; on which the defeat

and

OF THE RQJtf AN EMPIRE. 14^

and death of Ladiilaus have beftowed a memo-
rable name (^5).

It was on this fatal fpot, that, inftead of find- Battle qf
ing a confederate fleet to fecond their operations, X^D^t'444.
they were alarmed by the apjproach of Amurath Nof- io.
himfelf, who had iflued from his Magnefiaa fo-
litude, and tranfported the forces of Afia to the
defence of Europe. According to fome wa-
ters, the Greek emperor had been awed, or fe-
duced, to grant the palfage of the fiofpborus ;
and an indelible ilain of corruption is fiAcd on
the Genoefe, or the pope^s nephew, the Catho-
lic admiral, whofe mercenary connivance be^
trayed the guard of the Hellefpont. From
Adrianople, the fultan advanced by hafly march-
es, at the head of £jcty thoufand men ; and
when the cardinal, and Huniades, had taken a
nearer furvey of the numbers and order of the
Turks, thefe ardent warriors propofed the tardy
and impraAicable meafure of a retreat. Tiic
king alone was refolved to conquer or die ; and
his refolution had almoft been crowned with a
glorious and falutary viflory. The princes
were oppofite to each other in the centre ; and
the Beglerbegs, or generals of Anatolia and Ro-
mania, commanded on the right and left agaiuil
the adverfe (Jivilionsof the defpotand Uuniades.
The Turkilh wings were broken on the firft on-
let : but the advantage was fsital ; and the rafh
viSbovSy in the heat of the purfuit, were carried
away far from the annoyance of the enemy or
the fupportof their friends. When Amurath

beheld

(^25) Wam4, under the Grecian name of Odeffus, <wa,s a colony of
the Milefians, which they denominated from the hc^o UlyiTes (Cella-
riaa, torn. i. p. 374. d'Anvilic, torn. i. p. 3i2>)- According to Arri-
Ao^s PeripluB of the £uxine (p. 24, ic. in the 1 ft volume cf HudToq's
Ueoeraphers), it wat Atuate 1 740 ftadia, or furlongs, from the mouth
of the Danube, 2140 from Byzantium, and 360 to the north of a ridge
•jr promoDtory of mount H«inu», which advances into the fca.

144 THE DECLINE AND FALL

beheld the flight of his fquadrons, he defpaired
of his fortune and that of the empire : a veteran
Janizary feized his horib's bridle; and he had
magnanimity to pardon and reward the ibldier
who dared to perceive the terror, and arreft the
flight, of his Ibvereign. A copy of the treaty,
the monument of Chriftian perfidy, had been
difplayed in the front of battle; and it is faid,
that the fultan in his diftrefs, lifting his eyes and
his hands to heaven, implored the prottdtion of
the God of truth ; and called on the prophet
Jefus himfelf to avenge the impious mockery of
his name and religion (26). With inferior num*
bers and difordered ranks, the king of Hungary
ruftied forwards in the confidence of viftory, till
his career was flopped by the impenetrable pha-
lanx of the Janizaries. If we may credit the
Ottoman annals, his borfe was pierced by the
^Ijof javelin of Amurath (27); he fell among the
*** fpears of the infantrv ; and a Turkifti Ibldier
proclaimed with a loud voice, ** Hungariaas,
" behold the head of your king!'* The death
of Ladiflaus was the figtial of their defeat. On
his retura from an intemperate purfuit, Hunia*
des deplored his error and the public lofs: he
ftrove to refcue the royal body, till he was over-
whelmed by the tumultuous crowd of the viflors
and vanquifhed ; and the laft efibrts of his cou-
rage and condudl were exerted to fave the rem-
nant of his Walachian cavalry. Ten thoufand

Chriflians

(26) Somt Chriftian writers affirm^ that he drew trom liisboforo
the hoft or wafer on which the treaty had w»t been fwom. The
Moflemt fuppofe, with more fimplicity, an appeal to God and his pro-
phet Jefus, which is likewife infinoated by Callimachus (I.iii. p. 516.
Spondan. A. D. 1444, N^ 8.)-

(t;) A critic w^U always dtftraft ^th fiiSa cpima o[ a viAorious
general, fo difficult for valour to obuin, to eafy for flattery to invent
(Cantemir, p. 90, 91 .). Callimachtts (1. iii. p. 5 1 7.) more fimply and
probably affirms, fup«rTenientibus Janizaris, teionnn multitndine,
Hon tarn confofliis eft, quamobnitus.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 145

Chr^ans were flam ki the difaftroos battlexif
Waroa: tbeloTsof the Torks, tnoie confider^
able in nurtibers} boi^ a fmaller proportion Hi
their total flreugth $ ytt the philofopiHe itikza
was oat afiiaibed to cJikilsfs^ 4liat his ruinimift
be the cdiifequence of a iecond and fimflar ivioM
tory. At hi^ cottitriaiid a cotumn was eieified
onth^ fpot whcTC Ladifhrns had failea r but the
modeft iofcription, inftead o^ accufing the raih*
nefs, retord^ ibe vtflduri iLsid bewaikd dbtf
s&fortuM, cf theHttfigfrrian youth (ed^i -

Before I lofe fight of tbe field of Waiiia, IJ^.^
am tempted to paufe on the chars^r afad liory ^
of two principal aJ^oi'sVthe catdinid Julian and
John'HuAiade^: Julian {is^) C^farini iwas bori
^ a nbble family of Rome: hk ftudieahad edi^
braced both tlfe Latin afiNi Gtieek leamin^y both
tbe feienees of divimty and la^w ; and his twi
iatile getAiis^ ^ad equally )$(4apted totbefchMffa^
the camp,- afid the coui^. No foona: bad :be
been iiH(eft«d\nth the Roman purple^ -than* be
was fern into Germany to adn thb empire 'agailxit
the rebefe ^nd^heretics ^ ^6hemia. Tbe fpiVit
ctf* pet%rdtidM Is unw^y -c^ ar Cbriftiaji^ t^
maitai^'p^^ffioii 111 bedomes a pridft; biit^tbe

Vol. XII. »L ; • ' former

r,..

ipA) Mdliairwv|bl|iteilbtifr«ii.Ae9«6^Wi«»<wiu4are^
CgcBtly cc41ede<l by^pondanus o«r bed authorities are three hifiorf^
Stts of tln^i^A^eetittny, Pkilipp^s CillhnaehM (de Rebo^ t VMifM

'Srft wa^haiim Kc t{iey patfcd their liitos iff Pol^
f Fahric. fiiUioC Latin, mcd. ct infirox'^utis, torn. i. p. 314* vof
IfOi <li Hift. Z^iki. I iii^c. S. 1 1 . fiavk» Dtaiotittaire, B»iir i'« 1 d «>
A fitoaU tnA ol FbUx PcUtficiiWr cAanlc^llor pf Scfciua (a^ caken
Cafpiman. de CKfarlhus, p. 71^—721.), reprefcdU t]te theatre of the
t»ir^ the zvth century.

(29) M. Lenfaat haa delcribcd the origin (Hift. do Condle de Baile,
torn. i. p. 147, BlcX and Bohemian campaign (p* S'S* ^^')j ^ ^^"
dii^ Jidlatr. ' Hit fervices at Bidn and Fenvta, and hW liti£«itatttto
end, er«occsfiaBi|% nliMtfdhy 9pOBd*im, $jU the eoaiaBUMc «f
Fleury.

I4fi THE DECLINE AND FALL

fbroicriiexcufed by. f her tinier ; zipd the latter
>;«ai tofioUed by the .CcHirage of Julian^ who
ftood4auDtle& and ^lone in the djfgracefvl flight
cS ibe German heft< r As the pope's legale^ he
opeoed.Hie council oif Bafil; but the prefident
foon la^ared the r^oftjlrenuou^/^ih^mpion of
eccleiiaflical freedom.; ;and an oppofition of fe-
yen ^teara was condui^^ by bis ability and zeal.
After ]f)rQmoting: th^ ft^ongeft irieafurea againft
the authority and periqniQf E^e^iu;, fpqie fe-
cret motive of intereft or confcience engaged hira
fo ,defcrt/on a fuddc^ the popular party. The
cardinal withdrew : ^infifelf from Ba;Iil jtp Fer-
rari; and, in the -debates of the Gq^Iidb and
Latins,. ;tfaie two nations admired the dexterity of
hia^afrgnments and the^.depth of his thedo^cal
cn^itiori (30). \ In ||is ^ Hungarian ^mbaffy we
have already: feen the mifchievoas eflfedb of his
fophift iy and eloc^ueoce, of which Julian himfelf
9vas;jthe firft yi£hm. The cardinal, who peiv.
$SQ:medjhedjitie3.of.a prieft and afoldier, was
loft m the de^t oi Wai^na. The cjircHmftances
of his death are varioufly related; (but it is be->
lieved, that a weighty i^cambrance of gold im*
^ed J h^$ flighty and tempted the cruel avarice
of fome Chriftian fugitjyes.
John Cor. From an humble, or at leaft a doubtful ori-
nSdci^"' gin, the merit of John Huniades pitxnoted bioi
to the command of the. Hungarian armies* !&
father was a Walachian^ bis inothwaCrreek;
her unknown race might poffibly afcend to the
emperors of Conftanrinoplc ; and the cldAtm of
the Walachians,.. with the furname of Corvinus,
fpm the place of his nativity, might fuggeft a

; thin

- (so) Syropttlus honourably praiics the talents of tn eseniy (p. 1 1 7.}:

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 147

thmpteteDcefor mii^Iing his blood with the
patricians. of aadent Rome (3 1). In his youth
he ferved in.the wars of Italy; and was retain*
ed> with twelve horfcoaen, by thebiihopof Za<^
grab: the valour of the wfjife knight ^{^2) was
Ibonconijpicuous; beencreafe4 his fortunes by
anobleand wealthy marriage; and in the de-
fenqe of the Hungarian borders, he won in the
iame year three battles againft the Turks. By
^ injQuence, Ladiilaus of Poland obtained xht
crown of Hungary, and the important fervice
was rewarded %- the title and office of Waivod
of Tranfylvania. The firft of Julian's crufades
added two Turkifli laurels 01^ bis. brow; and in
the public (Uftreis the fatal errprs of Warna wer^
forgotten* During the abfence and miuority of
Ladiilaus of Aufiria, the titular king, Huniades
was ele£bed fupreme captain and .governor of
Hungary; wd if envy at;^r£bwas filenced by
terror, a reign of twelve years fuppofesrihe arts
of policy as well as of * war. Yet the idea of a
confummate general is not delineated in his cam-
paigns ; the wl^ite knight fought with the.hand
rather than the head, as the chief of defultory
Barbarians, -who attack without fear and fly
witholit (hame ; and his military life is compofed
of a romantic alternadve of yidories and e&
capes. By the Turks, who emjployed his name
to frighten their perverfe children, he was cor^
ruptly denominated Jaticus h^n, or the Wick«
L 2 edt

() I ) See B^nfimu^ lieca^ lii. 1. !▼. p. 415. Oouid tKe-ftaliao Iiifto*
Hail prdnmmce, br tbe kiHg of HUsgary hear^ wfchout m bhfli, thft
aliTiira flattery, which confounded mt name of a Wabchian Tillage
with the cafuai, though elorious, epithet of a fingle branch of the
Vaderian fiunily at Rome /

(^a) Philip de Ooniinet ^Mimoifea, L Ti-c. i^Oi from the tradt-
tion-of the tuiet, nxntinnthim with high enoomiu^ns, hut under the
whimficalname of the ChcTaUef Bhnc de Valaigne (Vabwhia> The
iiKekCfaalcocoodrl^ andtheTttrkifli.ABnb of LeuscUYiua, pra^
fame to accnie hit fidelity or valour. ^

148 Tflt DIG LINE AND PALL

ed : their hatred w the proof ef i^iek eAeem^
the kingdom which he guarded was inacceffiUe
to their strms; and they .felbhim moft daviog and
formidable, ^vhen they fendly bdirrcd (he cap-
tain and bi& country if Vecovetably ^oft; Inftead
of confining hiinfelf to a defenfev^ wat, iom
ye^rs after the defeat of Warna he again pene-^
trated into the heart c^ Bulgaria: and in tiie

Slain of Coffova fbftained, till the tnirtf day, the
lock of the Ottoman army, fimr tiiMes- more
nmnerou^ than his own. As- he fled alone
thrdogh the woods of Walachia, the hem wa&
furprifed by two robbers ; but while they dit
|mted a gold chaw that hung at his neck, he re^
covered his fword, flew the Oipe, terrified, the
other, and, afte?r new perils of capti^ky or
death, conlbled by bis prefenie^^ a6 afflified
kingdom. But the lafi dbnd moft glMious: zQkfiL
of nis life was* the defence of ;Bc%rade againft
the' powers of H^hbirict the fecimd in perfon.
HUdrfcnce After a ficgc tf fiprty days> theTtirks, who had
and^di. *dlieady enteJcd^eloWn^ were edrnpelled to le^
^.^•»4Sr^»treat; and the joyful nations celebrated Hn&B-
s!lp[.^' ades and Belgrade ^s the bulwarks «>f €hriften>
dom (33). . About af.raotrth affet this great de-
liverance, the ch^tnpTOQ expired ; .and' his moft
fpilendid epitaph is tht rtgpct f)f *he Ottoman
prince, who fighetj that he eoukf )ti6 I&hger hope
for revenge agaiiiifi! the iitigte anHagonift who had
triumphed over' his arnw. . On thtfirft vacancy
tof the throne, Matthns Corvinus, a youth of
eighteen years of age, was eleded and crowned
hy the gcatefiA Hungarians. His reign was

pi^perous
•

\ti) ^ B0nlbids{di9A^iii. t. i4ii. p. 49a.) and Sp«idMnf ( A.I>.
l4S5, N9 t^f.)* Hwiaden flwred the ^017 el the defeaet «f. ht3^-
^rskde- widi Cftpiftnw, ■ Vrtaciibui frisr { a&A ha thdr sefpedWe ntr>
fttSyat, iieitheriheflLinfMor^htrocofiMcca<tdt«Wiiotice.o£J^
^Tal*i merit. *

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 149

profpcious and long : Matthias afpired to tbe
^loi^of a couqueror and a faint ; but bis pureft
cacnt is the encouragement of learning ; and
ihe Latin orators and hiftortans, who were in-
vited from Italy by the (on, have Ihed the luf-
tre of their eloquence on the fother^s charac-
ter (34).

In the lift of heroes, Johri Huntades andsirthand
Scanderbeg are commonly affociated (35) : andof sTw^r-
they are both en tided to qur notice, fince their b«?'P"n«c
occupation of ihe Ottoman arms delayed the** a. d.**'
ruin of the Greek empire. John Caftriot, theJ**4-«4*3,
£ither of Scanderbeg (36), was the hereditary
prince of a fmall diftri6l pf Epirus or Albania,
between the mountains and the Adriatic fea.
Unable to contend with the fulian's power,
Caftriot fdbmitted to the bard conditions of
peace and tribute : be delivcf ed his four fons as
the pledges of his fidelity; and the Chriftian
youths, aJ&er. receiving the markof circurndfion,
were inftrufted in tbe Mahometan religion, and
tiained in the arms axxd arts of Turkilh po-
key

^34) Sec Bonfinius^ decac! ui. 1. vni-— dccad Iv. !, Tin. The obfcrva-
tions of Spondanu«on the life aad chacaAcr of M«tth»t Coryiuin^afe
<ttriousaadd'itieal(A.D. 14^4, N^ i. 1475. N®^- U7^».N^ 14—1^
■490, V9 4, $.). luUan Came was the objcA of his ▼anitv. His aeilio»»
arc cekbratetl in the Epkome Rerum Hu^garicanim (p, )%2-»4iti}
of Peter RaxvjiDUB, a Sicilian, His wife and facetious faylnp arc
regiilered by Galcftus Maitius of Narni (5x8— 5^8.): and wc hayc a
^rticvUr ninntiTe of hit weddipg and coronation. The£e three
trads are all conuined in the 1 ft vol.of BeTs Scriptores Rerum Hun-
garicarunu

<)5) They are ranked ^by Sir Wariam Temple, in his piMfinr £(-
lay on Heroic Virt«e (works, vol. iii. j). J&s)» *«><>05 ^ »cvcii
chiefs wlio liave defcrreci, without wearing, • royal crown ( Belil»-
Tins, Narfes, GonAlvo of Cordova, William firft prince of Orange,
ASesandor duke of Parma, John Huniades, and George Caflfiot, or
Scanderbeg.

^^) 1 eonld wiih for Tome flnlple, attUientjc meoMhrs of tifngafd
tkf Scanderbeg, wliich would introduce me to the man, the tiihc,and
the place. In the old and national hiftory of Marinus Barletius, a
prieft of Soodra (de Vita, Moribus, et Rebus geftis Goorpi Caftrioti,
(kc. libri ^tift. pp. 367. Argentorat. i5$7» "^ ^'O* ^" gawdy and
comberibme robet are ftnck with miny faJfe jewels. See Ukewife
Chakocondjlcs, 1. vii. p. 18$. 1. vlii. p. 4-1^.

I50 THE DECLINE AND FALL

licy (37). The three elder brothers were con-
founded in the crowd of flaves ; and the poi-
fon to which their deaths are afcdbed, cannot
be verified or difproved by any pofiiive evi-
dence. Yet the fufpicion is in a great meafare
removed by the kind and paternal treatment of
George Caftriot, the fpurth brother, who from
his tender vouth, difplayed the ftrength and
ipirit of a loldier. The fucceflive overthow of
a Tartar and two Perfians, who carried a proud
defiance to the Turkifh court, recommended
him to the favour of Amurath, arid his Turkifli
appellation of Scanderbeg (JJkendtr Beg), or the
lord Alexander, is an indelible memorial of his
glory and fervitude. His father's piincipality
was reduced into a province : but the lols was
compenfated by the rank and title of Sanjbfc,
a command of five thoufahd horfe, and the
profpe6l of the firft dignities of the empire.
He ferved with honour in the wars of Europe
and Afia ; and we may fmile at the art or cre-
dulity of the hiftorian, Who fuppofcs, thiat in
every encounter he fpared the Chriftians, while
^e fell with a thundering arm on his Mufulman
foes. The glory oif Huniadcs is without rq-
proach ; he fought in the defence of his religion
and country ; but the enemies who applaud
the patriot, have br^d^d his rival with the
name of traitor ^nd apoftate. In the eyes of
the Chriftians, the rebellion of Scanderbeg is
juftificd by his father's wrongs, the ambiguous
death of his three brothers, his own degrada-
tion, and the flavery of his country j and thev
adore the generous, though tardy, zeal, witb
tvhich he allerted the feith and independence of

* bii

(37) Hi* circfundfion, education, &c. ar^jnarkoJl^y Mariauswith
brevity and rcludancc (\. i.p. 6, 7.)..

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRB. 151

his aooeftois. But he had imbibed firom his
ninth year the do£lnnes of the Koran ; he was
ignorant of the Gofpel ; the oeligbn of a foU
dier is determined by authority and habit ;.. nor
is it eafy to conceive what new illamination at
the age of &>rty (38) could be poured into his
foul. His nx>tives would be kfs expofed to the
fufpicioQ of intereft or rereB^e^ had he broken
his chain from the moment' that he was fenfible
of its weight: but a.long oblivion had furely
impaired has original right;, and every year o£
obedience and rewaid had cemented the mutual
bond of the fultan and his fuUt^t If Scander-
beg had kmg harboured the belief of Ghriftia-
nity and the intention of revolt^ a worthy
mind muft condemn the bafe diilimulatioD, that
could iierve only to betray^, that could promiie
only to be fbrfwom, that could adively join
the temporal and fpiritual perdition of fo many
tboufamls of his unhappy brethren. Shall we
praife a fecret correfpondesice with Huniades,
while he conmianded the vanguard of theTur-HU nroit
kiih army? ihall we excufe the defertion of his^^J^
ftandard, a treacherous, defertion which aban- a. 0.1443,
doned the viflory to the enemies of bis benc-^*^' *^'
faL&OT ? In the confuiion. of a defeat, the eye
of Scaoderbeg was fixed on the Reis Efiendi
or principal fecretary : with the dagger at his
breaft, he extorted a firman or patent for the
government of Albania ; and the murder of the
guiltlefs fcribe and his train, prevwted'tbe
confequence^ pf an immediale dilcQvenr* iWith

' . fome

(38) Since Scapderbeg died A.. D^ iM^ in tlie ^j4 ^r.of btr Ag^
(Mannus, f. itii. p. ^>o.;,be vf2s born tn 1403 ; flnce he was torn from
his parentt hj the Turks, when he was a^vrjuu/ (Marinui , 1. i. p. 1.6.),
that event muft have happened in 1 4 1 1, nine fCAn before the accefliion
of Amnrath II. who muft have inherited, not acquired, the A^bapian
flave. Spoadanas litts remarked this IncfmG&mdft A. D. 143 1 > N^ 3 1 .
1443. N^ 14.

iSt THE DECjLINE AND :F ALL

fotne bold compaiddna, to vdiotn he had leveaU
cd fait defigB, be efcaped ia the nighty by rapid
mardie^ iroqi the field' of battle to his pa^^
temal diotuiitainf' The gates of Gioya were
t^oed lb the rapt mandate ; and no foooer
did heidcNQmaiid the fortppls, tban^Qeorge Cai^
trtotdiopt the aaflc^if djflumilatioB ; abjiured
the prophet and che fuitan, anid proclaimed
hitnfelf the aveager of bis family ^ikL coontry.
The names of migic^atid liberty provoked a
general revolt; die- Albanians, a maitial race^
Were unafiimbus to live knd die widi tbcir here^'
ditary prince^ and the Ottoman ganifqns were
indulged in the ehoicie 6f inartyrdom or baptifm.
In the aflembty of ^e fiates of £piiufi, Scao^
6eAeg was ele£led general of the Turkifli war i^
and each €)f he aHies engaged to funriih his re-
fpedive proportion of men atul money. . From
thefe contributions, from his patrimooial eflate,
and firoQi the valuaUe falt-pi^d of Selina, he;
drew an annual revenue of two hundred thou-
fand ducats (39) ; and the entire fum, esempt
from the demands of luxury, was ftridly ap>
propriated to the public ufe. His manners were
popular ; but his dilcipline was fevere ; and
every fuperfhious vice was baniAied from bb
ciamp : his example ftrengthened his dommand i
and under his conduA, the Albanians were ia-
vincible in their oVm opinion and that of their
enemies. 'The braVeft adventurers of France
and Germany wcfre allured by his fame and re-
tained in his fervice: his {landing militia con-
lifted of eight thoufand horfe and fevea thou-
fand foot ; the horfes were fmall, the men were
His vaiour.aftivc : but he viewed with a dircerting eye the

difficulties

(ssi) Hip fVYfOM wd forcfs auP9 tuckilT givci».b¥.]l^totiiitt (L u.
p. 440-

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 153

difficulties and tdburces of the mounttins ;
and, at the blase of the beacons, the whole na*
tioa wasdiftribtitedin tbeftron^ pofts. Wilb
fuch unequal arms, Scanderbeg refitted twenty,
three years the powen of the Ottomaa empire;
and two conquerors, Amurath the fecond, and
his greater fon, w^re repeaiedly baffled by k
rebel, whom they purfued wkh feeming con-
tempt and implacable refentment. At the head
of nzty thoufand borfe andibrty thoufand Jani-
zaries, Aiifiurath entered Albania ; he might ra-
vage the open country, occupy the defencelefs
towns, convert thi churches into mofchs, dr-
cumcife the Ghriftian youths, and puniih with
death his adult and obttinate captives : but the
conquefts- of* the fultan were 'confined to the
petty fortrefe of Sfetigrade ; and the gartilbn,
invincible to his arms, was oppreffed by a pal-
try artifice and a fuperftitious fcniple (40).
Amurath tetirisd with iliame and lofs from the
walls of CFoya, the caftle and refidence of the
Caftriota; the march, the liege, the retreat, were
harafled by a vexatious, and almoft invifible,
adverfary (41); and the difappointment might
tend to embitter, perhaps to fhorten, the lad
days of the fultan (4.2). In the fulnefs of con-
queft, Mahomet the fecond ftill felt at his bo-
jfom this domeftic thorn : his lieutenants were

permitted

{40) llieK w«rc two D&ias, the upper and lower, tlie Balgarin

aad Albanian : the former 70 miles from. Oroya (1. i. p. 17.), was
contiguous to the fortrefs of Sfetigrade, whofe inhabitants refofed to
drink from a well into which a dead dog had traiteroufiy been csuft
{L y. p. 139, 140.)- We want a good map of Epirus.

(41) Compare the Turkiih narrative ot Cantemir Tp. ^a«), with
the pompous and prolix declamation in the 4th, <th, ana 6th books of
the Albanian prieil, who has been copiod by the tribe of ibangors
and modems.

(42) In honour of his hero, Barletiu&O* ^J*P* iS8-^i9i.) kills the
fultan, by di&afe indeed^ under the walls of Croya. But thb auda-
cious fiaion is difproved by the Greeks and Turks, who agree ia
the time and manner of Amurath'a death at Adrianople.

154 THE DECLINE AN.D. FALL

pcrnritted to negociatc a truce ; and the Alba-
nian prince may jnftly be prai^ as a firm and
able champion of his natural independence.
The enthufiafm of chivalry and religion has
ranked him with the names of Alexander and
Pyrrhus ; nor would they blulh to acknowledge
their intrepid countryman : but bis narrow do-
minion> and flender powers, muft leave bim at
an humble diftance below the hei^oes of anti-
quity, who triumphed over the Eaft and the
Koman legions. His fplendid atchievements,
the baihas whom he encountered^ the armies
ihat he difcomfited, and the three thoufand
Turks who were (lain by his fingle hand, muft
be weighed in the fcales of fufpicious criti-
cifm. Againft an illiterate enemy, and in the
dark folitude of Epirus, bis partial biograjAers
may fafcly indulge the latitude of romance : but
their fidions are expofed by the light of Italian
hiftory ; and they afibrd a ftrong prefumption
againft their own truth, by a fabulous tale of
his exploits, when he pafled the Adriatic with
eight himdred horfe to the fuccour of the king
of Naples (43). Without difparagement to his
fame, they might have owned that he was final-
ly oppreffed by the Ottoman powers : in hb cx-
. treme danger, he applied to pope Pius the fc-
ana drath, coud for a refuge in the eccleliaftical ftate ; and
touirVt;!^^^ refources were almoft exhaufted, fince Scan-
derbeg died a fugitive at Liffus on the Venetian
territory (44X His fepulchre was foon violated

by

icthnw

Sec the marvels of his Calabrian expedition in the oth and
Kooks of Marinas Barletius, which may be Verified by tneteftt->
monr or filence of Morafori (Annali, d*Italia, torn. xiii. p. 191.),
and his original authors (Joh. Simonetta de Rebos Franctfci Sfortix,
in Muratori, Script.' Rerum Ital. torn. zxi. p. 728. et alias). The AI-.
banian cavalry, under the n«ime of StraJhtr, foon became famous in
the wSrs of Italy (Memoircs de Comines, I. viii. c. 5.).
• (44) Spondanus, from the bcft evidence and the moft rational cri-

ticifih.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 155

by the Turkifli conquerors } but the Janizaries,
\vho \rore his bones enchafed in a bracelet, de-
clared by this fuperfiitious amulet their invo-
luntary reverence for his valour. The inlhmt
ruin of his country may redoxmd to the hero'^s
glory ; yet, had he balanced the confequences
of fubmiiiion and rcfiftance, a patriot perhaps
would have declined the unequal conteft which
muft depend on the life and genius of one man.
Scanderbcg might indeed be fupported by the
rational^ though fallacious, hope, that the pope«
the king of Naples, and the Venetian republic,
would join in the defence of a free and' Chrit
tian people, who guarded* the fea-coaft of the
Adriatic, and the narrow paiTage from Greece
to Italy. His infant Ion was faved from the na-
tional fhipwreck ; the Caftriots (45) were invert-
ed with a Neapolitan dukedom, and their blood
continues to flow in the nobleft families of the
realm. A colony of Albanian fugitives ob-
tained a fettlement in Calabria, and they pre-
ferve at this day the language and manners of
their anceftors (46).

In the long career of the decline and fall of^**"^*"-
the Roman empire, I have reached at length uao( the
the laft reign of the princes of Conftantinoplc, Jj^J^^^^«"
who fo feebly fuftained the name and majcftyixror»,*
of the Caefars. On the deceafe of John Pate.^;J|-^'j[f''
ologus, who furvived about four years the Huh-a.d. 1453,
garian crufade (47), the royal family, by the ^^^'^

death

ticifm, hat rcdnced the etant Scandcrlieg to the human Htc (A. D.
i46i,.l<r' 1*. 1463, N*9. 1465. N® la, 13. 1467, N^ i). Hu
own letter to the pope, and the teftimony of Phranssa (1. in. c. 28.)>
arefofce in the neighfaouring ifie of Corfa, demonfirate his lall dif*
trefs, whidt it awkwardly concealed by*MarinusBarletius (I. x.).

(45) See the fkmUy of the Caftrioti, in Ducangc (Fam. Dalniaticx,
&c. rfiit. p. 34*^3So*)-

(46) Tbifl colony, of Alhaoefe is mentioned by Mr. Swinburne
(TraTcIsinto the Two Sicilies, vol. i.p. 350-^354-)'

(47) The dtfosology of Phranza is clear and authentic ; but inftead

of

156 THE DECLINE ANI^ FALL

death of Andronicus and the mooaftic profeflkxi
of liidore, ^as reduced to three priaces. Con*
fiantine, I)emetriu3» and Thomas, (he furviviag
fons of the emperor Manuel. Of thefe the firft
and tbe laft were far diftaat in the Mprea ; hut
Demetrius, who poileifed the domain of Sely-
bria, was in the fuburbs, at the head of a par-
ty : his ambition was not chilled by the public
<tiftTeiB ; and his coofpiracy with the Turks and
the ichifmatics had already dillurbed the peace
of his country. The funeral of the late empcs
ror was accelerated with lingular and even lul-
picious hafte ; tbe claim of Demetrius to the
vacant throne was juilified by a trite and flimfy
fophi&n, that he was born in the purple, the
eldeft fon of his father's reign. But the emprefs-
mother, the fenate and foldiers, the clergy and
people, were unanimous in the caufe of the law-
ful fucceffor ; and the defpot Thomas, who, ig-
norant of the change, accidentally returned to
the capital, afferted with becoming zeal the io-
tereft of his abfent brother. An arabaffador,
the hiftorian Phranza, was immediately dif-
patched to the court of Adrianople. Amurath
received him with honour and dilmified him
with gifts ; but the gracious approbation of the
Turkiih fultan announced his fupremacy> and
the approaching down£tl of the Eailem em-
pire. By the hands of two illuftrious deputies,
the Imperial crown was placed at Sparta on
tbe head of Conftantine. In the fpring he
failed from the Morea, efcaped tbe encounter
of a Turkiih fquadron, enjoyed the acclamar
tions of his fubjeds, celebrated the feilival of
a new reign, and ezhaufted by his donatives

the

of four yean and fcvep months, Spondanus (A. D. r AISi N* 7*) affigps
fefCft or eight years to the reign of the laft Condantlne, wtiich he de-
faces from afportous epifUe of EugeninsIV. toihe king of JEthiopia,

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

IS7

die tieafoie, or rather the i&digeiice, of the
ftite. The emperor immediately refiigned to
his brothers the pc^efBon of t}ie Morea ; and
the brittle frieodfliip of the two princes, De*
metrius and Thomas^ was confirmed in their
mother's prefence by the frail fecurity of oatha
and embraees. His next occupation was the
choice of a oonfort A idaughter of the doge
of Venice had been propofed; but the Byzan-
uoe nobles .ofajedled the diftance between an
hereditary monarch and an ele£live magiftrate ;
and in their fubfcquent diflbEe&y the chief of
that powerfaL repuldic wai not unmindfbl of
the affront. Gonftantine afterwards hefitaled
hetween the rof al fmnlies of Trebizond and
Georgia ; and tiie: tmhaSy of Phranza repK^
fents in bis pnUic and private. life the laft da3r8
of the Byzantine empire (4&).

The fnOffuefiiari, or great chandberlain, Phran*£oii>2ffi«*
aafailedfiomCionftantinapleasdie minifter or^^^*'
a bridegroom ; and the relics of wealth and uso-usi.
hutury were apfilied tx> bis pompous appear-
ance. Uis nnmeroos retinae confifted c^ nobles
and guards, of ;d)3r{icians smd monks; ht was
attemied by a bafiid cf mnfic ; and the term of
his eoftly embaffy was protraded above two
years. On his arrival in Georgia or Iberia, the
nati^^es from the towns and villages ffocked
arotind the firaogers; and^och was their fim?-
plicity, that they were delighted with the effefis,
wkhout underfianding the cauie, of mulical bar^
mony. Among the crowd was an old man^
above an hundred years of age» who had for*
metly been Carried away a captive by the Bar-
barians (49)^ and who amufed his. hearers witli

a tale

(48) Phnuisa (U ii|. c i««-^.) deierTQt.Gro4it aad «ibem. .

(49) Soppsfe himM hv9^ kco cay tured in ijjMt io.Timout'&firft
war ia Georgia (SbcrcftMn, 1^ iii. c«so.) ;• he might ^Uovir his Tar
tar maiUr into HindoAan in 1398, and from thence fail to the fpic«
iflands.

158 THE DECLIKE AND FALL

a fale of the wonders of India (50), from
ivbeiice he had returned to Portugal by an un-
known fea(5i). From this hofpitable land^
Phranza proceeded to the court of Trebizond,
where he was informed by the Greek prince
of the recent deceafe of Amurath. Inftead of
rejoicing in the deliverance, the experienced
ftatefman exprefled his apprebenficffi, that an
ambitious youth would not long adhere to the
fage and pacific fyftem of his father. After the
fultan's deceafe, his Chriftian wife Maria (52),
the daughter of the Servian defpot, had been
honourably reftored to her parents 4 on the
fame of her beauty and merit, (he was recom-
mended by the ambaflador as the moft worthy
obje£t of the royal choice ; and Phranza reca-
pitulates and refutes the fpedous objefiions that
might be raifed againft the propofaL The ma-
jefty of the purple would ennoble an unequal
alliance ; the bar of affinity might be removed
by liberal alms and the difp^ation of the
church ; the difgrace of Turkifh nuptials had
V }^en repeatedly overlooked ; and, though the
fair Maria was near fifty years of age^ ihe
might yet hope to give an hiieir to the empire.

Con-

' (50) The happy and pious Indiani lived aa hundreU^d fifty ycun^
and enjoyed the moft porfcdk produdinns of the vegetable and mineral
kingdoms. The animals wcie on a lar^ fcale ; £agont feventjr cu-
\nts^ ami (the firmicm ImJifaJ nin^ inches Ungt ihcep like elephantSj
elephants like (heep. Quidlibet audendi, &c.
' (5 ) ) He failed in a country veflei from tk» Ipioe'iflaad to one of
tt^^rtsof the exterior India, invenitque navem^aiidem Ibtrifam^
^ua ID PsKtuealtiam eft delatus. This pafla^, compofed in 14.^7
t^Phranea, 1- lii. c. 30.), twenty yeara before the dtfc^Tery of cb«
Cape of Good Hope, is fpurious or wonderful. But this new geo-
frruphy is fullied by the old and incompatible error which places thd
ro4irce'of the Mile ill lod2»«

f$i) Cantemir (p. 83. \' who ftyles her the daughter of Lazarus
Ogli, and the Helen of tne Serrians, places W marriage with Amu-
rath itt the year 1 414. It will not eaulf be be^vedi that in fix<>ajid-
twenty years coh^tation, the fultan conmsejus non tetigit. After
the taking; of Conftantinople, (he fled to Mahomet tl, (Phranza, k j
iii.c.t).)*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 159

GonAautsne liftened to the advice^ which was
traniiiikted in the firft ihip that failed from Tue-
hizood ; but the h£d<m9 of the court oppofed
his marriage ; aad it was finaUy prevented by
the pious vow ^f the fultana» who ended her
days in the moaaftic pro&fli<x). Reduced to
the firft alteraatiyey the choice of Phranza was
decided in favour of a Geoi^iao princefs ; ai^d
the vanity of her £ither was dazzled by the
glorious alliance* Inftead of demanding, ae-
cording to the primitive and national cufiom, a-
price for his danghtca; (53 )> he offered a portiou-
of fifty-fix thoulaj^d» with an annual penfionof'
five thodand, ducats ; and the fervioes of the
ambafladoc weie [repaid ibyiaia a0u):anc6> ^tf
as bb Ion had b^n. ad^ptddin^ h^piiim \>y'
the emperor, the eftabliihn»^ot of his da^b^F>
ftould be the peculiar care of ihe emprefs oC
Ccmftantinople. On d^e returh of Phr<in^aj .tb^,
treaty was ratified by the Gr^ monard^^ who
with his owA hai^ iB[q>refied. three YermiUiQn-
crofles on.tbe goldea bulK aQd ftfiftrjed thcf <Je^r-
gian envoy, th4t in the fpi^ij^^bis galUes iho^d'
condnAthe \>ride (o her loiperijil! palace^ ,£ut
Conftantine eitibraced hisrr faithful fervant, pot
with the. cold appi:qbatij?i> oX <a .foveyeig^^ : hue
with the warm ^ioaafidieiic^ pf :. a. .friend^ iWhq,i
after a long abfesuce, is impatii^t to pouif his
iecrets into &e boiQid of . bia' friend. *' ^^^^h'^V^n
« the death of mj *othe(r ^«d icif 9^ntaQH«»pe>iinc c^'
" who alone advifed me TOthijJijt inteWft Qf^pafc
« fion (54),' I am furroujs^^J.feld the ea^p^j

<S3) The dBAcal reuUr wUl re6c)1k4b fbe Affeto of Agft9^mAoi>.
(tliftdl. V. 1 44.^, and the general praSIcc of antiquity.

($4) Caiktacozene (iam-irnoraiit of bii-reUiionto the emJperor'M'
thatname^ waa great: domeKic, a firm afletter of t^c Greek; CFced,
afida brother of the qu^n of Serria, vAiom he vifited with* tne 'cha-
ncer iof ambaflador (Syropultti, p*379 38. 4$-)*

26o THE DECLINE AND FALL

ror^ *f by men whom I am -neither love^ nor
'< truft) nor edeeni. You are not a ibaa^ to
'< Lucas Notaras) the great admiral ; obftinaiely
*' attached to his own fentfane^s, be declares,
'< both in private and public, that hi^fefitim^nts
<« are the abfolute meafure of my thoughts and
'^ adions. The reft of the Courtiers ate fwayed
'^ by their perfonal or fadiousx'iews • and how
'< can t confult the monks on cpttftbnsof policy
*<-and marriage ? I have yet much employment
^' for your diligence and fidelity* In the fpring
*' you ihall engage one of my moAen to folicit.
«« the fuccour of the Weftempwrei^; from the
*< Morea you (hall fail to Gypktt on a patticu-
'< lat commiflimi ; and from thence piioceed fo
^ Georgia to receive and cdudud the future
•^ ^mprefs/* '^ Y<H;iroommands5^ replied Phran-
2^a5 ^ are irrefiflible ^ but deign, great fir,^ he
added, with a feriou^fmilci '^ to coniider, that
*• if I am thu^ perpetually abfent from my fa-
^* mil^y my wife may be ^mpted either to feek
^' anothei^ hufband) or to throw herfelf into a
*< monaftery*'' ' After laughing at his apprehen-
fions, the emjiefor mbfe gfdvely^GQ»K>led him
by the pleafing al{u#ance, that j^irfliouldbe his
laft fervlce abroad, and that he deftined for bis
fon, a wealthy and noble hekeft ; for himself,
the important oilice<if great idgothete, or prin-
cipal miniiler of ftate. The niarrikge was im^
mediately ftipulatedi but the 4>ffiee) however
incdijipatible with his owd, had been ufotped
by the ambitloii of the admlmU -Some delay
. wa& requifite to negociate a confent and an
equivalent ; and the nomination of Phranza was
half dedated, and half fuppteffed, left it m^ht
be dii^eafing to an iafoleat and powerfol &*
vourite. The wmt^r was fpcnt in the prepara-
tions

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. i6i

tions of his embaffy, and Phranza had refolved,
that the youth his fon ihoold embrace this op-
portumty of foreign travel, and be left, on the
appearance of danger, with his matemal kindred
ta the Moiea. Such were the privilte and public
defigns, which were interrupted by a l\irkilh
war, and finally buried in the ruins of the em-
pire.

Voi-XIL M CPAP-

i€i '3PHED1E€Lii»E AKD FALL

CHAP. LXVIIL

keign and Cha7'ader of Mahomet the Second.-'^
Siege, AJfaultj and fnal Conquejiy of Omfian^
iinople by the Turks. — Death of Conftantine Pa-
laoiogus. — Servitude of the Greeks. — Extindion
of the Roman Entire in the Eaft. — Conferndtion
of Europe. — Conquefs and Death of Mahomet
the Second.

charaaer 1 H E ficgc of Conftantinoplc by the Turks
meulf ^ attrafts our firft attention to the perlon and cba-
rafler of the great deftroyer. Mahomet the fe-
cond ( I ) was tbefon of the fecond Amurath ; and
though his mother has been decorated with the
titles of Chriftian and princefs, flic is more proba-
bly confounded with the numerous concubines
who peopled from every elimate the haram of the
fultan. Hts firft education and fentiments were
thofe of a dcvoiit Mufulma ; and as often as he
converfed with an iafidM, he purified his hands
and &oe by tint kigkl tilKS of ablution. Age
and «ropm afBf^ear to haw relaxed this narrow
bigotry : his afpiring genius difdained to ac-
knowledge a power above his own ; and in his
loofer hours he prefumed (it is faid) to brand the
prophet of Mecca as a robber and impoftor-
. Yet

(i ) For the charader of Mahomet 11. it is dangerous to truft eather
the Turks or the Chriftians. The moft moderate pidure appears to
l»e drawn by Phraoza (l. i. c. 33.), whofe refentment had cooled in
age and folitude ; fee likewife Spondanus (A. D. 1451, N° 1 1.}, and
the continuator of Fleury (torn. zxii. p. S5^0> ^^ EUgia of Faulus
Jovius (1. ill. p. itf4**i66.), and the Didionnaire de Bayle (torn. iii. p.
a7a— a79-)-

OF THE ROMAN EMPIAR i53

Yet the fultan perfevered in a decent reverence
for the dodrine and difcipline of the Koran (2) :
his private indilcretion muft have been facred
from the vulgar ear ; and We Ihould fufpeft the
credulity of ftrangers and fe&aries, fo prone to
believe that a mind which is hardened againft
truths muft be armed with fuperior contempt
for abfardity and error. Under the tuition of
the molt &ilfiil mailers^ Mahomet advanced
with an early and rapid progrefs in the patbs of
knowledge; and foc£ides pis native tongue, it is
affirmed that he fpoke or lunderftood five lan-
g^g^s (3), the Arabic, the Perfian, the Chal-
dsan or Hebrew, the Latin, and the Gceek;
The Perlian might indeed contribute to his
amuiement, and the Arabic to his edification j
and fuch ftudies are familiar to the Oriental
youth* In the inteccourfe of the Greeks and
Turks, a conqueror might wifh to converfe with
the people over who;n he was ambitious to
reign: his own praifes in X^tin jpoetry (4) or
profe (5) might find a paflage to the royal ear;
but what nfe or merit could recommend to the
ftatefman or the fcholar the uncouth dialedl of^
his Hcfbrew flaves ? The hiftory and geography
of the world were familiar to his memory : thel
M 2 Uvea

(t) CaBtemlr (p, iisOs and tiie mofchs wiiich he founded, attefl
Kit public regard for reUgioo. Mahomet freely difpnted ^ith the pa-^
tnarch Gennadiui on the two religious (Spond. A. D. I4$3« N^ ai.).

(3) ^in<rie Imguas Pfster fuilm noTerat; Grsecam; Latinam,
Cfaaldaicam, Perficath. Th* Latin tranflmtor of Phranza has dropt
the Arabic, whidi the Koran muft recommend to every Muiulman.
. (4) Fhilelphus, by a JLatin ode, reouefted and oht^tined the liberty
of his wife's mother and fiftcrs ffom the conqueror of Conftantinoplei
h wjBdeliver<ed into the fultan's hai^dsby the envoys of the duke of
Mauu Philelphus himfelf was fnfpeded of a defign of reth-ing toi
Cooftantfaionle; yet the orator olten £b>inded the trumpet of holy war
(fee his JUfe by M. Lancelot, in the Memoires de TAcad^mie des In-
Icriptions, tom.x.p. 71S.714, &c.)»

(5) Robert V^lturio publiihed at Verona, in 1483, his xii bocAa de
Re MiUtan, in which he firft mentions the uio of boinbsj fiy ht^
patron Sigifmond Malatefia, prince of Rimim, it had been addrefled
with a JLatin epiftle to Mahomet li.

i64 THE DECLlNfi AND FALL

lives of the heroes of the Eaft, {)erhaps of the
Weft (6), excited his emulatioA : his ikill in
aftrology is excufed by the folly of the times, and
fuppofes fome rudiments of mathematics (ci-
cncc ; and a profane tafte for the arts is betrayed
in his liberal invitation and reward of the pjamt*
crs of Italy (7). But the influence of religion
and learning were employed without efiedl on
his favage and licentious nature. I will not
tranfcribe, nor do I firmly believe, theftoriesof
his fourteen pages, whofe bellies were ripped
open in fearch of a ilolen melon ; or of the
beauteous flave, whofe head he fevered from
her body, to convince the Janizaries that their
mailer was not the votary of love. His fobriety
is atteiled by the fil^nce of the Turkiih annals,
which accufe tjiree, and three only, of the Ot-
tomat line of the vice of drunkennefs (8). But
it cannot be denied that his paflions were at once
furious and itexorable; that in the palace, as in:
the field, a torrent of blood was fpilt on the
flighteft provocation ; and that the nobleft of
the captive youth were often difhonoured by bis
unnatural luft. In the Albanian'wai^, he ftudied
the lefibns, and foon furpafled the example, of
his &ther ; and the coDqueft of two empires,
twelve kingdoms, and two hundred cities, a vain

and

(6) Accordine to Phranza, he affidaoufly ftudiedthc Ixvet and sec-
tion* of Aleiander, Auguftus, Conftanttne, and Theodofiut. I have
read fomewhere, that Phitarch's Livei were tranilated by his drdera
into the Turkiih language. If the fultan himfclf onderfiood Greek,
It mud have been for the benefit of hii ftibje^t. Yet thefe lives are
a fchool of freedom as well as of valour.

(7) The famous Gentile Bellino, whom he had invited from Venice,
wasdiiimfled with a chain and collar of gokl« and a pnrfe of 3000
ducats. With Vohaire, 1 laugh at the foolifli ftory of a fiave pwpofe«r
ly beheaded, to inilruft tbe painter in the aAiMi <k the mvfdcs.

^8) Thefc Imperial drunkards were Soliman 1. Selim II. and Amu^
rath i V. (Cantemlr, p. 6 l«). The fophis of Perfia can produce a mere
regular fttcceffioni and ih thelaftage, our European tc^velitra were
the witneffesand companions of theic revels.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 165

and flattering account, is afcribed to his invinci*
ble fword. He was doubtlefs a foldier, and pof*
fibly a general ; Conftantinople has fealed hb
glory j but if we compare the means, the obfta*
cles, and the atchievements, JVf ahomet the fe-
cpiid muft blufli to fuftain a parallel with Alex-
ander or Timour. Under his command,, the Ot»
toman forces were always more numerous than
their enemies ; yet their progreft was bounded
by the Euphrates ;and the Adriatic ; and his arms
were checked by Huniades and Scgnderbeg, by
the Rhodian knights and by the Perfign king.

In the reign of Amurath, he twice taft^d of^jJ*|«°»^
royalty, and twice defcended from the thrope :Kbnuor^
his tender dge was incapable of oppofing hi$ fa-t jl^y ;'^**'
ther's reftoration, but never could he forgive the *
vizirs who had recommended that falutary mear?
fure. His nuptials were celebrated with the
daughter of a Turkman emir; and, after a fef*
tivalof two months^ he departed from Adria-
nople with his bride, tp relide in the govern?
ment of Magnefia. Be£>re the end of fix weeks,
he was recalled by a fuddeo ip^ifage from the
divan, which aimounced the deceafe of Amu-
rath, and the mutinous fpirit c^ the Janizaries.
His fpeed and vigour commanded their obedi-
ence ; he paifed the Hellefpont with a chofen
guard; and at the diftance of a mile from
Adrianople, the vizirs and emirs, the imams and
cadhis, the foldiers and the. people, fell proflrate
before the new fultan. «They gfie^d to weep,
they affefled to rejoice ; he afcended the throne
at the age of twenty-one years, and removed
the caufe of fedition by the death, the inevita-
ble death, of his infant brothers (9). T he am-

balTa^r^

([^) CaUpin, one of thcfc rpy?d infaBts, wat faved from his cnicl
J>rothcr, and baptifed at Rome under the name of CaUiftus Otho-

mannus.

_ ^

166 THE DtCLlNE AND PALt

baf&ders of Enibpe ft^A&iiban :^)i)feared to
congratulate hk ac:c^i8«» and fotitit his friend*
jDiip ; aiid to all N l]^be tbe kngua^ of siode^
rati<M ^nd peace^ Tha cimM&ice of the Greek
edip^ror Wte i^Ved by the fekmii oaths aac|
&ir aflUr^bed^ lit^h i;^hl<!b hi feakd the radfi*?
cation of the tttity i ftiid a rich domain on the
batiks of tbe 8ttymofi:wft^ aifigtied Ibr the aiir
tibial pAJmtnt of tbret hiuidred thotifftDd afpeis^
ihe penfion c^ an Ottoman pmca^ who wob de^i-
tabed at hia xequ^ft'kd^Bjf^antiiie court.
Yet the iieighboiii>d ()f* MdhOtiiet ihigbt tr^ttiblo
at the feverity with which a youthiul monarch
Reformed the pomp c^ his fathet^s houfcAold:
the expences of ItDtuiy were applied to thofe of
ambition, and an tifeleft trdn of fe^en thonfimd
falconers was either difmifled ftom his iervkeor
eniifted in his troops. In the fifft funttiker of his
reign, he viiited with an army the Afiatic pt^)^
vinces ; but after humbling the pttde^ M^^me^
accepted the fubmiifion, of the Caramaikian,
that he might not be diverted by the Ifmalleft ob-
ilacle from the execution of his great de«

fign(io). . . ;

Hoftiic in- The Mahometan^ and more efp*cially the
NUhomrt, Turkifti cafuifts, have pronounced that v6 pro-
A.D. i4S«inife can bind the faithful againft thfe inteteft and
d\ity of their religicm ; and thfet the fukan may
abrogate his own treaties and thofe of bis piede-
ceffors. The juftiw and magnanimity of Amu*
rath had fcorned this immoral privilege j but his
ion, though the prouideft of men, could ftoop

fiolft

jnancui. The emperor Frederic HI. ]prefent8d kii^ witjb an efliate in
Attftria, where he ended his life; and Cufpiniant who in his youth
^ tonirerfed with the aged prince at Vienna, applauds his piety and
Wifdom (de Csfaribus, p. 672, 673.).

^10) See the acc«flIoii of. ^ahomet II. in Ducas (c. 33.)) Phraoza
(1. 1. c. 33, 1. iii. c. 2.), Chalcocondylcs (1. vii. p. i$$.), and Cantemlr
(p.^.)« ...

OF THE ROMAN £MP|Rff. J67

fromambidofi tp die hfiUik^m o^ diflunuhition
and (koeit. Pieace was on ^a tips, wbUe war
was in bis b^rt : be innflantly figbed for the
pc^feffion <^ Ck>»ftaatiiiop]c; and tbc Gi^eks,
bytbeirowQ lodiicretioii, afforded tbe firft pre*'
teoee of tbe fatal rapture (n). loftead; of la-
bouring to be forgoMtf), tbeir ambafladors pur*
fued bis camp, to demasxi tbe pa^meut, and
even the encreafe, of tbeir annual nipcnd: tbe
divan waa importuned by tbeir complaints, and
the vuix, a fecret frieod of tbe Gfariftians, was
ccmftrained to deliver tbe fe&fe of bis brethren,
'' Ye fboliib and miferable Romans," faid Calil,
<^ we know your devices, and ye ane ign<»:attt of
** your own danger ! the fcnipulous Amurath is
<^ no more; bis tbrc^e is occupied by a young
^^ conqueror , whom no laws can bind and no
^ c^ftaclcs can refift ; and if you efcape from
** bis bands, give praife to the divine clemency,
^ whidbi yet delays the diaftifement of your fins.
** Why do ye feek to affright w by vam and i»-
*' diied mena(:es? Releafe tbe fugitive Orchan,
^^ crown bim fultan of Romania; caU tbe Hun-

^- garians

(11) Before I enter on the liege of Conftantinoplc I ihiU observe*
that excq>t the fliort hints of Caotemir and Leunclavius, 1 have not
been able to obtain any Turkiih account of thi> cen<{aeft : facli an ac-:
count as -wepolTcfs of theiiege of Rhodes by Soliman U, (Mcmoircs
de TAcad^mie dcs Infcriptions, torn. xxvi. p. 7*3— 7^9'ii I Pf^uft
therefore deoend on the Greeks, whofe preuK&cet, in fome degree^
are fubdued by their diftrefs. Our ftandard texts are tho£s of Ducas
(c. 34— 4a.)» Phrania (1. iii. c. 7— io.\ Chalcocondyles (\. viU. p.
401— ft 141)9 and X4eonardu8 Chienfs (Hiftoria C. P. a Turco ei-
pugnatz. Norimbergh;e, 1544, in 4to, 20 leaves). The lafl of thefe
narratiTes is the eurlieft in date, fince it -was compofed in the ifle of
Chios, the t6th of Auguft i4$3» only fevcnty-nine days after the lois
of the city, and in the firib confufion ot ideas and paflions. Some
hints may be added from an epiille of cardinal Ifidore (in Farragine
Rerum Turcicarum, ad calcem Chalcocondyl. Clauferi, Bafil, 1556)
to pope Nicholas V, and a tra^ of Theodofius Zygomala, which he ad-

dre0ed in the year 1581 to Martin Crufius (Turco-Graecia, 1. i. p. 74
—98. Bafil, 1584). The various fads and materials are briefly,
though critically, revievrcd by Spondanus (A. D. 1453, N** i— a;.)-

The hearfay relations of Monftrelet and the diftant Latins, 1 Ihall take
leave to diixegard.

168 THE DECLINE AND FALL

^' garians from beyond the Danube; arm agamft
^< lis the nations of the Weft : and be affared,
f' that you will only provoke and precipitate
f^ your ruin.'' But^ if the fears of the ambaf-
fadors were alarmed by the ftern lai^[uage of
the vizir, they were ipothed by the courteous
audience and friendly Ipeith^ of the Ottoman
prince ; and Mahomet affiired them that on his
i:etum to Adiianople he would redrefr the griev*
ances, and cx>nfult the true intereft, of tne
Greeks. No fooner had he repafled the Hellel^
pont than he iflued a maixdate to fuppreis their
penfion,' and to expiel their officers from the
Danks of the Strymon : in this meafure he be-

f^ trayed an hoftiljp mind ; and the fecond order

announced, anfi in fome degree commenced, the
fiq^e of G>nftantinople. In the narrow pais of
the Bofphorus, gn Afiatic fortrefs had formerly
been raiTed by his grandfather: in the oppofite
iituation, on the European, fide, he refolved to
ere& a more formidable caftle } and a thoiifand
inafons were commanded lb alTemble in the .
fpring on a' fpot named Afomaton, about five
niiles from the Greek metropolis ( 1 2). Perfua-
fion is the refource of the feeble ; and the fi^ble
can feldpm perfua(ie: the ambafladors"^ the
emperor attempted, without fuccefs, to divert
Mahomet frpm* the execution of bfe cf^fign.

' They reprefented, that his grandfather had foU-

pted the permiflion of Manuel to build a caflle
on his own territories; but that this double for-
tification, which would command the ftreight,
pould only tend to violate the alliance of tbena-

tiODSj

-^ (la) The fi^uatipn of the fi>rtre{s» and t|ie topomphy o£ t|»c Bof-

phbrus, arc hiett learned from Peter Gylllus (de Bo(phoro Thracio, 1.
"• c. I J.), LeuncIaTiuB (Panded. p. 445.), and Tourncfort (Voyafi:e
dans le Levant, tom.ii. lettre xv. f. 441, 444.) ; but I muft regret the
map or plan which TournefortTcn^ to the French minifter of the ma-
rine. The reader may turn buck to rol. iii. ch. tjl of this Hiilory.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 169

tions ; to iDtercept the Latins who traded in the
Black Sea> and perhaps to annihilate the*fub-
fiftence of the city. " I form no enterprife,"
replied the perfidious fultan, *^ againft the city;
'^ bat the empire of Conftantinople is meafured
'* by her walls. Have you forgot the diftrefs to
'* which my father was reduced, when you
'^ formed a league with the Hungarians ; woen
** thev invaded our country by land, and the
** Hellefpont was occupied by the French gal-
** lies ? Amurath was compelled to force the
" paflageof the Bofphorus; and your ftrength
" was not e^ual to your malevolence. I was
*' then a child at Adrianople; the Modems
*< trembled; and for a while the Gabours (13)
** infulted our difgrace. But when my father
** had triumphed in the field of Warna, ne vow-
*« ed to erciS a fort on the weftern fhore, and
** diat vow it is my duty to accomplifh. Have
*« ye the right, have ye the power, to control
** my anions on my own ground ? For that
« ground is my own : as for as the ftiores of the
** Bofphorus, Afiais inhabited by the Turks,
^ and Europe is deferted by the Romans. . Re«
« tuni> and infi>rm your king that the prefent
** Ottoman is far different from his j^redeceflbrs ;
** that his refolutions furpafs their wifhes ; and
^ that b^ performs more than they could refolve.
*' Return in fafety — ^but the next who delivers a
** fimilar melTage may cxpeft to be flayed alive."
After this declaration, Conftantine, the firft of

the

(13) The opprobrious name wludr the Turks beftow on the Infi-
dclsy is expreded KA/Ssvf by Ducas, aad GitfMir by Leundavius and
the modems. The former term is derived by Ducange (Gloif. Grxc
torn.!. p. 530.) from KffjSvpsF in vulgar Greek, a tortoife, as denotin^^
a retrograde motion from the faith. But, alas! Gahmr is no more
than Gbebtry which was transferred from the Pcrfian to the Turkifli
language, from the worlhippers of ^rt to thofe of the crucifix (d*Her«
belot, Bibliot. Orient, p. 37$.)-

1,0 THE DECLINE AND FALL

the Greeks in fpirit as in rank (14), had deter-
mined to unlheathe the fword, and to refifi the
approach and eftablifhment of the Turks on the
Bofphorus. He was difarmed by the advice of
his civil and ecclefiaflical minuterSy who. re-
commended a {y&coi lefs generous, and cfvcn
lefs prudent, than his own, to approve their
patience and long-fuffering, to brand the Otto-
man with the name and guilt of afx aggreflbr,
and to depend on chance and time for their own
fafety and the deftrudion of a fort which could
not long be maintained in the neighbourhood of
a great and populous city. Amidft hope and fear,
the fears of the wife and the hopes of the credu*
lous, the winter rolled away ; the proper buiinefe
of each man, and each hour, was poftponed ;
and the Greeks fliut their eyes againft the im-
pending danger, till the arrival of the Spring
and the fultan decided the aflurance of their
ruin.
He build* a Of a matter who never forgives, the orders
SVh^are feldom difobeyed. On die twenty-fixth of
»•«»» March, the appointed fpot of Afomaton was
Mardx*.^^*'covered with an adive fwarm of Turkifti arti-
ficers ; and the materials by Tea and land, were
diligently tranfported from Europe and Afia (15).
The lime had been burnt in Cataphrygia ; the
timber was cut down in the woods of Heraclea
and Nicomedia ; and the ttones were dug from
the Anatolian quarries. Each of the thoufand

mafons

(14) Phranza does juflice to his mafter^t fenfe and courage. Calli-
ditatem hominis non ignorans Inipcrator prior arma movere conftituit,
and ftigmatifes the folly of the cum facri turn profani proceres, which
he had heard, amentea fpe vana paici. Ducat waa not a privy coos-.
^cUor.

oaU

Dido 6 itracagem m uie lounaacion ox tannage, i neie annais ^un-
lefs we are maved by an antichriiUan prejudice) are far lefs valuable
than the Greek niftoriuns.

OF THE ROMAN BMPIRE. 171

mafonstir^ afiificd by two Worknfeji; and a
oieafure cf two cubits was marked for their
dailjr taft:. The fortrefi (16} was built in a tri-
aogolar form; each angle was flanked by a
Hmug and tnafiy towmt ; one on the declivity of
the hill, two along the fea«>ihoie : a thicknels of
twenty-two &et ^vras afligned for the walls, thir-
ty fer the towers ; and the whole building was
coveifed with a fMd platform of lead. Maho-
met bimfelf preficd and direded the work with
indefilt^ble ardoar : his three vizirs claimed
the honour pf fimihing their refpedlive towers ;
th« zeal bf the cadhis emulated that of the Ja-
niztries; the tneaneft labour was ennobled by
the ftrvke of God and the fultan ;. and the di-
ligence of the mtiltitude was quickened by the
eye of a defpot, whofe fmile was the hope of
•fortone,. atd wbofe £'6wn was the mefleuger of
death. The Greek emperor behdd with terror
the iriefiftibli^ pre; reis of the work ; and vain-
ly ftrove, by flattery and gifts^ to afluage an
implacable £be, who fought, and ' fecretly fo-
mented, the iligbteft occafioa of a quarrel* Such
occa&lDS muft fcon and iDeyitafaly be. found.
The ruins of ftately churches, and even the mar-
ble cohimus which had been con&crated to St.
Midiftel the archangel, were employed without
fcruple by the profane and rapacious Modems ;
and: feme CfariltiaDS, who piefumed to oppofe
the removal, received from their hands the
ciown of martyrdom. GonilantiDe had folicited
a luiiciifa guard to protect the fields and har-
vefts of his fuhgeds : the guard was fixed ; but
^eir firft order- was to allow free pafturc to the

mules

(16) In the dlmenfions of this fortrefs, the old cafUe of Europe,
Pfaranza does not exa^y agree with Chalcocondyles, whofe dcfcrip-
(ion has been veriSed en the fpothy his editor l.cudclavius.

172 THE DECLINE AND FALL

mules and horfes of the camp, and to defimd
their brethren if they fhould be molefied by the
natives. The retinue of an Ottoman chief had
left their horfes to pafs the night among the
ripe com : the damage was felt ; the infult was
refented ; and feveral of both nations were flain
in a tumultuous confli£l. Mahomet liftened
with joy to the complaint ; and a detachment
was commanded to exterminate the guilty vil-
lage : the guilty had fled ; but forty innocent
and unfufpeding reapers were maflacred by the
kift ww' ^^^^5^''®' T^^^ ^^ provocation, Conftantinople
juncT^' had been open to the vifits of commerce and
curioiity : on the firft alarm, the gates were
fhut ; but the emperor, ftill anxious for peace,
releafed on the third day his Turkiih cap-
tives (17) ; and expreffed, m a laft meflage, the
firm refignation of a Chriftian and a foldien
*' Since neither oaths, nor treaty, nor fubmi£>
'^ fion, can fecure peace, purfue,'' faid he to
, Mahomet, " your impious warfare. My trull

*' is in God alone : if it fhould pleafe him to
^ mollify your heart, I fhall rgoice in the hap-
" py change ; if he delivers the city into your
*' hands, I fubmit witl^out a murmur to his holy
*• will. But imtil the Judge of the earth fhall
" pronounce between us, it is my duty to live
*' and die in the de&nce of my people.'^ The
fultan's anfwer was hoftile and decifive : his
fortifications were completed ; and before his
departure for Adrianople, he ftationed a vigi-
lant Aga and four hundred Janizaries^ to levy
a tribute of the (hips of ever)' nation tWt
September ft^ould pafs withiu the reach of their cannot).
A Venetian veffel, refiifing obedience to the new

lord^

(17) Among thefc were fome pages of Mahomet fo coofcioiu of
h'w inexorable ricrour, that they begflre4 to lofc their heads is the dtr
unlefs they could return before fun-let.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 173

lords of die Bofphorus, was funk with a iingle
bullet. The mafter and thirty failors efca{^
in the boat; but thev were dragged in chains to
xbe^arte : the chiei was impaled ; his compa-
nions were beheaded; and the hiflorian Du-
cas (18) beheld, at Demodca, their bodies ex-
pof<Kl to the wild beafts. The fiege of C!onftan-
tinople was deferred till the enfuing fpring ; but
an Ottoman army marched into the Morea to
divert the force of the brothers of Conftantine.
At this sraof tralamity, one of thefe princes, a. D.t4$3,
the defpot Thomas, was bleffed or affliaed with J"*^ "^
the birth of a fon ; ** the laft heir," fays the
plaintive Phranza, " of the laft fpark of the
*' Roman empire (19)."

The Greeks and the Turks paffed an anxious ^"?"^
and fleeplcfs winter; the former were kept awake fi^^
by their feats, the latter by their hopes ; both^oi^w^
by the preparations of defence and attack; apdA.^D/i4st,
the two emperors, who had the moft to lofe or^P^"^**-"
to gain, were the moft deeply aftefted by theAprU.**^'*
national fentiment. In Mahomet, that fenti-
ment was inflamed hy the ardour of his youth
and temper : he amuled his liefare with bmlding
at Adrianople (20) the lofty palace of Jehan
Numa (the watch-tower of the world) ; but his
ferious thoughts were irrevocably bent on the
conqueft of the city of Csefar. At the dead of
night, about the fecond watch, he fiarted from
his bed, and commanded the inftant attendance
of his prime vizir. The meffage, the hour, the

prince,

(18) Ducts, c. 3j. Phnnza (1. itt. c. 3.), who kad lailed in hU
Tcttiel, coaunemarates the Venetisn pilot as a martyr;

(19) AaAum eft Pal«o]ogorum ^lu, et Imperii fucceflor, par-
Ta^ae RomaAonun fcintiU« hxres natus, Andreas. &c« (Phranza^
I. iii. c. 7.). The firong ezprefllon was infpired br nis feelines.

(20) Cantemir, p. 97, 98. The fultan was either doubtful of hii
conqaeft, or ienorant of the fuperior merits of Conftantinople. A
dtj or a kingdomrmay fometimes be mined by the Imperial fortune
of their fovcreign.

174 THE DEGLlMt; AKD J?ALt

prince, and fais own fitnation, alarmed the
guilty confcience of Calii Baflxa ; wbohad pof-
feiTed the confidence, and advifed the reftora**
liocr, of Aimirath. On the accefliou of the
fon, the vizir was oonfirmed in his ofiite and
the appearance of favour ; but the veteran ftatef-
man was not infenfible that he trod on a thin
and flippery ice, which might Inreak under his
ibotfteps, and plunge him in the abyf$i His
friendftiip for the Chriflians, which might he
innocent tmder the late reign^ had ftigmatif^d
him with the name of Gabour Ortachi, or fofter-
brother of the infidels (2 1); and his ^tvarice
entertained a venal and trcafonable conefpon^
dence, which was detefi^ and puniflied after
the conclufion of the war. On receiving the.
royal mandate, he eaibraced) perhaps for the
lail time, his wi& and children ; filled a cup
with pieces of gold, haftened to the palace,
^Kiored the fultan, and oficred, according to the
Oriental cuftom, ihc flight tribute of his duty
and gratitude (12). ^' it is not my wiftr,** faid
Mahomet, ^^ to refurae my gi&s, hut rather to
^/ heap and «nulti{dy diem on thy head. In my
•* turn I aflc a prefent far more valuable and
•* important ;-^Conftantinopie.'' As fpon as
the vizir had recovered from his furprife, ^ the
^ fame God,'* faid he, " who has already given
*^ thee ib large a portion of the Roman eippire,^
** will not deny the remnant, and the capital.
* His providence, and thy power, aflure thy

« fuc-

(21) ^vfTptpost by tb« prefidcnt Coufia, U tranflatei fiert nomri-
tier, moft corre6lly indeed trpm tiie Latin vedion ; but in hit hade,
he ban overlooked the note by which Ifintel BoiUand (ad Ducam, c.
35.) acknowledges and refines his own error.

(lay The Or&ntal cuftom of never appeariog without g^iffia before
a foverei^n or a fuperior, is of high anttq[aity, and -feems afialo^oua
with the idea of facrifice, ftill more ancient and nniverfal. See the
^mples of fuch PeriiaD gifts, JBlian, iCft. Var<l. x. c. 31, 31, ^j.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 175

^ fucccfs ; and myfclf, with the left of thy
** f^thfiil flaves, will facrifice our lives and for-
•* ttincs." " Lala(23V (or preceptor,) conti-
nued the ftdtan, " do you fee this pillow ? all
" the night, in my agitation, I have pulled it
^ on one fide and the other ; I have rifen from
** my bed, again have I lain down; yet fleep
" has not vifited thefe weary eyes. Beware of
** the gold and filver of the Romans : in arms
" we are fuperior ; and with the aid of God,
•* and the prayers of the prophet, we Ihall
** fpeedily become mailers of Conftantinople.'*
To fomid the difpolition of his foldiers, he of.
ten wandered through the fireets alone and in
difguife : and it was fatal to difcover the fultan,
when he wiflied to efcape from the vulgar eye.
His hours were fpent in delineating the plan of
the hoftile city : in debating with his generals
and engineers, on what fpot he Ihould ereft his
batteries ; on which fide he ihould aifault the
walls ; where he ihould fpring his mines ; to
what place he ihould apply his fcaling-ladders :
and the exercifes of the day repeated and prov-
ed the lucubrations of the night.

Among the implements of dcftrudion, heTh« g'^at
ftudied with peculiar care the recent and tre-M^oni^u
mendous difcovery of the Latins ; and his ar-
tillery fiirpafled whatever had yet appeared in
the world. A founder of cannon, a Dane or
Hungarian, who had been almoft ilarved in
the Greek fervice, deferted to the Moflems, and
was liberally entertained by the Turkifti fultan,
Mahomet was fatisfied with the anfwer to his

firft

O13) The Lala of the Turkt (Cantemir^ p. 54.). «><i the Tata of
the Greeks (Ditcas, c. 3$.), trt derived from the natural language of
chiMrea ; and tc may be obferved, that all fuch primitive words
which denote their parents, are the 6mp\c repetition of one fyllablc,
compofed of a labial or dental confonant and an opea vowel (des Brof-
fcs, Mechanifme des Langues, torn. x. p. 331— M?-)'

176 THE DECLINE AND FALL

firft queftion, which he eagerly prelTed on the
ariift. *' Am I able lo call a caoDoa capable
" of throw iiig a ball or ftone of fufficient fize
" to batter the walls of Conftantinople ? — ^I am
** not ignorant of their ftrength, but were they
** more folid than thofe of Babylon, I could
" oppofe an engine of fuperior power : the po-
*^ fition and management of that engine mufl be
" left to your engineers." On this afTurance, a
foundery was eilablifhed at Adrianople: the
metal was prepared ; and at the end of three
months, Urban produced a piece of brafs ord-
nance of ihipendous, and almoft incredible, inag«-
nitude; a meafure of twelve palms is afligned to
the bore ; and the ftone bullet weighed above
fix hundred pounds (24). A vacant place be-
fore the new palace was chofen for the firft expe-
riment ; but, to prevent the fudden and mif-
chievous efiedsof aftoniftiment and fear, a pro-
clamation was iflued, that the cannon would be
difcharged the enfuing day. The explofion was
&lt or heard in a circuit of an hundred fur-
longs : the ball, by the force of gunpowder,
was driven above a mile ; and on the fpot where
it fell, it buried itfelf a fiithom deep in the
ground. For the conveyance of this deftrudive
engine, a frame or carriage of thirty waggons
was linked together and drawn along by a team
of fixty oxen : two hundred men on both fides
were ftationed to poife and fupport the rolling
weight ; two hundred and fifty workmen march-
ed before to fraooth the way and repair the

bridges ;

(14) The Attic talent weighed ahout fizty miiue, or airerdupoU
pounds (fee Hooper on Ancient Weiehtt, Meaiuret, Ice.) : hut amonj^
the modern Greek*, ^at claflic appellation was extended to a weight
of one hundred, or one hundred and twenty-five poimda(I>acange,
T«>NirT«F). Leonardus Chienfis meaTured the hall or ftooe of the
/rrvwJ cannon ; Lapidem, qui palmia nndectm tx mei$ amhlbat id

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 177

bridges ; and near two months were employed
in a laborious journey of one hundred and fifty
miles. A lively philofopher (25) derides on
this occafion the credulity of the Greeks, and
obierves, with much reafon, that we fiiould al-
ways diftruft the exaggerations of a vanquilhed
people. He calculates, that a ball, even of
two hundred pounds, would require a charge of
one hundred and fifty pounds of p6wder ; and
that the firoke would be feeble and impotent,
fince not a fifteenth part of the mafs could be
inflamed at the fame moment. A ftranger as I
am to the art of deftru£lion, I can difcem that
the modem improvements of artillery prefer the
number of pieces to the weight of metal ; the
quicknefs of the fire to the found, or even the
confecjuence, <tf a iingle explofion. Yet I dare
not vejeA the pofitive and unanimous evidence
of contemporary writers ; nor can it feem inu
probable, that the firft artifts, in their rude and
ambitious efibrts, Ihould have tranfgreffed the
flandard of moderation. A Turkiih cannon,
more enormous than that of Mahomet, ftill
guards the entrance of the Dardanelles ; and if
the ufe be inconvenient, it has been found on a
late trial that the effedl was far from contemp-
tible. A fione bullet of eleven hundred pounds
weight was once difcharged with three hundred
and thirty pounds of powder ; at the diftance
of fix hundred yards it fhivered into three
rocky fragments, traverfed the ftreight, and,
leaving the waters in a foam, again rofe and
bounded againft the oppofite hill (26).
VoL.Xn. N While

i%i) See Voluire (Hift. G^^rale, c. xcl. p. 2g4t SPSO- He wu
aabitioiit of uniTerfal moiiarchy ; and the poet frequently afpiret to
tbeanoe and ftyle of an aftronomer, a chymift, &c.

()6) The Baron de Tott (torn. iii. p. §5— 8^0t ^^^ fortified the
Dwaanelkt againft the Rsfiianf , dcfcnba in ft hvely, and cTcn comic,

ftram

1^8 THE DECLINE AND FALL

Mahomet While Mahomct threatened the capital of
the ficge of the Eaft, the Greek emperor imploted with fer-
conftanti- ^^jj^ prayers the aififtance of earth and heaven.
A?D.'i4S3,Bnt the invifible powers were deaf to his fup
April 6, plications ; and Chriftendom beheld with indif-
ference the fall of Conftantinople, while Ihe
derived at lead fome promife of mpply from the
jealous and temporal policy of the fultan of
Egypt. Some Hates were too weak, and others
loo remote ; by fom^e the danger was confidered
as imaginary, by others as inevitable » the Wef*
tern princes were involved in their endlefs and
domeftic quarrels ; and the Roman pontiff was
ezafperated by the falfehood or bbftinacy of the
Greeks. Inftead of employing in their favour
the arms and treafures of Italy, Nicholas the
fifth, had foretold their approaching ruin ; and
his honour was engaged m the accomplifhment
of his prophecy. Perhaps he was fofiened by
the laft extremity of their diilrefs ; but his com-
pai&on was tardy ; his efforts were faint and
unavailing; and Conftantinople had fallen, be-
fore the fquadrons of Genoa and Venice could
fail from their harbours ( 27). Even (he jmnces
of the Morea and of the Greek iflands affecied a
cold neutrality : the Genoefc colony of Galata
a»egociated a private treaty ; and the iultan in-
dulged them in the delufive hope, that by his
clemency they might furvive the ruin of the em-
pire. A plebeian crowd, and fome Byzantine
nobles, bafely withdiew from the danger of their
country ; and the avarice of the rich denied the

emperor,

ibain his own prow^rs, and the conftematton of the Turks. B«t that
adventurous traireUer does not poflefii the art of gaming our confi-
deftce.

(17) Non andiTit, indignum ducens, iayathe honeft Antanintt*;
hut as the Roman coon was afterward* grieved and aJhamed, wc
find the more courtly ezpreflion of Platina, in ammo fuiffie jpontifici
juvare Gr»cot, and the pofitive aflertion of Aicas Sylvius, ttrodnnt
chdrcm, $ui. (Spond. A.D. 1453, N^j.)-

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 179

eaiperoTj and reftryed for the Turk3i the fectet
tneafured which might haye raifed in their de-
fen^ whcte: armies of mercenaries (28). The
indigent and folitary prince prepared however
to fufiain his formidable adverfary ; but if his
courage were equal to the peril/ his ftrength
was inadequate to the conqueft. In the begin-
ing of the fpring, the Turkiih vanguard fwept
the towns and villages a» far as th<r. gates of
Conftantinople : fubmiilion was fpared and pro-
teded; whatever prefumed to refift was exter-
minated with fire andi fwordw : The Greek places
on the ]^ck Seay Mefembria, AchelouRi, and
Bizon» furreqdered on the firft: fummoQs ; Sely-
bria alone deferved the honours of a fiege.or
blockade ) and the bold inhabitants, while they,
were invi^lj^d . by land, laundied their boats^
jnllaged ik» oppofite cpaft of Cyzicus^ and fold
their captives m the public xnaifket. But on the
approach of. Mahomet himfelf all was filent.
and proftrate : he firft halM ^ the. diftance of
five miles ; and from thence, advancing in battle;
anay, planted before, the gate of St. Romanust^
the imperial ftkndard ; and, w the iixth dav of
April, foinqed the memorable fiege of Conftan-
tinople. . » 1 /'

The troops of Afia and Europe extended on^^*„^[,j
fte right and Irft from the; Propontis to the
harbour : the Janizaries in the front were ftati*
oned before* the fuUan^s tent ; the Ottoman line,
was covered by a deep intrenchment ; and a
fttbordinate army inclofed the fuburb of Galata,
N 2 and

(18) Antonin. in Pro€m.-»>£pift. Cwdinil. iii<k»r, tpad Spon4^^
mun; ud Dr. Jobnlbn, in the t^edy of Irene» hat happily feized
this (hamStenSbA ctrcumibncc :

The groaniBP Greeks dir up the golden cvnrtat
The acenmiiOated wealtn of h<»anling ages i
That wealth which, sranted to their weeping prince<
Had rang'd tabattled natiMit at their gatet.

i8o THE DECLINE AND BALL

and watched th^ doubtful faWiof' thte Gendefe.
Tte inquifitive Philelphus, wfeo refided kl
Greece about thirty years befi>re the fiegej ii
cbAfident, that all the TurkiOi forc^, of any
fiameot Value, ddiild A)t cxc«td At nttob^ of
fixty thoufand hdrfef-and twetitf th«ufend foot?
and he u^^braids the jpufiHaBiimity of the nations,
who hAd tamely yiel*cS t^^ an -tetlidM of Bar-
bariaiis. Such indeed might be ttite fegular efta^
bBfilriielnt of the 0^*^/(29), ^heteoops of the
Porte, who marcbftd'With the priiiee; and were
paid from his royal tteaiftirjr. Btit tfefe'baftlaws,
in their refpeftive \ goN^mmentSi mkintaioed or
levied *a provincfal miUtia ; ' many knds were
held by a military tienulre ; maity vOliftifecrs were
attraaed by the ht)pe bf fpbllt ft^d the found
of the holy trtimpet iilvited a fwarm of hungry
and fearlcfs fenaticS; who mtgte' ecwrtribote at
teaft to multif^ thcf'tcrrbrs, and 61 ii firft attack
' to blunt Xhe wtn^dii- of the Ghriftkris. The
whole niaft of the I'titkith^ pioWers is magnified
by Ducis, iOhaMkJcoflcrdvWs, . and* Leonard of
Ghios,- to the atftdutii »f thiTeebr^fbur hundred -
thoufahd meiy; 'b« /PhraniaWfe i Ms tefnofe
and nidri a<ic?feate jtidge^ 'ahdiiis pftfcHe di*-
jiition of two hundred and fifty-eight thdufand "
does ik)t *»<*fed'Bfe*ntea!u*e 6t experience atad
prdbaflSility (3DX''Thle nliVy offhe^fiegerswas*
lefs fblrmidabte' i the Proppntis wai ' b verfpredd
With three htiiidted ahd twehtyfail ; btit of thefe

. •, ::*.•: 'J. ' r-.- .• -i. . '^ . .:, , ^^

j'J '-' 1 . * ■ ' • . . ' '

(i^ The paJatine troops are ftyltfd OafacuU^ the |^roviocials, Serst-^
euli : and mon of the names and inftitutions of the Turkifh militia
cxifted before the Camn Namfb of Soliman II. iroii^ which, and his own
czpe)-iefi6e, count Matfigfl \*i 'com^oftd his mifitarf ftate of the
Ottomtn .empire. "i . : -

(30) The obferration of Philelphus it mpprored by Cttfpinian in
the year ijoiS (4e Ccfaribm, in B^ilog. de MiUtia Turcica, p. ^97)-
Maxligli proves, that the effe^ive armies of the Turks are much lefa
numerous than thev appear, in th.e army that beli^ed Conflantino^
^le, Lconardus ChKSiis reckons no more than is,oo6 Janicariei.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, i8i

no mwe iban eighteen could be lated as gaUios
of war ; s^id the &r greater part muft be de^
graded to the condition of florefhips and trapt
port3^ which poured into the camp frdEb fup?
plies of men, ammunitiont and proviiions. In of the
her laft decay, Cf>oftanl5nople was ftill peopled ^^^
with nMKe than . an hundr^ . thoufand inhabf-
tants ; but thefe numbers are foimd in the ac-
counts, not of war, but xif captivity ; and they
moftly confifted of mechanics, of pridls, of
women, and of men devoid of that fpirit which
even wpipen have fooAetimes exerted for the
comn^on (afety, I can fuppofe, I could almoft
excafe, the r^ludance of fubje£b to ferve on a
dillant frontier, at the will of a tyrant ; but
the man who dares not expofe his life in the
defence of his children and his property ha^ loft
iaibcietytbefirft and mofl: aAive energies of na^
ture. By the emperor's con^mand, a particular
enquiry had been made through the ftreets and
houfes, how many of the citizens, or even of
the monks, were able and willing to bear arms
for their country. The lifts were entrufted to
Pbranza (31); and,, after a diligent addition,
he informed his matter, with grief and furprife,
that the national defence was reduced to four
thoufand niue hundred and feventy Romans.^
Between Conftantine and his faithful mlnifter,
this comfortlefs fecret was preferved ;. and a
fqiikient proportion of ihields, crois-bows, and
mulkets, was diftributed from, the arfenal to the.
city bands. They derived feme acceflion froni
a body of two thoufand ftrangers, under the

com-

(lO Ego, cidcm (Imp.) tabcllas cxtribui non abfque dolore ct mce-^
ftida, muifitque apud not duos aliis occultus numerus (Phranza, 1.
iii. c. B,), VOih fonie uiddgftoc« for putiomd prejvdiciet, we cannot
dcfirc a more authentic witnels nat only of pttoHc fa<Sls, .bnt of pri-
vate counfeU.

i82 . THE DECLINE AND FALL

command of John Juftiniani, a noble Genoefe;
a liberal donative was advanced to thefe auxili-
.^ries; and a princely recompenfe, the ifle Off
Lemnos, was promifed to the .valour and vic-
tory of their chief. A ftrong chain was drawn
acrpfs the mouth of the harbour : it was fup-
ported by fome Greek and Italian ve&ls of war
and merchandife ; and the (hips of every ChriA
tian nation, that fucceifively arrived from Candia
and the Black Sea, were detained for the public
fervice* Againft the powers of the Ottoman
empire, a city of the txtent of thirteen, per-
haps of lizteen, miles was defended by a fcanty
garrifon of feven or eight thoufand foldiers.
Europe and Afia were open to the befiegers ;
but the ftrength and provifions of the Greeks
muft fuftain ^ daily decreafe ; nor could they in-
dulge the expe^ation o^ any foreign fuccour or
fupply.
r»irc onion The {primitive Romans would have drawn their
chwcLlT^fwords in the refolution of death or conqueft.
A^D. f4S»iThe primitive Chriftians might have embraced
**^' •** each other, and awaited in patience and charity
the ftroke of martyrdom. But the Greeks of
Conftantinoplc were animated only by the
fpirit of religion, and that fpirit wa^ pro-
du£^ive only of animofity and diicord. Be-
fore his death, the emperor John Palseologus
had renounced the unpopular meafure of an
union with the Latins; nor was the idea re-
vived, till the diftrcfs of bis brother Conftan-
tine impofed a lad trial of flattery and diflimu-
lation (3 2). With the demand of temporal aid,
his ambaffadors were inftrufted to mingle the
affurance of fpiritual obedience : his negle£i of

(3») In Spondannt, the namti^re of the uskm is not only partiml.
. but impcri^a. The bi(hop of Pamief » died in 1 642, and the hiftory
of Ducas, which reprefents thcfc fcenes (c. 36, 37.) with liich Uuth
and fpirit, waa not printed till the year 1649.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 1^3

tbe cbuTch was excufed by the urgent cares of
the ftate; and his orthodox wiflies foliated the
prefeoce of a Roman legate. The Vatican had
been too often deluded ; yet the figns of repen-
tance could not decently be overlooked ; a le-
gate was more eafily granted than an army;
and about fix months before the final deftruc-
tion, the cardinal Ifidore of Ruffia appeared in
that cbaraAer with a retinue of priefts and foU
diers. The emperor faluted him as a friend
and father; refpe&fuUy Uftened to his public
and private fermons; and with the mofl: obf&-
quious of the clergy and laymen fubfcribed the
ad of union, as it had been ratified in the
coimcil of Florence. On the twelfth of De-
cember the two nations, in the church of St.
6ophia, joined in the communion of facrifice
and prayer; and the names of the two pontifis
were folemnly commemorated; the names of
Nicholas the fifth, the vicar of Chrift, and of
the patriarch Gregory who bad been driven inr
to exile by a rebellious people.

But the drefs and language of the Latin prieftobftinacy
who officiated jit the altar, were an objed of;J[^^^J^|^
fcandal; and it was pbferved with horror, thatcrceki.
he confecrated a cake or wafer of unleavened
bread, and poured cold water into the cup of
the facrament, A national hiilorian acknow-
ledges with a bluih, that none of his country-
men, not the emperor himfelf, were fincere in
this occafional conformity (33). Their hafty
and unconditional fubmiffion was palliated by a
promife of fiiture revifal; but the beft, or the
worft, of their exoifes Wjas the confeflion of

their

<33) Phnnzm, one of the conforvDoe Occeks, acknowledges thtt
the meafnre was adopted odIj propter fpem auxilii ; he affirms with
pleafore, that thofe who refufeo to perform their dcYOtioikt in St. So«
plu», extra culpam ct in ^e cflcnt (L iii. c> ao.)*

184 THE DECLINE AND FALL

their own peijuiy . When they were prefifed by
the reproaches of their honeft brethren, " Have
** patience,** they whifpercd, " have patience till
" God (hall have delivered the city from th^
" great dragon who feeks to devour us. You
" fliall then perceive whether we are truly re-
" condkd with the Azymites " But patience is
not the attribute of zeal ; Bor can the arts of
a court be adapted to the freedom and violence
of popular enthufiafm. From the dome of St.
Sophia, the inhabitants of either fez, and of
every degree, ruihed in crowds to the cell of
the monk Gennadius (34), to confult the oracle
of the church. The holy man was invifible ;
entranced, as it ihould feem, in deep meditati-
on, or divine rapture: but he had expoied on
the door of his cell, a fpeaking tablet; and
they fucceffively withdrew after reading thefc
tremendous words: ^^ O miferable Romans^
" why will ye abandon the truth ; and why,
** inftead of confiding in God, will ye put your
" truft in the Italians? In lofing your faith,
'* you will lofe your city. Have mercy on me,
" O Lord! I proteft in thy prefence, that I
" am innocent of the crime. O miferable Ro-
^' mans, confider, paufe, and repent. At the
" fame moment that you renounce the religion
" of your fathers, by embracing impiety, you
" fubmit to a foreign ferviiude." According
to the advice of Gennadius, the religious vir-
gins, as pure as aogels and as proud as daemons,
rejeded the ad of union, and abjured all com-
munion

(34) His primitiTe and fenilar name was Georj^e Schelanus, which
he changed tor that of Gennadius, either when he became a monk •r
a patriarch. His defence, at Florence, of the lame union which he
.fo furiouily attacked at Conilantinople, has tempted Leo AJbtias
(Djatr.b. de Georgiis, in Fabric, ^ibliot. Grace, torn. x.p. 760— 7 W-)-
fo divide hhn into two men; but Renaudot (p. 343— -383.) has re*
llored the i Jentity of his perfoa and the duplicity of his chara<fter.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, iSS

munion with the prefent saxd future afiRxriates of
the Latins; and their example was applauded
and imitated by the greateft part of the clergy
and people* From the monafleiy, the devout
Greeks difperfed themfelves in the taverns;
drank confufion to the flaves of the pope;
emptied their glafles in honour of the image of
the holy Virgin ; and befought her to defend
againll Mahomet, the city which (he had for*
merly faved from Chofroes and the Chagan«
In the double intoxication of zeal and wine»
they valiantly exclaimed, '* What occaiioa
*^ have we for fuccour, or union, or Latins? far
" from us be the worfliip of the Azymites !*
During the winter that preceded the Turkiih
coD<|ueft, the nation was diiira^ed by this epvr
demical frenzy; and the feafon of Lent, the
approach of Eafter, inftead of breathing chari-
ty and love, ferved only to fortify the obftina-
cy and influence of the zealots. 1 he confel&)rs
fcrutinifed and alarmed the confcieuce of their
votaries, and a rigorous penance was impofed
on thofe, who had received the communipu
from a prieft, who had given an exprefs or tacit
confent to the union. His fervice at the altar
propagated theinfecUon to the mute and fimple
fpectators of the ceremony : they forfeited, by
the impure fpe£lacle, the virtue of the facerdo-
tal charadler; nor was it lawful, even in dan-
ger of fudden death, to invoke the affiftance of
their prayers or abfolution. No fooner had the
church of St. Sophia been polluted by the Latin
facrifice, than it was deferted as a Jewifh fyna-
gogue, or an heathen temple, by the clergy and
people :. and a vaft and gloomy filence prevail-
ed in that venerable dome, which had fo often
fmoaked with a cloud of incenfe, blazed with
ixmumerable lights, and refounded with the

voice

i86 THE DECLINE AND FALL

voice of prayer and thanlcfgiving. The Latins
were the moft odious of Iwretics and infidels;
and the firft minifter of the empire, the great
duke, was heard to declare, that he had rather
behold in Conftantinople the turban of Maho-
met, than the pope's tiara or a cardinaVs hat
(35). A fentiment fo unworthy of Chriftians
and patriots, was familiar and £ital to the
Greeks : the emperor was deprived of the affec-
tion and fapport of his fubjeAs; and their na-
tive cowardice was fan&ified by refignation to
the divine decree, or the vifionary hope of ami-
raculous deliverance.
CoSftaMi- ^^ ^^^ triangle which compofes the figure of
oopie by Conftantiuople, the two tides along the fea were
JSf^^f made inacceffible to an enemy; the Propontis
i4S3*A9riiby nature, and the harbour bv art. Between
^^*^ the two waters, the bafis of tne triangle, the
land fide was protefted by a double wall, and
a deep ditch otthe depth of one hundred ieet.
Againft this line of fi^itification, which Phranza
an eye-witnefs, prolongs to the meafure of fix
miles (36,) the Ottomans direded their princi-
pal attack ; and the emperor, after diftributing
the fervice and command of the moft perilous
ftations, undertook the defence of the external
wall. In the firft days of the fiege, the Greek
foldiers defcended into the ditch, or fallied into
jhe field ; but they foon difcovered, that, in the
proportion of their numbers, one Chriftian was
of more value than twenty Turks : and, after
thefe bpld preludes, they were prudently con-
tent to maintain the ranipart with their mifiUe

weapons.

(35) <^«»l•XM^ ieAAvvTp«« maybe fairly tnnflated a cardinal'f
hat. The diiSerence of the Greek and Latio habits embittered the
fchifm.

(36) We are obliged to reduce the Greek milei tp Che fxn^IIeft mea-
fure which i* prel'erved in the wcrfts of Ruffia, of 547 French tti/et^
and of 104^ to a dcjrree. The fix miles of Phranxa do not exceed
four Engliih miles (d* An viUe, Mcfures Itinenures, p. tfi. 113, 3cc,).

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 187

weapons. Nor ihould this prudence be accufed
of pulillanimity. The nation was indeed pufil-
lammous and bafe ; but the laft Conftantine de-
ierves th^ name of an hero : his noble band of
volunteers was mfpired with Roman virtue;
and the foreign auxiliaries fupported the honour
of the Weftern chivalry. The inceffant voUies
of lances and arrows were accompanied with
the fmoke, the found, and the fire, of their muC>
ketry and cannon. Their fmall arms difcbarged
at the fame time either five, or even ten, balls
of lead, of the fize of a walnut ; and, accord-
ing to the clofenefs of the ranks and the force
of the powder, feveral breaft-plates and bodies
were tranfpierced by the fame fhot. But the
Turkifh approaches were foon funk in trenches,
or covered with ruins. Each day added to the
fcience of the Chriftianrfj but their inadequate
flock of gimpowder was wafted in the opera-
tions of each day. Their ordnance was not
powerful, either in fize or number ; and if they
pofleifed fome heavy cannon, they feared to
plant them on the walls, left the aged ftruflurc
fhould be ihaken and overthrown by the explor
fion (37). Tlie fame deflrudive fecret had been
revealed to the Modems ; by whom it was em-
ployed with the fuperior energy of zealj riches,
and defpotifm. I'he great cannon of Mahomet
has been feparately noticed ; an important and
vifible objed in the hiftory-of the times : but that
enormous engine was flanked by two fellows
almoft of equal mapitude (38) : the long order .

of

(37) At indies do^^iores noflri ia^i p^jravere contra hoftes machina-
menta, mix tanicn avar2 dabantur. Pulvis crat nitri modica cxigua ;
ula modica ; bombardx, (i adcrant, incommoditate loci primum hoftes
offtndcre macericbos alvcifque tedo* non poterant. Nam fiqux
magnz erant, ne munis concutcretur noftcr, quiefccbant. This paf-
fage of Leonardut Ciiienfis is curious and important.

(38) According to Chalcocondyles &r«d Pliranza, the great cannon

turit i

l88 THE DECtlNE AND FALL

c^ the Turkifli artillery was pointed agaioft
the walls ; fourteen batteries thundercKl at onoe
on the moft acceflible places ; and of one of
thefe it is amb^ouily expre&d, that it was
mounted with one hundred and thirty guns, or
that it difcharged one hundred and thirty bul-
lets. Yet, in the power and a<^ivity of the
fuUan, we may difcern the infehcy oi the new
fqience. Under a mafter who counted the mo-
iQents, the great cannon could be loaded and
fired no more than feven times in, cme day (39).
The heated metal unfortunately burft ; feveral
workm«i were d^royed ; and the Ikill of an
artift was admired who bethought himielf of pre^
%'enting the danger and the accident, by pour-«
ing oU, aftQr each ezplofion, into the mouth
of the cannon-
Attack and The firft random .fiiots were produdive of
*=^"'^- more found than effeft ; and it was by the advice
of a Chriftian, that the engineers were taught .
to level their aim againft the two oppofite iides
of the falient angles of a baftion. However
imperfect, the weight and repetition, of the fire
made fome impreffion on the walls ; and the
Turks, pulhing their approaches to the edge of
the ditch, attempted to fill the enormous chafoi,
and to build a road to the affault (40^ Innu-
merable fafcines, and hogftieads, and trunks of
trees, were heaped on each other ; and foch
was the impetuolily of the throng, that the fore-

moft

burft ; an acci(?ent which, according to Ducas, was prcrented by the
artifl's fkill. It is evident that they do not fpeak of the fame gun.

(39) ^^^f 3^ hundred years after the fiegc of ConflaDtinopTe, the
French and Engliih.flecCB in the Channel were proud of firing 300
(hot in an engagement of two hours (Memoires de Martin du Bellay,
1.x. in the CoUedion Generale, torn, xxi.p. 239.).

(40) I have feieAed fome curious fads, without ftriying to emubte
the bloody and obftinate eloquence of the abbe de Vertot, in his pro-
lix defcriptions of the fieges of Rhodes, Malta, ftc. But that agree*
able hiftorian had a turn for romance, and as he wrote to pleafe the

- order, he has adopted thefame fpiritof enthufiaim and chivalry.

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 189

iDoit and the weakeft were pufhed headlong
down the precipice, and inftanlly buried tinder
the accumulated mafe. To fill the ditch, wa«
the toil of the befiegers ; to elear away the rub-
bifh, was the fafety of the befieged ; and, after
a long and bloodv coniliA, the web that had
been woven in tne day was ftill unravelled in
the night. The next refource of Mahomet was
the praftice of mines ; but the foil was rocky;
in every attempt he was flopped and imder-
mined by the Chriflian engineers ; nor hkd the
art been yet invented of replenilhing thofe fub*
terraneous paflages with gunpowder, and blow^
bg whole towers and cities into the air (41)*
A circomftance that diftinguifhes the liege of
Conftantinople, is the re-union of the ancient
and modern artillery. The cannon were inter-
mingled with the mechanical engines for calling
ftooes and darts ; the bullet and the battering-
ram were direfted againft the fame walls ; nor
had the djifcovery of gunpowdet* fuperfeded the
ufe of the liquid and unextinguifliable fire. A
wooden turret of the largeft fize was advanced
on rollers : this portable magazine of ammu^
nition and fefcines was protefled by a threefold
covering of bulls hides ; inceffant vollies were
fecurely difcharged fix)m the loop-holes ; in the
front, three doors were contrived for the alter-
nate lally and retreat of the foldiers and work*
men. They aifcended by a ftair-cafe to the up-
per platform ; and, as high as the level of that
platform, a fcaling-ladder could be raifed by
pullies to form a bridge and grapple with the

adverfe

(41) Th« firft theory of mines with gunpowder appears in 1480,
in a MS. of George of Sienna (Tiraboichi, torn. ti. P. i. p. 314.).
They wetc firft praitifcd at SBr2anella, in 14S7 ; but the honour and
improvement in 1 503 is afcribed to Peter of Navarre, who ufed them
with fucoefs in the wart of Italy (Hift. de la Ligue de Cambray, torn.
U. p. 93— 97.).

I90 THE DECLINE ANI^ FALL

advcrfe rampart. By thcfe vajious art* of an-
noyance, fome as new as they were pernicious
to the Greeks, the tower of St. Romanus was
at length overturned : after a fevere ftri]^gle,
the Turks were repulfed from the breach and
interrupted by darknefs ; but they trufted, that
with the return of light they (hould renew the
attack with frefti vigour and deirifive fuccefs.
Of this paufe of a^on, this interval of hope,
each moment, was improved by the a£livity of
the emperor and Juftiniani, who paiTed the
night on the fpot, and urged the labours which
involved the fafety of the church and city. At
the dawn of day, the impatiem fultan perceiv-
ed, with aftoniihment iuid grie^- that his wooden
turret had been reduced to aihes : the ditch was
cleared and reftoi-ed ; and the tower of St. Ro-
manus. was again ftrong and entire. He de-
plored the failure of his deiign ; and uttered a
profane exclamation, that the word of the thirty-
feven thoufand prophets ftiould not have com-
. pelled him to believe that fuch a w<M:k, in (b
ihon a time, could have been accomplifhed by
the infidels.
Succtturand The gencrofity of the Chriftian princes was

t^Z^L c^^d ^°^ ^^^dy 5 }^^^ io ^^^ fi^ apprehenfionof
a iiegc, Conftantine had negociated^ in the ides
of the Archipelago, the Morea, and Sicily, the
moft indifpenfable fupplies. As early a^ the
beginning of April, five (42) great (hips, equip-
ped for merchandife and war, would nave fail-
ed from the harbour of Chio6^ had not the wdnd

blowa

(4s) It IS fingular that the Greeks ffaould not agree in the number
of theie illuftrious veflels, the/wr of Ducas, the fmr of Phranz a
and Leonardus, and the /wf of Chalcocondyks, muft be extended to
the feialler, or conlined to bugger, fiie. Voltaire, in giving one of
thefc fliips to Frederic III. confounda the emperors of the £aft and
Weft.

OF The ROMAN EMPIRE. 19J

blown obftiDately fW^in the north (43). One of
thefe Ihips bore the Imperial flag ; the remain-
ing four belonged to the Genoefe; and they
were laden with wheat and barley, with wine»
oil, and vegetables, and, above all, with fol-
diers and mariners, for thefervice of th^ capitaL
After a tedious delay, a gentle breeze, and, on
the fiKTond day, a firong gale from the fouihi
carried them thit>ugh the Hellefpont and the
Propontis: but the city was already invefted by
fea and land ; and the Turkiih fleet, at the en->
trance of the BofphoruS, was firetched from
ihore to (hore, in the form of a crefcent, to in^
tcrcept, or at leaft to repel, thefe bold auxili-
aries. The reader who has prefent to his mind
the geographical pi£iure of Confiantinople, will
conceive and admire the greatnefs of the fpec-
tade. The five Chriflian fliips continued to ad**
vance with joyful ihouts, and a full prefs, both
of fails and oarsi againfl an hoflile ffeet of three
hundred veliels; and the rampart, the camp,
the eoafts of Europe and Afia, were lined with
innumerable fpe£lators, who anicioufly awaited
the event of this momentous fuccour. At the
firft view that event could not appear doubtful ;
the fnperiority of the Moflems was beyond all
meafure or account; and, in a calm, their num*
bers and valour mull inevitably have prevailed^
But their hafty and imperfed navy had been
created, not by the genius of the people, but
by the will of the fultan s in the height of their
profperity, the Turks have acknowledged, that
if God had given them the earth, he had left
the lea to the infidels (44) ; and a feries of de-*

feats,

(43) In bold defiance, or rather in grols ignorance, of language
and geography, the prcfidcnt Coofin detains them at Chios with a
Ibtuh, and waifu them to Conftantinoplc with a north, wind.

(44) The perpetual decay and wcaknefs of the Turkiih oaYy, may

be

%9Z THE DECLINE AND FALL

feats, a rapid progrefs of decay, has eftsd^liflicd
the truth of their modeft confcffion. ^ Except
eighteen gallies of fome force, the reft of their
fieet coniiiled of open boats^ rudely conftru£^ed
and awkwardly managed^ crowded with troops,
and deftitute of cannon ; and, fince courage
arifes in a great mealure from the confcioufnefs
of ftrength, the braveft of the Janizaries might
tremble on a new element. In the Chriftian
fquadron, five flout and lofty fhips were guided
by fkilful pilots, and manned with the veterans
of Italy and Greece, long pra£tifed in the arts
and perils of the fea. Their weight was di-
redled to fink or fcatter the weak obftacles that
impeded their paflage : their artillery fwept the
waters : their liquid fire was poured on the
heads of the adverfaries, who, with the defign
of boarding, prefumed to approach thein ; and
the winds and waves are always on the fide of
the ableft navigators. In this confli6t, the Impe-
rial vefiel, which had been almoft overpowered,
was refcued by the Genoefe ; but the Turks, in
a diftant and doier attack, were twice repoUed
with confiderable lofs. Mahomet himfelf fat
on horfeback on the beach, to encourage their
Talour by his voice and prefence,- by the pro^
inife of reward, and by fear, more potent than
the fear 'of the enemy^ The paifions of his
foul, and even the geftures of his body (45),
ieemed to imitate the aflions of the comlxi-
tants ; and, as if he had been the lord of na-
ture, he fpurred his horfe with a fearlefs and

impotent

he obferved in Rycaut (State of the Ottoinan Empire, p* 37s— 378.%
Thevcnot (Voyages, P. i. p. 229—141.), and Tott (Memoires, torn,
iii.) ; the laft of whom is always foUcitous to amuie and amaze his
reader.

(4O I muft confefs, that I have before my eyes the living pidure
which Thucydides (1. ▼ii. c. 71.) has drawn of the paifions and gef-
tures of the Athcnianain a naval engagement in the great hari»Qur
of $yracttfe.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 193

impotent effort into the fea. His loud re-
proaches, and the clamours of the camp, urged
the Ottomans to a third attack, more fatal and
bloody than the two former ; and I mull re-
peat, though I cannot credit, the evidence of
Phranza, who affirms, from their own mouth,
that they loft above twelve thoufand men in
the flaughter of the day. They fled in diforder
to the Ihores of Europe and Afia, while the
Chriftian fquadron, triumphant and unhurt,
fleered along the Bofphorus, and fecurely an-
chored within the chain of the harbour. In
the confidence of vidory, they boafted that the
whole Turkilh power muft have }delded to their
^rms ; but the admiral, or captain baihaw,
found fome confolation for a painful wound in
his eye, by reprefenting that accident as the
caufe of his defeat. Baltha Ogli was a rene-
gade of the race of the Bulgarian princes : his
military character was tainted with the unpo-
pular vice of avarice ; and under the defpolifm
of the pi-incc or people, misfortune is a fuffi-
cient evidence of guilt- His Tank and fervices
were annihilated 1:^ the difpleafure of Mahomet,
In the royal prefence, the captain baftiaw was
extended on the ground by four flaves, and re-
ceived one hundred ftrokes with a golden
rod (46): his death had been pronounced ; and
he adored the clemency of the fultan, who was
fatisfied with the milder puniihment of confif-
cation and exile. The introduction of this fup-
ply revived the hopes of the Greeks, and ac-
ciued the iupinenefs of their wefter^i allies.
Amidft the deferts of Anatolia and the rocks
Vol. XII. O of

(45) According to the exaggeration or corrupt text of Ducas (c. 38.)f
tliu golden bar wat of the enormoat and incredible weight of ^oo
librs, or poands. Bouillaud's reading of 500 drachms, or tiv^
voosds, is ftifiicient to nercife vhc arm of Mahomet, and brulfd the
Back of his admiral.

194 ^HE DECLINE AND FALL

bf Paleftine^ the millions of (he crufades hid
buried themfelves iii a yoluntaty and inevitable
grave; but the fituation of the Imperial city
was firong againft her eneniies, and acceflible
to her friends ; and i rational and moderate ar*
mament of the maritime ftates might have faved
the relics of the Roman name, and maintained
a Chriflian fortrefs in the heart of the Ottoman
empire. Yet this was the fole and feeble at-
tempt for the deliverance of Confiantinople s
the more diftant powers were infenfible of its
danger ; and the ambalTador of Hungary, or at
leaft of Huniades, refided in the Turkiih camp^
to remove the fears, and to dired the operas
tions, of the fultan(47).
Mmhomet It was difficult for the Greeks to penetrate
STnJ^* the fecret of the divan ; yet the Greeks are per*
ov<r land, foadcd, that a refiftance, fo obflinate and fur-^
priiing, had fatigued the |)erfeverance of Ma->
hornet He began to meditate a retreat, and
the fiege would have been fpeedily raifed if the
ambition and jealouAr of the fecond vizir had
not oppofed the perndipus advice of CMil Ba^
fliaw, who ftill maintained a fecret correfpon-
dencewith the Byzantine court. The reduc-
tion of the city appeared to be hopelefs, unlefs
a double attack could be made fiom the har-
bour as well as from the land ; but the harbour
tiras inacceflible : an impenetrable chain was now
defended by eight large ihips, mOre than twenty
of a fmaller iize,. with feveral gallies and floops;-
and, infiead of forcing their barrier, the Turks
might apprehend a naval Tally, and ^ fecond
encounter in the open fea. In this perplexity,

the

(47) Ducif, who coBfeffei bimfelf ill informed of the afiain of
. Hunrarf, affigns a mdtiTe of fiiperftition, a fatal belief that Coa*
ftantinople would be the tertt of tlie Tnrkilh cocqiiefit. Sec Phranxa
(1« iii. c. 80O and Sf ondanut.

OP THfi ROMAK EMPIRE. 195

the genius of Mahomet conceived and executed
a plan of a bold and marvellous caft, of tranf*
porting by land his lighter veflels and military
fiores from the Boipbprus into the higher part
of the harbour. The diftance is about ten
miles ; the. ground is uneven, and was over-*
fpread with thickets ; and, as the road muft be
opened behind the fuburb of Galata, their free
paflage or total deftru^ion mull depend on the
option of the Genbefe; But thefe felfifii mer-
chants were ambitious of the. favour of being
the laft devoured; and the deficiency of. ait
was fupplied by the ftyength of obedient nty-
riads. A level way was covered with a broad
platform of llrong and folid planks; and to
render them more ffippery and fmooth, they
were iadiointed with the fat of fheep and oxen.
Fourfco're light gallies and brigantines of fifty
and thirty oars, were cufembarked on the Bot
phorus fiibre ; arranged fucceffively on rollers ;
arid drawn forwards by the power of men and
pulfie^. Two guides or pilots were ftationed at
the hetm, and the bow, of each veffel ; the fails
were unforled to the winds; and the labour was
cheered by fong and acclamation. In the courfe
of a fingle night, this Tiirkifh fleet painfully
climbed the hill, fleered over the plain, and
was launched from the declivity into the (hal-
low waters of the harbour, far above the molef-
tation of the deeper veflels of the Greeks. The
real importance of this operation was magnified
by the 4:onfternation and confidence which it
infpired : . but the notorious, unqueftionable, fadl
was difplayed before the eyes, and is recorded
by the pens, of the two nations (48). A fiAilar
O 2 flrategem

(48) The oAanituous teftimony of the four Greeks is confirmecl by
Cantcmir Cp. 96.) from the Turlufh annals : but 1 could wiih to coo-
traA the diftance of ttu miles, and to prolong the term oi nn iiight.

196 THi; DECUNK AHH FJihh

ftratagem had been reputedly pra^^ifed by the
ancients (4.9) ; the Ottoman galUes (I mull again
repeat) fhould be confidered as lai^e boats $
and, if we compare the magnitude and the dil^
tance, the obftacles and the meai^^ the boafled
piiracle (50) has perhaps been equalled, by the
induftry of our own times (51). As Ibon as
Mahomet bad occupied the upper harlDOur with
a fleet and army ; ne conilrudted, in tile nar«
roweft part, a bridge or rather mole, of fifty
cubits in breadth and one hundred in length :
it was formed of caiks and hoglheads; joined
with rafters, linked with iron, and covert with
a folid floor. On this floating battery, he plant*
led one of his largeft cannon, while th^ fourfcora
gallies, with troops and ftaling-ladders, ap«
proached the moft actreflible fide,. which had
formerly been ftormed by the Latin conqueron^
The indolence of the Chriftians has been ao
cufed for not deftroying thefe unfinifhed works;
but their fire, by a fuperior fire was controlled
and filenced; nor were they wanting in a noc-
turnal attempt to burn the veflels as well as
the bridge of the fultan. His vigilance pre^
vented their approach ; their foremoft galliots
were funk or taken ; fort^ youths, the braveft
of Italy and Greece, were inhunianly jnaiTacr^d
at his command ; nor could the emperor's grief
be afluaged by the juft though cruel retaliation^

of

(49). Phranza rektet two examples of* a fimilar tranfportation ovef
the fix miles of the Ifthmut of Corinf h ; the one fabulovt, of Auguftut
after the battle of A^iun ; the other true, of Nicetac, a Greek gene-
ral in the loth century. To thefe he might have added a bold enter*
prife of Hannibal, to introduce his velTels into the harbour of Tarea-
tum (Polj^ut, 1. Tiii. p. 749 edit. GronovA

($0} A Oreekof Candia, who hadferrea the Vraetiantin a fimi-
lar undertaking (Spond. A. D. .14)8, N* 37.), might poffibly be the
advifer and agent of Mahomet.

(S 1 ) I paRicnlarly allude to our own embarkations 00 the lakes of
Canada in the years 1776 and 1777, fo great ill the labour^ fo £rait-
lefs in the event.

OF tifE RO'lW^Al^ EMPIRE. 197

of ^pofiiig from tW*>X^5JflS.^'ti^^ heads of two
bundr^: Vad fi^cty Mufulman captives. After ai>»ft«ft ^
fiege of forty davs, the &te 01 Cpnftantinoplc*^***^'
could no longer oe averted. The diminutive
garrifou was exb^ufted }>y a, double attack : the
fortificatioDS^ which ba4 Apod for ages againit
hoftile violence, were difmaniled on ^11 fides by
the Ottoman cannon : J^any breaches ^ere
opened ; and.ne^r the gate pf St. Roipaqu^^ fot^r
i^owers bad been levelled -with tbe ground. Fo;:
the payment of his feeb)e^and mutinous troops^
Gbnftantin^.W^s con\pelled to c^efpoil thp cburchr
es with -|he promile of a fourfold re'ftitution;
and his fad^ileg^ offered ^ new reprpach Jo the
enemies pfjhe ^ union. \ A fpirit of [ difcbr^ , ira •
paired the '|«mnan^' o£\^ Chriftian ffreii^:
the Gfen66fe.and Ver^din au^ aflerted the

prejemfiientfe "of their .relpetliye feryice^ and
Juiliniani and^the great Jdiike, whofe amouioa
was ric^exti^ fcommon danger, ac-

difed each dtn^^^^^ freachiry and cowawpel..

Purin^th^ fiege of Ggnftaplinapl?, the wpfda^'^'^-
pf pe^ce and capitulation had been f6metimesT°Jrksfor^
pronounced; and feveral embaflies had paffed^^ ?«»«**
between, tbe camp and. the city (52)» ThcMaylV.
Greek emperor was humbled by adverfi^y ; an^
would bavje yielded to any terms compatible with
religion and royalty. Tbe Turkifti fultari was
defirous of fpanng tbe blood of bis foldiers ;
ilill more defirous of fecuriog for his own ufe
the Byzantine treafures ; ahdhe accompliihed a
facreddufy in prefenting to the Gabeuriythc
choice of citcnmcifion, of tribute, profiieatb.
The avarice of Mahomet might have been fa-
dsfied with ^n annual fiim 6£ one hundred tboii-

($1) ChalcocoAdykstDi Ducu.^fferinihe tifnAtaddircumftancn
of uic negociation ; and at it was neither glorious nor falutary, the
fiithfid Phnuiza fpares hi& prince eren the tboughu of a furrendcr.

19.8 X H E; P %C^ Jlf;E. A1?JP. |:ALL

fand; ducats : but his amlnt^on giafped the ca-
pitkVof th^ Eaft,* to t^c iHiiice he offered a lick
:, cwiiy^leiitj to tht people a free toleration, or a
ftle' dipairtare : but ;ifter Tome firuidefs treaty, he
d^(dlat!^^'Jtiis resolution ipf finding either a throne,
oi;^;a*graVe5 under th^V^alls of Conftantiiibple
ATenre9f honour^ andljie fear of tmiverfal re-
moadli, forbade Palaeolo^s to refigti the city
xnio" the hiands of tlbe ttoniahs ; arid/ he de terl
liiiiied to abide thelajt pxtrcmilies t^f war. Sel
Ve^al days were einplojred bjr tlie fuUan in th^
^^parations of the afl^ult; anS a reifpit^^ wa$
granted by his favourile fcience of ^^ftrology^
ivhich ijadfi^ed on the twenty ^nintb of May, slb
"the 'fortunate andf^t'^l hour, " On the evening
tif the twenty-feventh, he iflTuedhisfin^l orders j
affeiribled in his prefence the mililar)- chiefs ;
i^nd difpeirfed his I^eralds. thrgugh t^ canip to
l^roclaim thje duty^^/aii^^he mptay^ the., pe^
rtlous eriterprife. ' FeaVis the firff prmapleof ij
defpoticgovernmenitj *in his menaces were e^^
preffedin the On^ntil ftyje^ that tli^ fegitiyeS
and dcferters, liad they the w^n^s p^ a K|;d ^55^

" " '* :^ " ' ''\ "' ''■/" ' flidula

• • •: J :: '. . ' .: : ')':'.- "{ " ■ .

($3) Thefe wings (Chdcocqndyles, I. yifivp. sdS.) are no 'more
than-an Oriental fitoe \ iiuc in iJlt tngedf o£ lrcpe» lniiliQmet'< pafv
iioo- foars above feme and reafon .:, - r - . * . ' -

Stiontd the fierce Nort^, upon his frozen wingi^
. Beiir liim aloft abofe tke wondering <l#ttdi» ' :
And jieat him in the Pleiads golden chariot-—
Thence ihould my Cnry driig mm downto c<9fturei.
B^fidesthe cxti^vagance of the ram, I m*^ obferve> . i. T|^t the tpe^
ration of the winds muft he confined to the letofr region of the air.
s» Hut ihenimey etifvtol^i ancr fiMe of the Keiads are porely
Greek (Schofiaft «d Homer, 2. 48^. Eudocifk'in loni^, p. 539.
Apqllo^or.l. iii. c. 10. Heine, p. aip. Not. ^8a.)* ^^ ^*^ ^^ ^-
mtywich'theaftronomy ohthe £ift((Hyde ad Ulagbeg, iTaboL in
Syntagma. J>iflert^ tbm; u p. ^ ^. Gognet,' Origine des Arts, ^tc.
torn. vi. .p. 73— yS* GeDofi^, Hift. du Calendrier, p. 73.), which,
Mahomet nad ftsdied. 3.' Tm gokien chariot does not exift either itt
fcience or fidion : but I much fear that Dr. Johnfon has confounded
the Tleiads with the great bear or waggon, the zodiac with a nor*
them conftelUtion :

Af»r§f I'tjr jue« ifi4$^f f^rixX^riv MsAwn*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. loo

fliould not efcape hom his inexorable juftice.
The gieateft pait of his bafliaws ^nd Janizaries
'xittt the offspriiig of Qiriftian parents j but the
glories of the Turkifh name were perpetoated by
focceflive adoption; and in the gradual change
of individuals^ the fpirit of a legion^ a 'regi-
ment, or an oia^ is kept alive by imitation and
dtfdpline. Indbbholy warfare, the Mollems
Were exhorted to purify their minds' with pray^
er, their bodies with feven ablutions ; zsA to
abftain ftom food till the cloTe of the enfuidg
day; A crowd of dervilhes vifited the tents to
mftil thedeiife of martyrdom, and the aflurance
of (pending an immcirtal youth amidft the rivers
and gardens of paradife, and in the embraces of
the. black-eyed virgins. Yet Mahomet princi-
pally tnifted to the efficacy of temporal and vi«r
fibfe rewards. A double pay was promifed to
the viftppous ttoojps ; ^ The city apd the build-
** Ings," faid Hahomet, " are mine : but I re^
** fign to your valour the captives and the fpoil,
*' the treafures of gold and beauty; be rich and
*•. iJe happy. iM^my are the jprovirices of mV
** empire : the intrepid foldier who firft afcencfs
** the walls of Gonftahtinople, fhall be reward-»
^ ed with the government of the faireft and moft
*^ wealthy; and my gratitude fhall accumulate
^' his honours and iprtuncs jtbpve (he meafure of
« hisi own hopes.'* Such various ^nd potent
motives diffuled ?mong the Turks a general ar-
dour, regardlcfs of life arid impatient for adUon :
the camp reechoed with the Mollcm ^outs oF,
^* God is God, there is but one Gpd, and Ma»
^ tomet is the apoftle of God (54) T and the fea

and

($4) Phnnzt parrels with thcTe Moflem acclamations, not for th$
dadie of God, but for tltat of the prophet : the pious xeal of Voltaire
iicxceffiTe» and even ridiculous.

emperor

am

Creeks.

200 THE DECLINE AND FALL

and land, from Galata to the fcven towers, were
. illuminated by the blaze of their nodurnal fixes.

Laft fare- Far different was the fiate of the Chnllians ;

rmpcro?'' ^^^» .with loud and impotent complaints, de-
dthe plored the, guilt, or the punilhtaent,: of their
fins. The celeftial image of the Virgin had been
expofed in folemn.proc^oo j; but ^ their divixie
patronefs wasdeaf to thdirentrtcaties; they ac«
^ cufed the obftinacy of the emperor for refiifing a
timely fur render; anticipated the horrors of their
fete ; and fighed for the reppfe and fecurity of
Turkifti fervitude. Th^ nobleft of the Gieeks,
and the braveft of the allies, were fummoned
to the palace,, to prepare them, on the evening
of the twenty-eighth, for the duties and dangers
of the general affault. The laft foeech of Pa-
Isologus was the fianeral ors^tion of the Roman
empire (55) : he promifed, he conjured, and he
vainly attempted to infiife the hope which was
extinguifhed in his own mind^ In this world
all was comfortlefs and glooQiy ; and neither the
gofpel nor the church have .propofed any coor
. fpicuous recompenfe to the heroes who fall in
tneferviceof their country. But the example
of their prince, and the confinement of a fiege,
had armed thefe warriors with the courage of
defpair; and the j>athetic fcenc is defcribedby
the feelings of the hiftorian Phranza, who was
himfelf prefentat this mournful affembly. They
wept, they embraced ; regardlefs of their fiuni-
lies and fortunes, they devoted their Jives j and
each commander, departing tohis ftation, main-
tained all night a vigilant and anxious watch on

the

(Ss) I am afraid that thU difcourfe was compofcd by Pfaraaza him-
felf : and it fmclls fo gjofsly of the fcrtnon and the convent, that I at-
moft doubt whether it was pronounced by Conftantine. Leonardui
afligns him another fpeech, m which he addrefles himfelf more re-
fpedfttUy to the Latin auxiliaries.

OF tkt TR 6 MAN EMPIRE.

20I

the rampart. The emperor, and fome ftithful
companioQs, entered; the dome of St. Sophia^
which in a &w hour's was to be converted into
a mofch ; and devoutly, received, with tears an4
prayers, the facrament of the holy communion.
He repoled fomempments in the pala<;e, which
refbmided with cries and lamentations ; folicited
the pardon of all whom he might have inju-
red (56); and mounted on hprfeback to vifit the
guaixls, and explore thje motions of, the enemy*
The diilrefs and fall of the. laft Cpnft wtine ^re
more glorious than the long jprofperity of the
Byzantine Caefars. ,

In. the confuiion of .darknef§ an aflailant nfayThenae.
fometimes jTucceed ; but in this great and general J^*™^**
attack, the .military, judgment and afirological ^*^
knowledge pf Mabpniet adviTed him to ezpe&
the mor;i^ig,:the jnemoraBle twenty-ninth of
May^ in the fourteen, hfuxdred and |^-third
year of tli^ Chriftian aera. . The preceding oight
nadbeenftrenuoiiflyonployedr the troops,* the
cannoq, and the Bifdnes, were advanced to the
edge of the ditch, which in, many parts pre-
fented a fmpoth and level paflage to tne breach ;
andhb foiirfcore gallies almoft touched with the
prows and their fcaling-ladde]:s, the lef^ defenii*
ble walls of the harbour. Under paiii of death,
fiience was enjoined: but the phyiical laws of
motion and found are not obedient to difcipUne
or fear ; each individual might fupprefs his voice
and m^ure his footfteps; but the march and
labour of dioufands muft inevitably produce a
ilrange confufion of diflbnant clamoursj, >irhich
reached the ears of the watchmen of the tow-
ers.

($6) Thisab^lcBienty which ^wti cip hu fometimea extorted from
d^ing nrincet, it an improremeDt of the goCpel doArine of the £uw
giTeneb of injiirict : it u more cafy to forgive 490 timeti than once
to aik pardon of an inferior.

302 TUE, RECXI NLE AND FALL

ers. . At day-break, without the cuftomary fig*
Hal of the raoming- gun^ the Tarks aflaulted the
city by fea and land; and the fiinflitude of a
twined oi twifted thVead has been applied to the
cl6fedcfs and continnit;^ of their line of at*
tack (57). The foretnplt' ranks confiftcd; of the
refufe of the hoft, a! voluritaiy crowd who fought
without order or cotiimaa^d; of ihi 'ftjeWenels
of 4ge or Childhood, of j>cafants and vagrants,
4nd of allv^ho hadjbinM the camp in the blind
hope of ^hinder andmartyrdom. The comfeon
impdlfe droH^iei 'them onwards to the wall: the
mbft 'audacious to-cliihb Wercinftantly precipi^
tated] apd not a dart, Qot a bullet, of Bie Chri£>
tiaiiS;,' Was idly- wafted 6n the acicumulated
thttKii^; ' But their '-fttefegth and' ammunition
were ' eihatifted in -^thir laborious defence : the
^fch temied with' th6 bodies of the flain;
the^ fiipjbohed the fe^ of their compani-

ons j^ and of this djpvoted vanguard;' thi death
iKTdi^ tnorfe fervfeeabie than' the fife. ' Under their
irel^iSiive^fcalhaw^ and*ftnjaks, the troop of
AilaVcilia and Ronii^riia: wp^efocceffivcly led to
the'chi^fge; their' bjpgitfs was( various and
dcjubtftfl';' but, *afifer\'confli<ft of two hours, the
Giteks itiUmaintiifl(eiii' Siiid imptoved, their ad-
vantaeij^ and the ydice bl" the empcipr vas
hekt*d, fencouragihg' his foldiers. to'atchicve, by
a 'lift efibrt, the deliverance of ^^r country.
In that fatal monient,, the JanizwBS irofe; frcih,
vi^ofqiis, and inviQciblk; The ihltaji'himfelf
on horfeback, with an iron, mace in liis hand,
was the fpeSator andjudg^ of their valour: he
wis ftirfounded by ten th<»ifand of hiji domeftic
' ^' ' '"■' '^'''* '■ ■ ' troops,

($7) Bcfides the te,ooo gwds, and the fiulon and the marines
Ducunmnbcrt in this scnenlvftMifc ft5o»ooo Tnrkii both horfe an^'
foot* ■ •

OE THE ROMAN EMPIRE^ 203

trooyf)^, wbq^ Ik rdenrcd for the dedfiye ccca*
0ops| aoialfhe tidebf Ijattle was dire<5led and
impelled l?v Ills voice and eye* His numerous
nuhil^eis of jU^^^^ betiiid tbe fine^

^9 urge^ to reftraixi; and to pupifh ; and if dan-
ger was iu tl^^ filDnti lliame and inevitable death
were in the rear, of the &ptivcs\ . The cries of
£ar * and of pain ,^ere drowi?^^ in the inarti^
mufic of 4jiW»k attaballs j ' and

eipenenc^^ proved, that the mechanical ope-
iadoh of 'iE)unds^^^^ bj; (juipkenmgrtfie^
pf .the bloo^.[^4 ii^inti^' ^iH aa on the human
machiae iaipxc forcibly than the ' eloquence of
rcaibn and hcmcwr* . From.tiie.lineis, the gallies^
and- the Bri^gie^.jt^ /Ottoman artillery thunder-
ed on all fidp'sf and the camp^and city, 'the
Greeks amdrihe'TiijjlfbS, M^cre involved in. a dou<l
of Jjmokei; w^ich'ro^^ only be difpehe^ by tt'e
^al ddiy^rWce ordeftru^ipn 'pf„tHe [ Rbfiian
onpue. Tlie. £ngle..cpinbat§ of .fh^ lieroes^?^
liiftojy or /^^IW .W^^^ our'.fimcy^and engage
pur 'affeflioj^ : fhe ikilful evolutions' of war may
mfbqn, ^^^.^^f^^fr^^^ neceflary,

thou^liii pernipi6j^>. fxsiencfb. 7 J^i|t' to tbe'uniforrix
ajii ie^iou? .pictures of a general kflaujt, -all ,is
l^^ydj k^bptj^ovy ^an^^cctfij^l^^^ ffiall- 1

ilrivc, at \tlie.!^i^ftaiiiec<);fj,^^^ centuries arid a
thoufaiid miles, to delfnea^^^^ of which

tiie^e could 'W no fpelfta^^ which the

a3ors themfel^es.w.ei;^ mcapahjp 6f| forming any
juft or adj^uate idea. . . : . I

"The immediate:16rs.of Coaflawiriople mayb^
alcribed to the biillet,^ or arrow, which pierced
the gauntlet of John Juftiniani. The fight of
his blood, and t^e exqui&e paio, appalled the
courage of the chief, whofef arm^ and counfeb
were the firmefi; riimpart of the' ci^. As he
withdrew frPm his ftation in queft ot a furgeon,

his

204 THE DECLINE 'AN» #ALL

his flight was perceived andftppped by the in-
defatigable emperor. ** Your wound,'* exclaim*
cdpala^ologus,.** is flight; the danger is prefling;
*'* your preTenceis neceffary; and whither will
^ you retire ?** "^ I will ^tire,** faid the trem-
^ bling Gendefe, f^ by Ae.fame road whidi God
" has opened to (he Turks^^^^aiid at thefe words
he haftily paiTed through onV^f th^ breaches of
'the inner wail.' By this pulillahimous 'ad; he
ftained the honbhri of a militiity life • and ' .the
few days which hp; furvived,in^*latt$, or the
jfle of ChiosE, W^re embitteredJiy'his own and
the public reproach (58). Hfe example wasiml-
tated by the greateft part of thelat^ auxiliatfesr,
a^d the defefAc^e be^iH to flackto when the attapk
jWas preffed with redoubled vigour.' The nUta-
"bcTof the Ottomans was fifty, .perhaps animn-
dred, times ftipetiorto that <if the Ghriftians:
the double walls were rediicfedliy the cannon ta
an heap ot' tmiis : in a circuit pf feveral iialds^
fome places mult be found iriote eafy of accefs^
or more feebly guarded; and if the befiegera
could pienetrate in a fingle'polnt,'the whole dty
Svas irrecovfetably loft. Inefirflwhodefcryed
the fultan's reward was Ha^an the Janizary, of
gigantic ftature and ftrength; With his fcyttiq^
tar in one hand and his buckler in the other, he
afcended the outward fortification : \of thie thirty
Janizaries, who. were emulobs of. his valour^
eighteen p^iftied in the bold adventure. Hat
fan and his twelve companions had reached the
fummit; the giant was precipitated from the
. ; ! /. rampart J

(1^8) In thefererecenltire'of thefiivht of' Jufttrtitni, Phrtnxm ex*
.puffin hit own ferliugg, andthofeof the poblic. Fop ^ne »rifat^
reafonsy he is treated wttji more lenity and refpe^ oy Ducas; but the
Words of Leonacrdus Chibiiii e]q)ref8 his ftron^'aiid recent iniligna*
tion, {:lori«e, falutij, (bi^oe oblitus. In tfie wholelieries of their Eaficn^
'policy, hit'coontrymeny tfaettenoefe, were always {ufpedc<^, andofA
Un^guilty.

OF THK ROMA^ EMPIRE. 205

iKUnpart; he role on one knee, and Vfzs again
oppreffed by a fliower of darts and (liHies. But
his fucoefs had proved that the atchievement was
pofllble : the walls and towers were inftaDtly
covered vmb a fwarin of Turks ; and the Greeks,
now driven from the vantage ground, were over^
whelmed by encreafiog multitudes. Amidft
thefe multitudes, theemperor (59), who accom*
pliihed all the duties of a geneial and a foldier,
was long feen, and finally loft* The nobles, w1k>
fought round his perfon, fuftained till their laft
breath the honourable names of Palaeologus and
Cantacuzene: his mournful exclamation was
heard, '^ Cannot there be found a Ghriftian to
*^ cut pE my head (60) ?"' and his laft fear was
that of &llmg alive into the hands of the infi-
dels (61). The prudent defpair of Conftantii^
caft away the purple : amidft the tumult he fell Death of
by an imknown hand, and his body was buried J^ 2!«Sr
under k mountain of die flain. After his death,ftaotiiie
jrefifiance and order were no more : the Greeks^J^***
fled towards the city; and many were prefled
and ftifled in the narrow pafs of the gate of St.
Romanus. The viflorious Turks rufhed through
the breaches of the inner wall ; a^d as they ad^
vanced into the ftreets, they were foon joined

by
•

(59) Ducas lulls kim with tWo blows of Turkilh foldlen; Chalco-
condyles wowids him in the (houlder, and then tramplei him in the
gate. The grief of Phnnza carryiAg him among the enemy, efcapet
&oin the precife image of his death ; but we may, without flattery,
apply theie noble lines of Dryden :

As to Sehaiiiaii, let them fearch tine fi^ S

And where they find a mountain of the flain«

Send one to^ltmb, and looking down beneath ,

There they wtU find him at his manly length.

With his face up to heaTen, in that red monument

Which his goodfword had digged.
(fio) Spondanus (A.D. 1453, N^ 10.}, who hat hopes of his&lva-
tion, wimcs to abfolTC this £mand fiDm the guilt of fuidde.

J61) JL.eonardDs Chieafis very properly obferves, that the Turks,
ithey knows the emperor, wouhi haw laboured to £ive and fecwe
a captiTe lb acoeptaUe to the fahaa*

2o6 THE DECLINE AND FALIi

by their brethren, who had fcrced the gate Phc-
nar on the lido of the harbour (62). In the
firft heat of the purfuit, about twp thoufand
Chriftiahs were put to the fword;. but avarice
foon prevailed over cruelty ; and the vifiors ac«
knowledged, that they fhould immediately hia,vc
given quarter if the valour of th^ emperor and
his chofen bands had not prepared them for a
fimilar oppofition in every part of the capital.
J:^^»^^^*^^It was thus, after a fiege of fifty-three days, that
Imp^. Conftaniinople, which had defied the power of
Chofroes, the Chagan, and the caliphs, was ir-
retrievably fubducd by the arms of Mahomet
the fecond. Her empire only ha.d been fubvert-
ied by the Latins : her religion was trampled in
"the duft by the Moflem conquerors (65)*
Ttie Turks The tidiugs of misfortuiie fly with a rapid
Suire"*. wing; yet fuch was the extent of Conftantino-
Coi&iiti* pie, that the more diftant quarters might prolong
'^ ' fome moments the happy ignorance of their
ruin (64). But in the general confternation, in
fhe feeliiijgs of felfilh or focial anxiety, in the
tumult and thunder of the zSmlty zjkefkji night
and morning muft have elapfed ; nor can I be-
lieve that many Grecian ladies were awakened
by the Janizaries from a found and tranquil
flumber. On the aifurance of the public cala-
mity, the hotifes and convents were luftantly de-
ferted; and the trembling inhabitants flocked to-
gether

(^2) Cantcmir, p. 96. The ChrilHu fliips in die numtk of die har-
bour, had flanked and retarded diitBayal attack.

(^3) Chalcocondfles moft abfuvdly Ibppofes, that Conftantinople
was fackcd by the Afiatics in ittveo^ for the ancient calamities of
Troy ; and the grammariaaa of the xnh centary are happr to melt
down the uncouth appellation of Turks, into the more dafiical name
of Tmcri.

{64) When Cyruifurprifed Bbbylon daring the celebration of a
fcftival, fo ym& was the city, and fo careleb were the inhabitants, that
much time ekpfed before the diftant qnartcw knew that they were cap-
tives THerodotus, 1. i.e. 191.X and CflMr (AnnaLp. 78.)* who has
quoted from the prophet Jeremiah a paflage of fimilar import.

OJ? THE kOMAN EMPIRE* 307

gether i& the ibeets, like an herd of tinud ani^
mals ; as if accumulated weaknefs could be pro-
dudiive of ftrcngth, or in the vain hope, that
amid the crowd, each individual might be fafe
and inviiible. From every part of the capital^
they flowed into the church of St. Sophia: in
the fpace of anhour^ the fanduary, the choir,
the nave, the upper and lower galleries, were
filled with the multitudes of fathers and hufband^,
of women and children, of piiefts, monks, and
religious virgins: the doors were barred on the
infide, and they fought prote£tion from the la-
cred dome, which they had fo lately abhorred
as a pro£|ne and polluted edifice. Their coi^-
dence wats founded on the prophecy of an en*
thufiaft or impoftor; that one day the Turks
would enter Conftantinople, and purfue the Rod-
mans as &r as the column of Conftantine in the
fquaxe before St Sophia: but that this would be
the term of their calamities: that an aneel
would defcend from heaven, with a fword in bis
hand, and would deliver the empire, with that
telellial weapon, to a poor man feated at the
foot bf the column. ** Take this fword," would
he lay, " and avenge the people of the Lord.^
At thefe animating words, the Turks would in-^
ilantly fly, and the victorious Romans would
drive them from the Weft, and from all Anato-
lia, as far as the frontiers bf Perfia. It is on
this occafioii, that Ducas, with fome &ncy and
much truth, upbraids the difcord and obfnnacy
of the Greeks. <' Had that angel appeared,**
exclaims the hiftorian, '^ had he oflered to ex-
•* terminate your foes if you would confent
^ to the umon of the church, even then^
*' in that fatal moment^ you would have

'' rejeaed

2o8 THE DECLINE AND FALL

** rejcdlcd your fafety or have deceived your
«Godl65)/'
CaptiTity While they expefled the defcent of the tardy
^cka ^^g^^> ^^^ doors were broken with axes ; and as
the Turks encountered no reliftance, their blood-
lefs hands were employed in felefting and fecu-
Ting the muUitude of their prifoners. Youth,
beauty, and the appearance of wealth, attracted
their choice ; and the right of property was de-
cided among themfelves by a prior feizure, by
perfonal ftrcngth, and by the authority of com-
mand. In the fpacc of an hour, the male cap-
tives were bound with cords, the females with
their veils and girdles. The fenators were link-
ed with their llaves; the prelates, with the por-
ters, of the church ; and young men of a ple-
beian clafs, with noble maids, whofe faces had
been invifible to the fun and their neareft kin-
dred. In this common captivity, the ranks of
fociety were confounded ; the ties of nature
were cut afunder ; and the inexorable foldier
was carelefs of the father's groans, the tears of
the mother, and the lamentations of the chil-
dren. .The loudeft in their wailings were the
nuns, who were torn from the altar with naked
bofoms, outftretched hands^ and diflievelled
hair: and we ftiould pioufly believe that few
could be tempted to prefer the vigils of the ha-
tam to thofe of the monaftery. Of thefe unfor-
tunate Greeks, of thefe domeftic animals, whole
firings were rudely driven through the ftreets;
and as the conquerors were eager to return £of

fDOie

(65) Thia lively defcription Ueztradcdfirom Ducat (c. 39.), who
two years afterwirdf was fent ambaflador from the prince of Leiboa
to the fttltan (c. 44.). Till Leiboa wis fubdued in 1463 (Phranxa, 1.
iii. c. 17.), that ifland muft have been full of the fugitiTcs of Conftan-
taiiopk, who delighted to repeat, perhaps to adorn, the ule of their
mifivy.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. -S09

more prey, their tremblbg pace wasquickened
with menaces and blows. At the fame hour, a
fimilar rapine was ezercifed in all the churches
and monafteiies, in all the palaces and habita-
tions of the capital ; nor could any place, how-
ever facred or fequeftered, pr6te6i the perfons
or the property of the Greeks. Above fixty
tboufand of this devoted people were traufport*-
ed from the city to the camp and fleet; el-
changed or fold according to the caprice or in-
tereft of their matters, and difperfed in remote
fervitnde through the provmces of the Ottoman
empire. Among thefe we may notice fome re-
markable charaders. The hiftorian Phranza,
firft chamberlain and principal fecretary, was
involved with his &mily in the common lot.
After fuffering four months the hardlhips of fla- >
Very, he recbvered his freedom ; in the enfuing
winter he ventured to Adrianople, and ranfomed
his wife from the tmr hqfln or mafter of the
horfe; but his two children, in the flower of
youth and beauty, had been feizedfor theufe of
Mahomet himfelf. The daughter of Phranza
died in the ieraglio, perhaps a virgin 2 his fon,
in the fifteenth year of his age, preferred death
to infamy, and was ftabbed by the hand of the
royal lover {^G). A deed thus inhuman, cannot
furely be expiated by the tafte and liberality
with which he releafed a Grecian matron, and
her two daughters, on receiving a Latin ode from
Philelphus, who had chofen a wife in that noble
fiimily (67). The pride or cruelty of Mahomet
VoL.^Xn.^ P would

{&6) SeePhnnsa, 1. iii.c. fto, it. His cxpteBoM are jwfitjvc :

Amcraafiifi manAjul^ta^t volebat enim «o tiiquter ct nefai^

abiici. Me mlferam et xnfeHcem ! Yet he could only learn from re-
pon^ the bloody or impure Icenes that were adfced in the darkreceffea
of the fenglio.

(67) See Tirabofchi (torn. vi. P. i. p. i9o.)ahd'liancdot(Meiti, fle
rAcadeWiie det liilcriptxons, torn. x. p. 7 1 8.). I fliould be curious to
Icam how he could praife the public enemy, whom he fo often revifes
as the xnoft corrupt and inhuman of tyrants.

aio THR JDIGLINE AND FALL

would bavf^ t^ct^irixiofifinifibl^ gratified by the
captute of i&^QViQ legate ; wt the dexterity of
car4inal IfidOieduded tbefeaixzh, and he efca-
ped f fom Galatd ia -a plebeian habit (68). The
chain Afid «a]byaOtet>f idie outward harbour was
fiiUocci^ied ]^ the Italiaxi jh^ of merchan-
dife and war. . They had fignalUed their valoor
.in the iiege;/th)^:ephfaGedtheisiooient of ire^
treat, while tJbe Tudciih mariners wene difiipated
in the vwUage of the>city. When they hoifted
failr-^ beasch uIm GQ(veced with afopidiant and
lamentable crowd : bvt the means of tranfpor-
tation were Icanty : the Venetians and Goioefe
feleded their coubtrymen.; and» notwithftanding
the £iiieft .promifes of thefidtan, the inhabitants
of IGralata evacuated dusirhoufes^andembadaBd
with their moft precious effe£bs«.
Amount of in the fall and the fack of gceat mios, an hif-
<^c fpoi . iQ^^^ ^ oondemned to repeat the tale of uniform
calamity : the iame eSe&s muft be produeed by
theikme paffions; and wben.thofe paffions may
be indulged without control, frnaU, alas! is the
diffisrence between civilized and favage man.
Amidft the vagins exdamations of bigodtry and
hatred, the Turks are not accufed.of a wanton
or immoderate effufion of Chriftian Uood: but
according to their maisims (the maxims of anti-
tjuity), thelives.of the vanquifced were forfeit,
cd ; and the legitimate rewand of the conqueror
was derived .ftom the fervjce, the fale, or the
ranibm, of his captives of ^both fexes {69% The

wealth

(^8) The Commenctries of Pint 11 . fuppofe, tKiit Re crafUIf pUured
• Lis car<Uiur» hat on 'die hcfd of « corpfe which was cut off ud expo-

Skd in triumph V^i^ the lega^himfelf was bought acid delivered, as

a captive of no value. The; great Belgic ChroDicie adorns his eicapc

with new advcneurest which he fuDpreiTed rCays. SpQndaiiiis» A. U.

I4S3> ^° I sO in his own letters, lelt he ihould lofe ioe merit and re-

:waidpf iufterlQ^for Chrift.
. (^9) Buibequiats expatiates withLpkafure and ^pplaufe 00 the rights

of- war, and the ufeot flavery, aiho^g the ancienu and the Twks (de

Legate Tnrcici, cpift. ui.p. 16 1.)*

OF TJfB ROMAN E^VlViJL an

vte^ih of jCk^oftanjtixiQple had been granted bjr
the fulta)[L to b^ vidbrious troop; aad the f:f^
pise of ^ hour is more {^odudure than i^ u-
duilry pf .jw;^rs. jBut as to regular divifion w^s
auet^e^.ojf thiC ijxril, the re^fiive ilwes
were not de^ioQ^^ bj I^en^^ and the'reMrajds
of yafc>ui: were llolen away by the followers of
th^ €:^tnp/yf)\o h^d. declined the toil and dafi^
gcr of j$e battllev The i^frative c£ their de-
predations qcfold not affi>rd either amufevient or
inilru£lion.: thje total amount, in \helaft poverty
of t^ ^^pir!^» has been valued at four n^ilUoD^
of.duc^s (7o)/*ind of this fiqi, a fmaD part
was the pcQjierJty jof the Venetians, the Genoe^^
the fWent^nj^, jiod the merchants of Anconia«
Of th^fe. foreig;ners, the fto^k was improved in
qaicV^^perp^^aldrcul^<m;^ but the riches
of the Gi:ee)b irw difplayed in the idle ofteiita-
tion of {iaTaces and wardrpbes, or deeply buried
in trealures of ingots and old coin, left it jQxoul^
be demajqideci at their hands for the defence of
their coiintry, I]he profahatipn and plunder oif
the mon^ftep^.^nd churches, e^cdted the moft
tragic coippl^mts. 'the dome of $t Sophia it;-
fel^ the earthly heaven, the fecbnd firmament,
the vehicle of the chenibim, the thipne of. the
glory of , God (71), wais dci^iled of the obla-
tions of ages ; and the gold and filver, the pearlf
and jewels, the vafes and facerdotal ornaments^
were moft wi<;kedly converted to the fervice of
mankind. After the divine /images had been
Ifaipped of all that could be valuable to s^ .pro-
P 2. . .fine

(70) This fum is fpecified in a maii^al note of Leunclavivs (ChaU
cocondyks, 1. viii. p. ii i.), bnt in the diftribntion to Venice^ Genoa,
Florcnee, und-Ancona, of $0, io» ao/and is,Q«d ducat», I ftSffA
that a figure Ws been driopt. Even yriih the reftitution, the foreign
property would fcarcely exceed one-fourth.

(7 1) See (he cnthnfiaftic piaifeaand iamcntatjoni pf Phraava Q« iiii

C.I70- *

212 THE i>EC^L'liNE AND FALL

fkne.eye, the caiivafe, or tbe wood, Was torn,
or lirokcn, or burnt, or trod und^t* foot, or ap^
plied, in the Ijlables or the kitchen, to the vilcft
ufes,. The example of facrilege was imitated
however from the Latin conquerors of Con-
ftantinople; and'! the treatment which Ghiift,
the Virgin, and th6 ftrnts, had fuftained froifc
the* guilty Catholic, might be inffifted by the
zealous Mtifiilman on the monunients 6f idola*
try. Perhaps, inftead of joining the public cla-
rodut, a phiibftpher will obferve, that in the
decline of the arts, the workmanftiip cduld not
be more raluable than the work, and thit tk
frelh fupply of vifions and miracles would
fpeedily be renewed by the craft of the prieft
and the credqUty of the people. He will more
ferioufly deplore the lofs of the Byzantine libra:-
ries, which were deftroyed or fcattered in*th6
general confufion : one himdred and twenty
thoufand manulbnpts are faid to have difap-
peared (74) ; ten volumes might be purchafed
tor a fingle ducat ; and the fame ignominious
price, too high perhapsf fdr i fhelf of theology,
included the whole storks of Ariftotle ind Ho-
mer, the nobleft produflions of the fcicnde and
literature 6f ancient Greece. We may refleft
with pleafuri, that an Ineftlmable portion of our
clalfic treafurei was fafely depofited in Italy }
and that the mechanics ot a German town had
invented an art which derides the havock of
time and barbarifm.
Jj^^«^ From the firft hour (73) of the memorable
city, stf So. twenty-ninth of May, di^^rder and rapine pre-
fcX - . vailed

(7t) See i>flcat (c. 43.), and tn ofSftl^,'July ^jth, r4$3, from Lau-
fU8 qijitrintts to pope Nichofaw V. (Hodj de Gracit, p. 191. from »
MS. in the Cotton library).

(7S) The JuUmi Calendar, which reckon fdiedayt and hovrsfrom
midnieht, was ufed at Conftaottnople. But Ducai fccmi to under-i
fund the natural houn from fun-rile.

OP THBROMAjNSMPIRB. 415

Tailed isi Conflandnoplt^-rffll\ti6i£':jcighdi hmt

of* the fame, day ; ! vhQA * tbe fukan himielf

pafled initiiiumph through tbe gate of StRo^

jii2jiQ$r..;ii« ijiraB.attended:ri)y :lii8 mzir^ hz-

ihavs, and.^ifdi» eairti of w1u)m :(fav9 a B)^

zantbe iM%>rii(9) nnras ix^biift to IffeiiGUtes^ .dex^

trotis an Apc^Do, and eq^} io battle to any ten

of the xaoe of tvdmaryjtQotota}^. ; The conque**

|or(74)|(azeiJI mti) Atis^€tioQ:]UQd wjoiider on

the ftmoge : ^Qgh fplepdid appca]:anoe of the

doo)^ and.pada&iii; fo dli)iia#ar fix>m tb^ ilyle

q{ QntSitM dj$hited|ire. . In ihe hip(K>drom0i

or (afnc^t/m$:hi^ eye waa attciSsd by dte twifted

columnar .theftbree fei^»itft;..ajid, as a trial

of his ftff^gjt'bi he ihatterodriet^iUi hU iron oiaoe

<>rbatUis-axetheJtoder ja^/Oif.ow'of tbefe mcihfr

to» (75X vWqbiia tb$ «ye^ «f: the Tucka'were

theidob prtalifpjans of the<:Hyi ; At the prin-

cipal d9or of St. Sopbiaiibe alighted from. his

horfe, and entered the dooiei : and fuch waa his

jealous riegard for that monm^ntof his glory;

that on obferving a zeaknifr IJfufulmaa in the

a£l of breaking the jnarble pavement, he .ad-f

monilfaed his» witli ^\s fcymetar, th^tj» if the

fpoil and Qaptiyea were gt^nt^d; tp ih^ fold\^TS,

tbe public -and private buildiip^^ had bem re^

liprved for tb^ princp. J&y;his.conunand» the

metropolis of the Eaftern qhyr<^ was (ranf-

formed into a moich ; th^ vicl^ and portable in«

firaoients of fuperftidon had been removed; the

crofies were thrown down ; and the walls^

which^ were covered with images and mo&ics,

were wafhe'd and purified, and reftored to ai-

ilate pf naked fimplicity. On the fame da^i

or

(74) See the Tifi-kifli Annak, p. 339. atid the PamdeAi of Leun-
(liTitu, p. 448.

(75) I hAYehad occaiion(vol. iii. p. 11, ift*) to mention thiscurioui
relic of Gt*d4& anti^aity.

3x6 TH E D E C L I M E AK D F A L L

duke and Ins two fohs:; and hk death is ^
cribed to the generous.. refofal of ddiverii^ his
cMklren to the tyrant's iloft. Tet a %zanline
hiftotian has dropt. anijoBgaarded word of con-
fpirac3r» ddivei-ance, and Italian ibocour: fuch
treafoin may be glorious ; but the rebel who
bravely ventures, haaijuftly forfisitedi his life;
nor ihould we blame a conqueror for deftroy*
ing the enemies whom he can no .longer truft*
On the eighteenth of June, the vidorious fultan
returned to Adrianople ; and fmiled at the hafe
and hollow emb^e& of the Ghriftian princes,
who viewed their approaching ruin in the fall
of the Eaftem empire,
^/t^ Gonftantinople had been left naked and defo-
Lc!^iMCoii-kte^ without a prince or a ;people. But ihe
<^*»w>pk. could not be defjxnled of the incomparable fito-
ation which marks her for the metropolis of a
great empire ; and the genius of the place will
ever triumph over, the accidents of time and
fortune. Bourfa and Adrianople, the ancient
feats of the Ottomans, funk into provincial
towns; and Mahomet the fecond ^aUiflied hb
owa refidence, and that of his fucceflbrs, on
the fame commanding fpot which had been cho-
ien by Confiantine (So). The fortifications of
Galata, which might afiord a fhelter to the La*
tins, were prudently deftroyed ; but the damage
of the Turkifli cannon was foon repaired ; and
befoce the month of Augnft, great quantities of
lime had been burnt for the reftoratfon of the
walls of the cajHtal. As the entire profserty of

the

(So). For the reftkutioB of Coaftamiiioplie tnd the Turkifli feoa-
dationt, fee CanCemir fp. lot— iop.)t IHicai (5.41.), with Tlievcnot,
Toumelort, uul the reft of our modem travHlers. From a gt{r«Dtic
^€twrc<ii the greetneftv popaMon, Ac. ol CofiA»iittno|ile and the
Ottoman empire (Ahrej^e de THiftoire Ottomane, torn. i. p. j tf««it .),
we may learn* that in the year. i:$8tf, the Moflems were leuoumerout
in the capital than the Chriftiaiii, or evai the Jewit

OF THEAOMAN EMPIRE. 317

the fott and Imildbgs, whether public or pri-
vate,, or profailj^ or £E(cred» was now transferred
to the conqueror, iie fiiil feparated a fpc^ ot
eight furlongs from, the point of the <riangle for
the eftablilhment of. i^s feraglio or palace. It
is here, in the bofom of luxury, that the gramt
Jigmnr (as he has been emphatiqally named by
iht Italians) appears to reign ovef Europe and
Aiia; but his perfon on the ihpr^.of the Bof-
pboms may not always be fecure from the in-
fblts of an hoftile navy. In the new charaAer
oi a mofch, the cathedral of St. 3ophia was
eadowed with an ample revenue, crowned with
lofty minarets, and furrouuded with groves and
fi)oi}tains, for the devotion and refreihment of
the MoiknQs. . The fanie model was ii^iitated in
ihcjatm or rdyai moichs ; and the firft of thefe
was built, by Mahomet himfelf, on the ruins of
the church of. the holy apoftles ^nd the tombs of
the Greek emperor^). On the (bind ,d9y after,
the conqueft, the grave of Abu Ayul?, or Job,,
who had fallen in the firft fiege of the Arabs^
was revealed in a vifion ; and it . is. rbsefore the
fepulchreof the ipar^yr, that the^ new;foUan8r
are girded with the fv^'^rd of empire (8 1 )• Con^
ftantinopleno longer appertains to the Romaa
fayiorian; nor fhall I enumerate the civil and
religious edifice that were profaned or cre£ied
by its Turkiih maAers : the population was.
Ipeedily renewed ; and before the end of Sep-
tember, five tboufand families of Anatolia and
Romania had obeyed the royal mandate, which
enjoined them, under pain of death, to occupy
their new habitations, in the capital. .The

throne

(«i) The Turh/, or fepolchnil moniimctit of Abou Aynb, it d4-
fcribed and cDgrared in (he I'ableaii General de l*£mpire Ottoman
(Paris, 1787, in large foUo). a work of Icftufe, perhapti than roaK«>
nificencc (lom. i. p. 305, 306.)*

2ia THE DECLINE AND FADL

throne of Hf ahdmet Wta guarded by die nam*
bers and fidelity of his Moilem fubjd^ : but his
rational policy afpired to coUed the rentBant of
the Greeks ; and they returned in crowds, as
foon as they were affured of their lives> their
liberties, and the free exercife of th^ir religion.
In the election and inveftiture of a patriarch,
the ceremonial of the Byzantine court was re-
vived and imitated. With a nomrn^e of fatif-
fadion and horror, they beheld thb fultan <m
his throne ; who delivered into the hands of
Gennadius the croiier or paftoral ftaff, the fym-
bol of his ecclefiaftical office; whd conduced
the patriarch to the gate of the feraglio^ pec-
fented him with an horfe richly c^lpatifoned) and
directed the vieirs and bafliaws to lead him to
the palace which had been allotted for his refi-
(lence(82). -The churches of ConftantiDo}^e
werelhar^ between the two rdigions: their
limits weretttark^; and, dll it was infiringiBd
}^y Selhii ' the - grandfon ttf Mahomet, the
fSieeks (83) enjoyed above fixtyy^ars the be-
nefit of this equal |uinition. Encooaraged by
the minifters of (his divan, who wifhed to elude
the fknaticifm <^^h^ fultan, the Chriftian advo^
eates prefumed to alledge that this divifion had
been an adl, not of generofity, but of juftice ;
not a conceflion, but a compa£l ; and that if
one half of the dty had been taken by ftonn,
' • '' • the

(8s) Phnhsa (1. iii. t, ip.) tehut (ke centnony, which hnpofihiy

hetn adorped in the Greek' repoitt to each other, and to the i-atins.
The hA h confirmed bv Emanuel Mala^us^ who wrote, in vulgar
Greek, thoiSifto^ of the Patmrcbt.a£itr the ttking of Conflamti-
Boole, inferted in the Turco-Grxcia of Crufius (L v. p. 1 06^184.)-
mt the moft paient reader will not believe that Mahomet adopted
the Catholic form, <* SanAa Trinitaa qox mihi donavic imperium te
*> in patriarcham nov« Rooub deligit.

(8f) From the turco-Grscia of Cruiiiu, &€. Spondaous (A. B,
^«4$3. N«>ai. 145S, N^ i6.)defcribetthe ikverr and domcftic quar-
rels of the Greek church. The patriarch who luccceded Gennadius,
threw himfelf in dcfpair into a well.

OF THl ROMAN EMPIRE. 219

^ dihftr fooitty bad futreaifeied on* the faith
of a:£aeiied olplmladon. The origbal grant
hail indeed b^U cooAanied hj-ixti but the lols
wild fi^lkd by the teftioioQy of ihree aged
JaaSsanes who reinembered the tranfa^on ;
and th^r yett^l ^wijbft are of more weight in the
o]iinionc(f Ganteinii-, thsln the pofitive and una^
nimons tonfent of the hifiory of the times (84).

The lemaifltng fragments of the Greek ^i^g-of ^f{^.
dom in Europe and Afia I fliall abandon to theperiarfami-
Tilrkiih arnto.;. but. the final extinaion pf thej^;;^,^^-
two laft dynafties (85) which have reigned inPaiJcoiogus.
Gofl^ailtinopk, . ihduld termmate the decline
and &U of the Rom^ ero|)ire in the. £alt. Tha
de£pots o£ thd Morea, Demetrius and Tho*
taxi (86)^ the JCwo- ibrviving brothers of the
nanMspf PAX^iioiioaus, were aftonifhed by the
deatk of the emperor Conftaotine^ and the
itii&.of the monarchy. Hopelefs of defence^
they prepared with the noble Gxeeks ^ho ad«
hered to their fort«me, to feek,a. refiige in Italy^
be^Kind the . reach of the .Qttomah ;tbunder^
Their firft appteheniioos weie difpdied^ by the
vidorious fultan, who co^tjbnted bimfelf .wkha
tribute of twetr^ . .thpu£ihd diicats ; and while

■•;.:. I ^ ■ • i : : : « • his

(94) Cantemir (j>< i.oif-LoC,) iniifti oo.the anuoimout amfent ot
the TMiii hifionaiis, aticknr as well ui knodbnl, atid argues, that
thef wouid not h$tc viptettdi tiir.tnttk to dinUniai thdr lutioiitl rlo*
Tj, ilnce it is efleemed iaorc boDourable to take a city bf force than
l»y compoiBtiofi.' * Btit,^ i . l^do^ this confeni, fince he qtibte« no par-
ticular hiftorianw aiid tjib [I^ki^k Anoals of Jueundaviiu affirm, witb«
«ut exception, tKat.Manomct took Conftantinople/fr.^wMi (p. ^z^X
a. Tke fame aii^bient linf Ke tnmeJ in fiivour of the Greeks of tire
txmes^ who would Bot hay#;f<^ot:ieA this honour^bl^ andiAlutary
treaty. Voltaire, as ufual, preici's the 1 urks to the Chril^ians.

(8s) For the dcAfcalo^ alAifkU of the Cotoihehi of Trebizdnd^ fee
Ducange ^Fam. Bpaot. p^ la^) ; for the' laftp^d^^lop^ the fame aov
curate antiqu^iah' (P* ^^44' ^47 > 248'.)* 'llie -Falxblon of Montferral
were not texthtft im the attt ceiitury ; but they h^ ibiigotteta their
Gr^ origin, ahd ]pndfe<L

(8€) In thre wohhlefii ftorf bf the difpu^es ^d mUfpitunes of the
two broiheii, Phrstasy^ (1. iii.ic' x 1-^50.) ii toopartiU oil the fide cf
Thomas ; Ducas (c. 44, 45.) is too brief, and Cnalcocondylct (1. iriii,
xi, X.) too diffuTc and digrei&ve.

2Z0 THE DECLINE AND FALB

his ambition explored the cdtidnedt and ther
iilands in fearcb of pief , he indul^d the Morea*
in a refpite of feven years. But this refpke
was a period of grief, difcord, and mifery. The
bexamihon, the rampart of the Ifthmus, to often
raifed and fo often fubverted, could not lodg be
defended by three hundred Italian archers : 4he
keys of Corinth were feized by the Turks : they
returned from their fummer excur&ons with a
train of captives and fpoil ; and the complaints
of the injured Greeks were heard with indif-
ference and difdain. The Albanians, a vagrant
tribe of ihepherds and robbers, fiU^ the pen*
infula with rapine and murder : the two defpots
implored the dangerous and humiliating aid
of a neighbouring baihaw ; and when he had
quelled the revolt, his lefibns inculcated the
rule of 'their future condud. Neither the ties
of blood, nor the oaths which they repeatedly
ple(^ed in the communion and before the altar,
xior the ftronger pieffuxe qf neceflky, could rei
concileor fufpend their domeftV^-quanrels. They
ravaged ^ach other's patrin^qnv with firo and
fword : the alms and fuccoun of the W«^ were
confumed indvil hoftility ; and their power was
only exerted in favage and arbitrary executi-
ons. The diftrefs and revenge of the weaker
rival invoked their fupreme lord; and, in*the
J;J'^J^^^**feafon of maturity and revenge* Mahomet de-
A.n. 1 4^0; dared h^mfelf the friend of Dentietrius, and
inarched into the Morea with an irreliilible
force. When be had taliien pofleflion of Sparta,'
*• You ^re too weak,'* faid the fultan, " to con-
" trol thijj turbulent province : I will talje your
*^ daughter to my bed; and 'you Ihall pafs the
^' remainder, of. your life in fecurity and ho-
** nour/* Demetrius figh^ and obeyed ; fur-
rendered his daughter and his caftles; followed

tQ

OF THE kOMAN EMPIRE. 221

to Adrianople his fovereign and fon ; and re-
ceived for his ovm maintenance, and that of
his followers, a city in Thrace, and the adja*
tent iiles of Imbros, Lemnos, and Samothrace.
He was joined the next year by a companicm
of misfortune, the laft of the C!omn£nian race»
who, after the taking of Conftantinople by the
Lttins, had founded a new empire on the coaft
of the Black Sea (87). In the progrefs of his
Anatolian conqiiefts, Mahomet hivelied with
a fleet and army the capital of David, who
prefumed to ftyle himfelf emperor of Trebi-
^ond (88) ; sand the negotiation was comprifed
in a ii^rt and peremptory queftion, " Will you
" fecure your life and treafures by refigning
" your kingdom f or had you rather forfeit
" your kingdt>m, your treafures, and your life?**
The foeble Comtienus was fubdued by his own
fears, Sind the example of a Mufulman neigb-^j. ^^^^
bour, the prince of Sinope (89), who^ on a fi.«ond,
milar fummons, had yielded a fortified city with'^^*^'-
four hundred cannon and ten or twelve thou-
fand foldiers. The capitulation of Trebizond
v^as faithfully performed ; and the emperor,
^ith his family, was transported to a caftle in
Romania: but on a flight fufpicion of correl^

ponding

(I7) See the l«ft or conqtaell of Trelibond in Chalcocondf les (T.
ix. p. t6|-«ftM.)y Duca* (c. 4$.), Phnnza(l. iii. c. »;.), and Cmtc-

(88) Though Totirnefort (torn. iii. lettre zvii. p. 179.) fpeakt of
Ttebiiood^A nud pcii|ilee, P<eyfloiiel» the hceft aad moil accvate ob*
forrer, can find ipo^ooo ioluhitaata (Conuaer^ de la Mer Noire,
torn. ii. p. 79. and for the province, p. $^-'-9o.)« Iti ptio^erity and
<^ are perpetuallir dift«rh«d hy the fatSioos ^varrcb of two 9Jat of
Jaoizariet, in one of which 30.000 Lasi are comnumiy eBroUed(Mej
noiretdcTott, torn. iii. p« 16, 17.).

(S9) Ifmael Begr, prince of Sinope or Sinopk, was pofTeiTed (chicfr
jf framhii copper nunei) of arevcnoe of »oow»30 duca^(Chaicocood.
^'X'P- a$<, i$9.). Peyflbnel (Comoierce de U Mer Noire, torn. ii.
p* 100.) aficribes to the modem city ^0^00 inhahitanta. This account
fic^mi enormous : . yet it it by trading with a people that we become
>£<ivainted with their wealth and numbon.

222 THE DECLINE AND FALJL

ponding with the Per^ kixySp Davids and the
whole Comneuiaa race, were facrificed to the
jealoufy or avarice of the, conqueror. Nor
could the JQa^e of father lo^g prqted die ^ un-
fortunate Demetrius from exijle ^4 confiication ;
his abjed fubniijQ^oa i^oyefd.tfae .pity and coi;!.
tempt of the fultai;! ; his foUowerfs were trans-
planted to jConilant'mople ; aiid his pover^.was
alleviated by a pepfion of Bj^ i^hpufand adpess,
till a monaftic . habit and a takly death releaied
Palaeologus from an earthly mafier. It is not
eafy to pronounce whether the fervitude of
Demetrius, or the exile of h^ brother Tho-
mas (90), be the mod inglor^Qi,!^. On the con-
queft of the Morea, the defppt ^leaped ^ Cor-
fu, and from thence to It^ly» ivith fome naked
adherents : his ^me^ his. iiifferings, and the
head of the apoflle St. Andrew, totitlod him
to the hofpitality of the Vatican, ; and Ins mifery
was proloiiiged by a penfior^ of fix thbufand du-
cats fromr the pope and cardinals. . liis two
fons, Andrew ^i^d Manuel, were edpca^ed in
Italy ; but tl^e .eJdeft, coptemptible to his iene-
mies and burtbenipme to his friends, was de-
graded by the bafenefs of bis^ife ^d marriage.
A title w.as bis ifole inheritance; and that inne-
ritance he fucceffively fold to the kings of
France and Arragon (9 1 ). During his tranfient
profperity, Charles the eighth was ambitious of

joining

* ^) Spondznus (from Gobelin Comment. Pii 11. 1. ▼.) relates the
arrival and reception of the defpot Thomai at Rome (A. D. t^6t»

(91) By an' aft- dated A. D.'i4^4, Sept. 6. and lately tranfntitted
from the arcKiircs of the Capitol to tht' royal library of Paris, the
defpot Andrew PalaBplogui, refervin^-^he Morea, and ftipuiatin^
fome private advantages, conveys to Charles VlIF^kingof Franco the
empires of Cdnftantinople and Trebizond (Spondanns, A. D. 1 49s.
N° t.y M. de Foncemaene (Mem. de TAcad^ie des Infcriptiont,
tom. xvii. p. e3pi^78.) has beftowed a diflertation on this aational
title, of whidi he had obuined a copy from Rome.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 223

joiniag the empire of tbe^ £aft with the king-
dom cf Naples: in a public feftival, he aflum^
the appellation and the purple of Auguftm:
the Greeks liejoiced, and the Ottoman already-
tiembled, at the approach of the FieiKh chip-
vilry (92). Manuel Palseok^us, the fecond fon,
was tempted to revifit his native country : his
return ought be grateful, and could xK)t be
dangefous, to the Porte : he was mainta'med at
Gcuorftantinople in fa&ty and eafe ; and an ho-
nourable train of Chnftians and Moflems at-
tended him to the grave. If there be fome ani-
mals of fo generous a nature that thev refufe to
propagate in a domeftic flate, the laft of the
Imperial race muft be afcribed to an inferior
kiad : he accepted from the fultan's liberality
two beautiful females ; and his furviving fon
was loft in the habit and religion of a TurkKh
ilave.

The importance of CScHifiantinople was felt Grier and
and magnified in its lofe : the pontificate of Ni-E™p^^^
cbdas the fi&h» however peaceful and profper-A.D. 1453.
ous, was diflionoured by the &11 of the Eaftern
empire ; and the grief and terror of the Latias
revived^ or feemed to revive, the old enthuliafm
of the crufades. In one of the moft diftant
countries of the Weft, PhUip duke of Bur-
gundy entertained, at lifle in Flanders, an
aflembly of his nobles ; and the pompous page-
ants of the feaft were ikilfuUy adapted to their
&Dcy and feelings (93). In the midft^ of the

Sanquet,

(^). See Philippe de Cominea (I. tii. c. 14.), who reckons with
plcafure the number of Greeks who were prepared to rife, 60 miles
of an eafy naTigation, eighteen days journey from Valona to Conftan-
tiaople, &c. On this occafioil the Turkiih empire was &ved by the
poliqr of Venice.

(93) See the original feaft in Olivier de U Marche (MImoires, P. u
c. a^, |o*)> with the AbftraAaad obferratioas of M« de Ste Palaye

- (M^moircs

iU THE DECLINE AND FALL

banquet, a gigantic Saracen entered the hall,
leading a fictitious elephant, with a caftle ou
his back : a matron in a moaming robe, the
fynibol of religion, was feen to ifliie from the
caftle ; (he deplored her oppreflion, and ac*
cufed the ilownefs of her champions : the prin-
cipal herald of the golden fleece advanced,
bearhig on his fill a live pheafant, which, ac-
cording to the rites of chivalry, he prefented
to the duke. At this extiaordinary fummons,
Philip, a wife and aged pance, engaged his
perfon and powers in the holy war againft the
Turks : his example was imitated by the ba-
rons and knights erf* the ailembly ; they fwore
to God, the Virgin, the ladies, and the pbea^
fani; and their particular vows were not lefs
extravagant than the general fanflion of their
oath. But the performance was made to de-
pend on fome future and foreign contmgency ;
and, during twelve years, till the laft hour of
his life, the duke of Burgundy might be fcru-
puloufly, and perhaps fincerely, on the eve of
his departure. Had every breaft glowed with
the fame ardour ; had the union of the Chriftt-
ans correfpouded with their bravery ; had every
country, from Sweden (94) to Ifaples, fupplied
a juft proportion of cavalry and in&ntry, of
men and money, it is indeed probable that
Conftantinopte would have been delivered, and
thai the Turks might have been chafed be^
yond t^e Hellefpont or the Euphrates. But the
iccretary of the emperor, who compofed every
epiftle, and attended every meeting, .Slneas

Sylvius

(Memoiret-fur la Chev&Ienc, torn. *. P. uL p. lU— iS$.). The pea-
cock and the pheafant were diilioguiflied ai royal birds.

(94) It ^a» found by an a&ual cnummtion, that Sweden, Goth-
Und, and Finland, contained i,8oopoo fighting men, aDd coBf«-
^ucmly were f^r more populoua than at prcieat.

OF TH£ ROMAN EMPIRE. 825

Sylvras(95), a ftatefman aiid orator^ defcribes
from his own experience tbe repugnant ftate
and fpirit of Ghriftendom. " It is a body,'*
fays he, ** without an head ; a repuUic ^itb*
" out laws or Aagiftrates. The pope and the
** emperor may fhine as lofty titles, as fplen-
^ did images ; but tbeyzxt unable to commaud,
" aed none are willing' to obey : every ftate
" has a feparate prioce, and every prince has
'' a (eparatc intereft. What eloquence could
'' unite ib many difcordant and hoftile powers
« under tbe fame ftandard ? Gould they be
^ aflembled in arms, wbo would dare to rU
** fume the office of general > What order could
^' be maiDtained ?— «^hat military difdpline ?
*' Who would undertake to feed iiicb an enor-
*" mous multitude ? Who would underfland
^ their various languages, ^r dire6i their ftran-
'' ger and incompatible mapners ? What mor-*
'* tal could reconcile the Englifii with the
^' French,' Genoa with Arragon, the Germans
'' with the natives of Hnngary and Bohemia ?
** If a fmaH number enlifted in the holy war,
'' they muft be overthrown by the infidels ; if
* many, by their own weight and confufion.''
Yet the fame £neas, when he was tailed to
the papal throne, under the name of Pius the
fecond, devoted his life to the profecution of
the Turkiih war. In the council of Mantua
he excited fpme fparks of a falfe or feeble en-
thofiaim ; but when the pontiff appeared at
Ancona to embark in perfon with the troops.
Vol. XIL C^ engage-

(95) In the rear 1454 Spondaaut lias given, from .Sneas Sylviu»,
I view of the ftate of Europe, enriched with bis own obfervations.
Thattaluablcannalift, and the Italian Muratori, wiU continue the
fcries of events from the year 1453 to 1481, the end of Mahomet's
^e, lad of thb chapter.

m6 thi decline and fall

c»gagbddem3 y wi&c^ ki f9:€ufes } a precife daf
yraA adjourned t$> an k^^&it^ t^m ; angi bis
'^ffe£Uve airhif confifte^ of foijie Gerldaii piU
griras, :iirh0® be ^t^ft .4>bliged to 4ifbaD4 with
iodulg€Q«$ aD!^ alosk^; Regardkft of &tu^
rity, his ftw^ocfford iao^ |h€ powers of Italy
ifeere tavolyed io the fcfa^mes of prefjent and
doikieftie ambiti(>a > and tb^ difiance or j|^'o;ci>
mity of rach.objei^l determine^j m th^r e)fet}
its apparent InafiP^ttide. A tn^fit ealfLvged
vnw of tbfiir interpft "woald have taugbt them
to maiQtaii& a dei&ifiH i^jMi naval War agamft
the coonnon ctnemy.; wd the fuppqrt of Scan-^
derbeg and bis t^rave AlbafiiaOi> might have
prevented the (ubfeqm»t iavafioa of lh« king«
dom of l^ples. Tbf^ fiege ^ni fyfk df O
tranto hy. the Twk^ d^Te^ a general con-
ibrnlLticm } aod p<^ Sii:tU8 was pr^park^ to
fly beyobd the Alph wblto the Sprip was in-
Deith of ftantl^ difpelled t^y ih^ (^fttb pf Mahpp^et tb«
Mahomjt jjj^^^^ :|j^ jj^^ fifty^xft y^r of his age (36).

1481, MsyHss la% ^c&EWi6 afpired to the conqueft of Itafy :
3. or July j^ ^^ ik^jfed 0^ 4 ftjropg city and a capa-
cious harbour ; abd th^ £ii»e rei^ might h^ve

beea

.4gk) Befidsi the two ani\aliils» ihe reader mar confalt Gian*
none (tttoria 'CTviU, t^i^l iil. "p." 4^9-^445.) fot the Turttflh ifa**.
ioA <a «He kldgcMtH fiT^pbi. fi«tf the rete tUtt CMqiefU of
Maboinet'IL'. I have occaOonnHy .uied the Meznoric lAoricbe de
JpTdharthl Oifoih:irnfti iffOi^ah^i ftrgi-^do •( VeflCXa, t6fj. In 'itti'S.
la pdfcW. ««r*W«r, the Tliriu 4>ji!e}i ^e^ qigatfed .the ane^tion <fr
the rcpuWic qI "Venice. An her difpatchee and archives were open
fir « '^VbbUra<6r of ^. Kf afk, ahd taMdo is hot enilt^Aip^te eitli^f
ia fenft «nr ftyle. Yet he too hitteriy hatet the inidett ; he » ig>
norint" of their Unguage and manners ; and his narrative, which
allows only feventy pages to Mahomet II. (p. 69— > 140.), becomes
more copious and authentic as he approaches the year 1^40 and
i«44, Ac twin 4i the hiftdric iabowi«f J6hn Sa^edo.

Of tH£ KOUAV EMPIRE. 9K

been decorated with the trophies of the Nxw
and the Amcismt Romx (97).

(yij) At I am Mw taM|)gui etarltfting;iurcwell of the Greek eoH
pire, 1 ihall briefly m^nkidn the great eolkdSoA ef B]rsaiitiiie writers,
wikofe names and teflimonies hare been fucceffiTely repeated in thia
work. The Oicekprefletdf Aldus and the Italians, wereconflncd to
the daflics of a better age ; and the firft mde editions of Procopins,
Anthias, CedTenvs, 2^01^0^ aoc. were pubHflied by the leamea d>-
li^Aee'oT t&e OermAii. The #hole ]ly2antiiiie.ferier(<SE¥i' vot^nkket
iirfoBo)hasgrado^ylfliBed(A. B, idafi, Ace) irna the roy«l preft
of tluT Louyre, with foine collateral aid firom Rome and Letpfic ;
bift the- Venetian edStiod (A\ D^. t/a^ t]M|[li dtadftt lORl moi« co*
moos, ia not leb inferwr in ooiredncb thon^m magnificence to diat of
nxis. Tbe merits of the French edltorl an 'various ; but the value
of ArkA Conmena, Cin£iimus^ vaidMlrdottin, ftc. it enhanced by
tte hittgriral notes Of Charles du grejne du daf^. His fuppleatental
works, the Gredit-Qjdflafy', the Codftifltinopdlu Chriftiana, t&e Fami*
Kar^fabuMte, dldUr a teid^Mljkti^TcfWdirkatft of the Lower
Empire.

(^a CHAP.'

828 THE DECLINE AND FALL

CHAP. LXIX-

State ofkome from the Itwelfth Ceniury.^^Tem-
foral Domhdon of the Popes.^Seditions of the
QVy. — Political Hertjy of Artdd of Brepa. —
Rejoration of the Reptiblic.-^The Senators. —
Pride of the Rowans. — Their Wars.*— They are
derived of the E/eition artd Prejence oj the
Apes J who retire to Ji^ignon.'. — Thejumee.-^
Noble Families of Rome. — Feud of the Colonna
and Urfini.

^^lud^oM 1 N the fiiil ages of the decline and fall of the
«^ R^o»«» Roman empire, our eye is invariably fixed on
II 00^1500. the royal city, which had given laws to the
faireft portion of the globe. We contemplate
her fortunes, at firft with admiration, at length
with pity, always with attention ; and when
that attention is diverted from the Capital to
the provinces, they are confidered as fo many
branches which have been fucceffively fevered
from the Imperial trunk. The foundation of a
fecond Rome, on the Ihores of the Bofphorus,
has compelled the hiftorian to follow the fuc-
ceifors of Conilantine ; and our curiofity has
been tempted to vifit the moft remote countries
of Europe and Afia, to explore the caufes and
the authors of the long decay of the Byzantine
monarchy. By the conquefts of Juftinian, we
have been recalled to the banks of the Tyber,
to the deliverance of the ancient metropolis ;
bi!it that deliverance w^ jt' change, or perhaps
an aggravation, of fervitude. Rome had been

already

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 229

already ftripped of her trophies, her Gods, and
her Cefara : nor was the Gothic dominion more
inglorious and oppreflive than the tyranny of
the Greeks. In the eighth century m the Chri£>
tian sera, a religious quarrd, the worihip of
images, provoked the Romans to aflert their im-
dep»deoce : their bifhop became the temporal,
as well as the fpiritual, father cf a free people ;
and of the Weftern empire, which was reftored
by Charlemagne, the title and image ftill deco*
rate the lingular conftitution of modem Germa-
ny. The name of Rome mtift yet command
our involuntary refped : the climate (whatfoever
maybe its influence) was no loiter the fame ( i) :
the purity of blood had been contaminated
through a thoufand channels; but the venerable
afped of her ruins, and the memory of paft
greatnefs, rekindled a fpark of the national cbaf-
x^Sber. The darknefs of the middle ages exhi*
bits fome fcenes not unVlronhy of our notice.
Nor ihall I difmifs the ptefent work till I have
reviewed the ftate and revolutions of the Ro-
man CITY, which acquiefced under the abfo-
lute dominion of the popes about the fame time
that Coufiantinople was eoflaved by the Turkifli
arms.

In the beginning of the twelfth century {l\J^^l^^
the sera of the firft cnifade, Rome was revered man empe-
by the Latins, as the -metropolis of the world, ^^^^^

as AD.

800— •1100.

(<) The abbe Dmbos, who, with leA genius than his fucceflbr MQn«
tcfquieu, has afTertcd and magnified the influence of climate, objeds
to bimfelf the degeneracy of the Romans and Batavians. To the (irft
of the(e examples he replies, i . That the change islefsreal than appa->
rent, and that the modern Romans prudently conceal in themfclves
the Tirtucs of their anceftors. i. That the air, the roil, and the cli-
mate of Rome'havc fuSered a great an^ vifible alteration {Reflexions
fur la Poefie et fur la Peinture, part. ii. fed. i6X

(1) The reader has been fo lone; abfent from Rome, that I would
advifehim to recoUcA or review the xlixth chapter, in the ixth yolumo
of U^is Hiftory.

%2P

THE D££!LIS» AND FALX

as^heibione of 4ke |X)pe aid ij^ enqperor^
vAiOj iran 4he eleiAal dl^, denied liimr ti^^

poial dominion. Aictri^ looe an intempticm,
K may not be lafelefsw FepMt 4iat the-iue^efiora
of Cbarlemagne and Ae Othas w«f«^ofa^ W-
yood dke RUbeon aiia|!k»al diet; but 4hat ^lefe
piiaces wetc content Jwith <the 'h^iodate naraee oJF
kbgs of Germain^ and Italy, t^il they liad pafed
^ Alps aqd cbe Apeanine, to ie^ Dheir impe-
^1 crown on the banks of sSb/t Tyl^r (3*}. At
dome -diftance f lom the eity, 4heir afproach waa
fainted by a long pcooeffion of l$ie deigy and
people :v(rith palms and croffes ; and die femfic
iemblems of wolves and lions, of dragons and
eagles, that floated in«be mttatary bannera, re-
)>Fefented the departed legions atid cdborts of
the republic. The loyal oath to mamutk 4ibe Ijh
berties of Rome was chfke reiterated, at the
bridge, the jgate, and on the flairs of tbe Vati-
can ; and the diibribudpn of a cuftomaiy dila-
tive fed>Iy imitated the ma^[iificeDce of xhe fiift
Gseiars. In the church of €t. Peter, the corona-
tion was performed by hi^ fuccdTor ; tbe voice
of God was confounded with tl^ of the peo{de ;
and the publip conC^nt was declared in tbe ac-
cla,mation8 of, '/' Lcmg liie ^d vifipiy to pur
*« lord the pope! Long life and viAory to our
*f lord the iemperor ! Long life and v^dtory to
^* the Roman and Teutonic armies (4) !" The
flames of Caefar and Auguftus, the laws of Con-

ilautine

(3) The coronation ,Qj[ the German ^mprrpr? at Home» more efpe-
cially in thexith century, is \\c\i represented from the original monu-
tiienta by Murateri (AAtiquitAt. Imije medii i9£vi, t»m/i. UilTertati ti.
p. ^^, &c.\ and Ccnni (Monument. Domin- Pontif. torn. ii. di^. vi.
p. idi.)» the latter of whom I only Itnow from the copiuut exxrad of
bchmdt (Hift. det Allemands, torn, iii.'p. ^sc— )66.}«

(4) Exercitui Romano ct Teutonico ! The Tatter was both fecn and
felt ; but the ibrmcr wai no more than magni nomiuis umbra.

OF THE- ROMAN EHPIRE. z^t

ftantine amd jditibkQ, ^he extiute of Ohaile-
magne Md Otho, cfttbliAicd tbe fiipicitie doni-
nioQof the emperocs; diQUP title and iaiage waa
engraved cm the papal <saiDS {$); a&d tl^ir ju-
tT£w£6aa was maiked by the motd of jaflvoe,
which they ddhreied to ^ prsefisd of the city.
Bitt every Roman prejudice was awakened oy
the name, Ae language, and the manners, of a
Barbarian locd. The Cse&rs^of Saxooy on Fran*
coDia were the cfaieft dF ^ feudal anfiocracy;
nor could they execdfe the dUbud^qf ci^il and
aulitanr power, which alone iecures the obedi-
ence of advent peofAe, tinpdtieat of fervitufde,
^ou^^pcj^ps inca|JaUe «£ freedoou Dace,
andopbeooly, ihfai&life, eaeh eupercM^ vith
ma army of Teutonic vaiais, defcended fi[0m the
Alpa. Ihai^ddkiiiDtfdlhs'.peaesfQl ordec of
his entry und aaronatjbii ;. hot thft Mder was
coomionly difturufid by the clamour andiedclaxHi
of the Rofloons, i^ho encoamteiaed iheb foRrer
sdgn as a Ibcsign invader : has departsixe was al-
w»rs fpesdy, and i^en ^anwful; asd, in the
abfeoce of a kog reign, his authority was ifht
{bked and his name was fergptten. The pro^
goefe of iadepepdence in Gexsnany and Italy on^
deonined the faondaiiioiis of the loipenal Sonns^
reignty, aixi the tdumpih of die pops w^s the
delivesantae of Rome.

Of her Jbvofoveaseqpas, die emperor h^ pccp Authority
carioofly nagned by the right of eonqucft; but P^^^^^p^p^
the aathority of die pcqs^ wa&foun^Ki on the
feft, though more fblid, bafisofopiDiDoiaadba'?
bit. Tbeitmofval o£ a foreign iu^oce reOo^.

red

U\ Mbv^t^P l^iSifcn the Urit* ^ ik* p^pl <»>iAs (Aa^<)uitat.
toii>. tt. diff. xxvii. p. 448^—5 54.5. He finds qnly two more carl^ than
die year 1^00 : fifty em (tiH eztiot fttm Lto III. to JLeo IX. Mrith :(4-
Ji^ofi of tbp rei£ni:\g cmpcro^ ; none remain of Gregory VII. or Ur-
iah fl. 5 but in thofe of Pafchal II. he fccnis to have renounced tUU
$adfeof dependence.

232 THE DECLINE AND FALL

red and endeared the ihepherd to his fkxrlc In-
fiead of the arbitrary or venal nomination of a
German court, the vicar of Chrift was freely
chofen by the college of cardinals, moft of whom
were either natives or inhabitants of the city.

lio"*^*^ The applanfe of the magift rates and people con»
firmed his ele£lion; and the ecclefiaitical power
that was obeyed in Sweden and Britain, had
been ultimately derived from the fufirage of the
Romans. The fame fufirage gave a prince, as
well as a pontifi*, to the capital. It was nniver*
fally believed, that Gonftantine had inveftedthe
popes with the temporal dominion of Rome ;
and the boldeft civilians, the mc^ pro£uie fcep>
tics, were fatisfied with difputing the right of
the emperor and the validi^ of his gift. The
truth of the fad, the authenticity of his dona?
tion, was deeply rooted in the ignorance and tra*
dition of four centuries ; and the fabulous ori*
gin was loft in the real and permanent €&&8*
The name of Danmus or Lord was infcribed on

right; the coin of the bifhops : their tide was acknow-
ledged by acclamations and oaths of allq[iance,
and with the free, or reluAant, confent of the
German Cscfars, they had long exercifed a fu-
preme or fubordinate juriidi£Uon over the city
and patrimpny of St. Peter. The reign of the
popes, which gratified the prejudices, was not
incompatible with the liberties, of Rome ; and
a more critical enquiry would have revealed a
ftill nobler fource of their power; the gratitude
of a nation, whom the^ had refcued from the he-
refy and oppreflion ot the Greek tyrant* In an
age of fuperftition, it fhould feem that the union
of the royal and facerdotal chara£leis would
mutually fortify each other ; and that the keys of
paradife would be the furell pledge of earthly
obedience. The fandlity of the office might in-

deed

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 233

deed be degraded by the perfonal vices of the
man. But the fcandals of the tenth century YirtM;
were obliterated by the auftere and more dange-
rous virtues of Gregory the feventh and his fuc-r
ceflbrs ; and in the amUtious contefts which they
maintained for the rights of the church, their
fufferingsor their fuccefs muft equally tend to
encreafe the popular veneration. 1 hey ibmer
times wandered in poverty and exile, the vic-
tims of perfecution ; and the apoftolic zeal with
which they ofiered themfelves to martyrdom,
muft engage the favour and fympathy of every
Catholic breaft, And fometimes, thundering
from the Vatican, they created, judged, and de-
pofed the kings of the world : nor could the
piQudeft Roman be difgraced by fubpiitting tQ
a prieft, whofefeet were kiffed, and whofe fiifT
nip was held, by the fucceffors of Charier
magne (6). Even the temporal intereft of the
city ihould have protf filed in peace and honour
the residence of the popes ; from whence a vain
and lazy people derived the greateft part qf their
fubfifience and riches. The fished revenue of thebenefits.
popes was probably impaired : mpny i]|f the old
patrimonial eflates, both in Ital^ and the pro-
vinces, had been invaded by facnlegious har^s ;
nor could the lofs be compenfated by the claim,
rather than the poiTeifion, of the more ample
gifts of Pepin and his defcendants. But the
Vatican and Capitol were nourifhed by the in-
ceflant and encreafmg fwarms of pilgrims an^
fuppliants 2 the pal^ of Chriftianity was eplar- -
ged, and the pope and cardinals were over-
whelmed

{6) See Ducangf, Glofl*. media et infimsLatinitat.totn. vi. p. ^64,
^65. Staff A. This homage was paid hj kings to archbifhops, and
b^ vaflals to their lords (Schmidt, tom.iii. p. 1162.) ; and it was th«
nicefi j^olicy of Rome, to confoimd the marks of filial ax^id of £eu.dAl
fubjedlion.

jt34 THE DECLINE AND FALL

whelmed by the judgment of eedefiaftical and
fecular caufes. A new jurifprudence had efta-
bliihed in the Latin church the right and prac-
tice of appeals (7); and, from the north and
weft, thebiihops and abbots wete invited or
fummoned to folicit, to complain, to accufe, or
to juftify, before the threihoid of the apoftles.
A rare prodigy is once recorded, that two hor-
fes, belonging to the archbifhopt of Mentx and
Cologne, repaffed the Alps, yet laden with gold
and filver (i) : but it was foon underftood, that
the fuccefs, both of the pilgrims and clients, de.
pended much lefs on the juftice of their caufe
than on the value of their ofiering. The wealth
and piety of tbefe ftrangers were oftentatioufly
difplayed ; and their expences, facred or pro-
fane> circulated in various channels for theemo
lument of the Romans.
**Tfo""- ^^^ powerful motives (hould have firmly aU
«^aa!^^ tached the voluntary and pious obedience of th«
Roman people to their fpiritual and temporal
father. But the operation of prejudice and in«
tereft is <^en difturbed by the fallies of ungcvt
vemable paffioQ. The Indian who fells thf
tree, that he may gather the fruit (9X and the
Arab who plunders the caravans of conmnerce,

are

(2) The appesb from all the charekct to the RonuA pontiff, are
deplored byuie teal of St. Bernard (de Confideratione, I.iii. tovk. ii.
p. ^j I — ^41. edit. Mabillon, Venet. 1 7 co) and the judgment of Fleury
^Oiicourt fur THift. ficcl^fiaftique, iv. It Tii.). But the iaint, who be*
Heved ip the falfe ^cretab, coudomnspoly the abvfe of theft anocaJs;
the more enlij^htrned hjftorian inveftigates the origin, and rejeobs the
principles* of this new jorifpnidence.

(8) Germanici .... ^mmarii non levatit fardnis oBoftt aikilomi-
sua repatciant inviti. Nova res I quahdo hadenus auriim Roma re-
fudit ? £t nunc Romanomm confilio id ufttrpatiim non credimos TBer-
Bard de Coofideratione, 1. iii. c 3. p. 437.). The firft word* 01 %he
paflage are obfcure, and probably corrupt.

(9) Qv^ndlesfauvaeesde la Louifiane venlent avoir dn fniit» ils
^oupent Tarbre an pied et cueillent le fruit. Voila le gouvemement
defpotiqne (Efprit des Loix, I. t. c. 13,); and paiSonand ignorance
are always defpotic.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ftss

are a&oatod by tlie fame iinpuire pf favage na-
tare, wlueh ovetlooks the fettirein the prefeat,
imd reiiiiqiuflbes jbr mpineDtary rapine ihe long
«Bd Jeeare pofleffion of the moft important blef-
411^ And it was thus, that rfi<p ihrine of St.
i'Seter was pro&ned by the Aoughtlefs Romans j
wliopill^ed the oflfering$, and wounded the pil-
glims, without computing the number and va-
lue of fimikr vifits, which they prevented by
iheir inho^able facriiege. i^ven the influencfi
of fuperftkion isfluAuating and precarious : and
the flave, whole reafon is fubdu^d, will often be
deliverpd by his avarice or pride. A credulous
devotic^ fov the fables a:nd oracles of the piieft-
hood, mpft powerfully ads on the mind of a Bar-;
barian: yet fuch a mind is the leaft capable of
pr^erring imagination to fenfe, of facrificing to
a difiant motive, to an inviiiMe, perhaps an
ideal, ob)e€l, the appetites und interefts df the
prefent world. In the vigour of health and
youth, his prafiice will perpetually contfadid
his beKef ; till Ae preffure fX age, or fickneHi,
or calamity, awakens his terrors, and compel^
him to fatisfy the double debt of piety and re-
morfe. I have Already obferv^d, that the mo-
dem times of religious indifi^erence, are the moft
fevourable to the peace and fecurity of the der-
gy. Under the reign of fuperflitipn, they had
much to hope from the ignorance, and much to
fearfronatli^vioijepcp,pf|ijan)ciDd. The wealth,
whofe conftant cncreafe muft have reiidered them
the Ible proprietors f:^ tli^ earth, was alternately
beftowed by the repentant father and plundered
by tb^ f a^^aaoii^ fpQ : their peribns were adored
or violated ; and the fame idol, by the hands of
the fame Totgries, was placed on the altar or
trampled in tlje duft. In the feudal fyftem ofs«!5tion«of
Eufcjpe, arms ^v^eie the title of dillin£tion andf^^nftthc

the popes.

836 THE DECLINE AND B^ALL

the meafure of allegiance ; aod amidft their to*-
mult, the ftill voice of law and reafon was felr
dom heard or obeyed. The turbulent Romans
difdained the yoke, and infulted the impotence^
of their biihop (lo); nor would his education
or chara£ler allow him to ezercife, with deceor
cy or effcdl, the power of the fw^rd* The mo-
tives of his ele^ion and the frailties of his life
were expofed to their familiar obfervation ; and
proximity muft diminiih the reverence, which
his name and his decrees impreffed on a barbar
rous world. This difference has not efcaped the
notice of our phiiofophic hiftorian : '^ Though
<< the name and authority of the court of Rome
'< were ib terrible in the remote countries of £u-
^' rope, which were funk in profound ignorance
«< and were entirely unacquainted with its ch^*
*^ ra&er and condu£^ the pope was fo little re-
^< veredat home, that his inveterate enemies fur-
** rounded the gates of Rome itfelf, and even
^' controlled his government in that city; and
<< the ambaifadors, who, from ^ diftaqt extre-
^ mity of Europe, carried to him the humble,
*^ or rather abjed, fubmiffions of the greateft
*^ potentate of the zgty found the utmofl diffi?
^ culty to niake their way to him, and to throw
" themfelves at his feet (i i).**

Since

(*o) In a free converfation whh hit countiTiiiaB Adrian IV. John
p" $di(bury acculick the avarice of the pope and cler^ ; Pltmncianim
dtripiunt fpolia, ac fi thelaurm Oroefi ftudeam reparaie. Scd re^
cum eis a^t Altiffimut, quontam et ipfi aliis et fxpe ▼tllflunis homi-
nihus diti funt in direptionem (de Nu^is Curiabum, I. ti. c. 14. p.
317. )• In the next page, he'blamef the raflineft and infidelity of the
Romart, whom their biihops vainly flrove to conciliate by gifta, in-,
ftead of virtues. It it pity tnat this mifeeUaneons writer has not civen
«s Icfs morality and erud&tion« and more pidurea of hio^lf and th(
times.

(11) Home*« Hiftory of England, vol. i. p. 419. The fiune writer
h^ given us, from Fit«-Stephcn, a Angular tuGt of cnielty perpetrated
on the clergy by Geoffrey, the father of Henry II. *< when he was
** mafter ^ Normandy, the chapter of Seez prcfomdl, withoat \»%

" con^ot.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 237

Since the primitive times, the wealth of ihc^j^«^<>"
po]^ was ezpofed to envy, iheir power to op-vii."^**^
poiition, and their perfons to violence. But^^^^^^^;^
the long hoftility of tne mitre and the crown en- "^ ''^°^'
creaied the numbers^ and inflamed the pafQons,
of their enemies. The deadly faflions of the
Guelphs and Ghibelines, fo &tal to Italy, could
never be unbraced with truth or conftancy by
the Romans, the fubje£ls and adverfaries both of
the bifhop and emperor ; but their fupport was
folidted by both parties ; and they alternately
difplayed id their banners the keys of St. Peter
and the German eagle. Gregory the feventh,
who may be adored or detefled as the founder of
the papal mcHiarchy, was driven from Rome,
and died in exile at Salerno. Siz-and-thirty of
his fucceflbr8(i2), till their retreat to Avignon,
maintained an unequal conteft with the Ro-
mans : their age and dignity were often viola-
ted ;- and the churches, in the folemn rites of re-
ligioD, were polluted with fedition and murder.
A repetition (13) of fuch capricious brutalit}%
without connexion or defign, would be tedious
and diigt^ng; and I ihall content myfelf with
feme events of the twelfth century, which re-
prefent the ilatx^ of the popes and the city. Onpafchai 11.
Holy Thurfday, while Pafchal officiated before j^"^*,^;,

the""^^

** confent, to proceed to the eledion of a bifhop : upon which he or-
" deredallof them, with the bifhop cleft, to be caftrated, and made
'^ all tbeirtefticlet be brought him in a platter.*' Of the pain and
danger they might juftly complain ; yet, fince they had vowed chaf-
tity, he deprived them of a fuperfluous treafure.

(la) From Leo IX. and- Gregory VII. ananthentic and contempo-
rary leries of the lives of the popes by the cardinal of Arra^on, Pan-
dulphus Pifanusy Bernard Guido, Sec. is inferted in the Itahan Hillo-
rians of Muratori (tom. lit. P. i. p. 177—^85.), and has been always
before my eyes.

(13) Xhe dates of years In the margm, may throughout this chap-
ter be underflood as tacit references to the Annals of Muratori, my
ordlnary and excellent guide. He ofes, and indeed quotes, with the-
freedom of a mailer, h» great CoUedion of the Italian Hiftorians, in .
xzviti. volumes ; and as that treafure is in my library, I have thought
it SB amuteieot} if not a duty, to confult the originals.

239 THE DECLINE A1*D FALl

the alur, he waa iotcFmpiod by iht daii^durs
of the iQuUkudej wbo imipertottiTy demandod
xht coQfiffmation of a. favourite magiftrate. His
1^eac€ exafperast^d thcif ^r|r : his pious refufsd
to iDHigle the s^Skits of eart^ aad heaven* wat
encountered with meoa^es aii4 oaths, that be
ihould bsthe caufe aod the v^itefeft of the publk
luin. D^r^mg the feflivsd oi^ £aitery: whfle the
biQiop and the eler^, bsd^fool and in prbee£>
lion, vifited the tpinbs o^ the maptyiSi tbe^
were twice a^ulted^ at il^p ^i^g^<^ St. As^
loj and before the Capitoly with v^lHe9€^ft94»
oGd darts, "the houfes of hi^ acH^enis* vf^ere
levelled with the gro^tod : PMchal ebSAfed: with
4ifficulty and danger: he levi^^aA^ 9§:my ia ifaK
pauimoay of St. Pater; ;9i4. bi^ Wft <l%y^ were
embittered by &lf$fi9ftdntl'infli£^h)£t)le Galamir
GeUfius "ties, of civil war* l^^c fifseBes that-ft^loWad tbe
iiisi n'i9.ele£tion:of his &3f2ce^r:Gti$t|£asthe feopnd were
fiiU 9ioi;e fcandsi^us to^ the ehi)ocb a^ad^ cityi
CencioFrai)gipd^(J4)>.a f^\tf^ s^i &Sk^
ba^^oo, budi intp the aflembly foiious aodr in
arntii : the card^pals wer^ firippe^i be^eiH ^d
trailed uj^der fbe^t;. an4 k^ km6iy without
IHty or refpe£[) the vioar of C^i^' by tb<^ tbroat>
Geiaiius was dra^^ by hh, )mt. along th^
gr<»indy buftatedi with blpw$, wo^id^ ¥;itb
fpars, and bound with an iron chain in the houfe
of his brutal tyrant. An infurredtion of the
people delivered their bilhop : the rival femifies;

of^fed;

(i4) T cannot nefnin fttfat tranferibtiir the higfi^cbtoiired word^ of
Pandvlplms PiTaiitig ([p. 594.^ : H6C audiclni itiimUua pscis at^e tiir^'
btttor jam fattis Cemias Frajapan^, nU}rt dncohU iaatatS^aii fibi-
lans, M ab indi pcd^oribtrtT traherit longaf folpnia; acdndhis retro
jrUdio fipc more cucurrit, Talvas ac fores confr^it. Eccfeluni (a^-
btihd'.s ifitroiit, inde cuffede re'motb papliixi ptf (Ulaiti atc<^it« <&-
ilraxit, png^tt cakibttfottc gnrttfiit, et tasiquam brutnYltt uniihal mtni
IrtTKn ecclcfiae aciiter cijpinbtia cniehtayic ; et latrb taiitiiih dotdhxnm
pcf caplllotct brathia, Jefd bono intertih dohnltote, dctrui£ ad^ do-
mtmi, ulq^e dc^dttlt, imMtatcfm^vH tt dicltifit:

QF THX RQMAM EMPIRE. 239

ijfffbM the viohntt of tbe Fraogiiiiiii; and
Cieikdoi wko fued for pftrdeo^ repented of the
hik^r^ ratiher than of the guflt, of hisenterprife*
Hat nuurjr ^^s hiul dapfedj when tbe pope was
kigain albiilted at the altar. While his friends
QAd eacnim were engaged in a bkxxly conteft
heefinpBdinhia iacecdotalgaridents* In this
unwwtfajr flighty whkh excited the oompaifion
of thbEoman matMU, his attendants w^refcatr
tsstd dr Unhdtrfed ; aad^ in th^ fields behind the
church f^ St. Peter* hia fuccefior was found
ahme and hal&dead with fisar and jGstigue* Sha-
king Ae d^ frocti fait fieer, the i^^ withdrew
fitnn a at; in which hia dignity Was inftdMd^nd
his peifojawasr endangered; aild the vanity of
iaMf dotal ambition is revealed in the iovolun^
taky mnMOrnnj that oaeemperor Was more to^
lemble 1^ twteiy (15). Thele examples
sngbtfiaffitje; hut I cinnot forget the fufiem^s
ef tarapoatifiiii of the ikme age, the fecond and
third dS the name cf Lucius. The fonner, a9Lacitt»i4 •
hd aibteded in batde^array to aflault the Capi* , ,^; ^^^.
id, was ftbutk on the temple by a ftone, and
et^iaed in a fiiw days* The latt^ was feverely Ludus m.
WDwddi in the pimons q£ bis fervants. In ^^^^1^^^^
dvil ooanoQUon^ Ssxit^l of his priefts had been
made fohasit ; an^ jdwLinfaainan Romans^ re-
ferving isDc as ajgoideforhib faiiethituDv p^ out
tb^ eyei^ croW.^ed tbttn widi ludktfQaa mitres,
ipaniitedtbeDxoaa&es wSth rhdr fecesto the
tafl» andezDocted iOi oaih, that, in this wxetcb-
ed condition, they flibuld offi^r themfelves as a
leflbn to ihe head of the chnrolL. iiope or fear,
lafiiiude or remorfe, the charaf^ers 01 the men,
and the circumfiances of the times, might fome-

times

(1 s) Bgo coram Deo et ccdefil dico» fi uiMiiatn pofflbOe eflet,
maUcm mmaX unpentwcv ^■an lot domiaoe (Vit« Gcttf: U. p. 398.)*

240 THE DECLINE AND FALL

times obtain an interval of peace andobedi*
ence ; and the pope was reftoreid with joyful ac-
clamations to the Lateran or Vatican, fix>ni
whence he had been driven wfth threats and vio-
lence* But the root of mifthief was deep and
perennial ; and a momentary calm was preceded
and followed by fuch tempefts as had almoft
funk the bark of St. Peter. Rome continually
prefented the afped of war and difcord : tlie
chiu-ches and palaces were fortified and aflaulted
Cdiftttsii. by the faf^ions and families; and, after givii^
iil^ni4. pc^ce to Europe, Califtus the iecond alone had
ipnocentiLrefolution and power to prohibit the ufe of pri-
,13011143. vate arms in the metropolis* Among the nati-
ons who revered the apoftolic throne, the tu-
mults of Rome provoked a general indignation;
and, in a letter to his difciple Eugenius the
third, St. Bernard, with the (harpnels of his wit
and zeal, has fligmatifed the vices of the lebelH-
Omaer ous pcoplc ( 16). ** Who is ignorant," £iys the
ttiMuby'st.monk of Clairvauz, '^ of the vanity and arro-
Bmard. « gance of the Romans ? a nation nurfed in fo
** dition, cruel, untradable, and icomin^ to
** obey, unlefs they are too feeble to vefift.
" When they promife to ferve, they aipire to
'' reign; if they fwear allegiance, they watch
'^ the opportimity of revolt; yet they vent their
** difcontent in loud clamours if your doots, or
'' your counCels, are ihnt againft them. Dez-
'' trousin mifchief, they have never learnt the
^' Icience of doing good. Odious to earth and
*' heavcD, impious to God, feditious. ainong
'' themfelves, jealous of their nek;hboiirs, in-
. . ** human

((6) Quid tarn notum fcculit quam protervia et cervicofitas Roma-
norum ? (Jent infueta paci, tumultui a0\ieu, gens iBimitis et intrac-
tabilis ufquc adhuc, fubdi ncfcia, nifi cum non valet refiflere (de Con-
fiderat. I. iv. c a. p. 441 .)• ^^ iainttakea breath, and then b«giat
ajpun ; lii, iAvid tcrrx et calo, utri(|ue injecire manual Sec (p. 443.).

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, * 341

^ haioiail tx> fttangers, they love no one, 1^ ao
*' one are they beloved; and while they wi(h to
^< infpire &ar, they live ia bafe and continual
^ aj^M:ehenfion. They will not fiibmit; they
«< know bov^ to govern ; fiiithlels to their fupe-
** fiors, intolerable to their equals, ungrateful
*^ to theii; bene&Aors, and alike impudent in
^ their demands and their refufals. Lofty in
^ pftomife, poor in execution: adulation and ca-
'' lumny, peffidy and treafon, are the familiar
'f arts of their policy." Surely this dark por-
trait is not coloured by the pencil of CS^riftian
charity (17); yet the features, however harfh
and ugly, exprefs a lively refemblance of the
Romans of the twelfth century ( 1 8).

The Jews;liad rejected the Chrift when he ap- Political
peared among them in 9 plebeian charadler;^^]^^
and the Romans might plead their ignorance of Br^oa,
his vicsfr whra he anumed the pomp and pride of^' ' ' ^^'
a tempontl (bvereign. In the bufy age of the
cndades, fome fparks of curiofiQr and reafon
were rekindled in the Weftern world : the herefy
of Bnlgaria, the Paulician &£), was fucc^CsfuUy
tranfblamed into the foil of Italy and Prance;
the Gnoftic vitions were mingled with the fim-
plicity.of the gofpel ; and the enemies of the
clergy reconciled their paifions with their con-
fdence, the defire of freedom with the profef-
fion of piety (ig). The trumpet of Roman li-

Vol- XIL R berty

(i{^ Af a Roman citizen, Petrarch takes leave to obfenre, that Ber-
nardp though a faint, was a man ; that he might he provoked hy re-
fcBtment, uid poffihif repent of his hafty paflion, «c. (M^mioires
fur b Vic de Petrarque, torn. i. p. 330.)*

(tV^ Baronins, in fits index to the xiith volume of hit Annals, has
found a fair and-eaiy cxcvfe. He makes two heads, of Romani Catk^-
itit and SebffwtstHh to the former he applies all the good, to the lat-
ter all the evil, that is tdd of the city.

ftp) The hereftes of the xiith century may he found in Moflieim ,
(Inlkstut. Hift. Eeclef. p. 419— 4t7-.), who entertains a favourable om«
nion of Arnold of BrtiTcia. In the xth vohime, I have dcfcribed the
€tA «€ the Paulicians, and followed their migration from Armenia to
Thrace and Bulgaria, Italy aad France.

242 * THE DECLINE AND PALL

berty was firft Ibumkd 1^ Arnold of Bief-
cia (20), wbofe promotion in tbe churdi was
confined to th^ loW^ft rank, and wiio w>re the
monaftk habit rather as a garb of poveitf than
as an uniibrih of obddience. His" adi^erfaries
could not denv tb^ \i^it and eloqtieAce wttch
they feverely felt: they <*onfeft wkterehiaaaice
tbe fpecioas pirrily 6f his morals; and his ft-
rors were recommended' to the pnWic by- a* mix-
ture of iitiportant and beneficial truths, fe his
theolO^eal iUidied; he Iiad be^^the difdpkbf
tibe famous and uiifortunate Abelierd ^2r), vflho
was likewife involved iti the fufpition of hcrcfy:
but the lover of Eloifa ^^s of a ibft and &zible
nature ; and his ecclefi^ftic judges* were edified
and difarmed by the humiti^ of his repentance*
From thfe matter, Amdldmoft ptobably imbi-
bed fomc metaphyseal defintdoM ofthfe TVird-
ty, repugnant to tnetafteof the tiitaes : Ikisideas
of baptifitt and'.thecticharift aiie loofely cenfii-
red; but a poHthafhevtffy^zs the fource of his
fame and misfortunes. - He prefuraed to Qtftile
the d^laradon of Ghfrift, that hie^ kSngdotaa is
not of this world : he bbWIy mantafewJ^ Aat
the fword and tht fccptre were entnifted tb Ac
civil magiftrate; that temporal honors ksxd pof-
fcffions were lawfulhr vetted in fecular perfcms;
that the abbots, the bifhops, and iiit pope Mm-
ftlf, mirft renounce either their ttatc or their fal-

Tationj

(%t) The orif tbftl ]nAiiret of Arnold of Brefcis, are dnwn by
Otho hifliop of Friiingea (Chroa^ 1. vii. c. ji* <k Ocftis Frederici 1. 1,
i. c. 3,7. 1. ii. c. 21.), and in the iiid book «i£ the Ligurinuft, .a poem of
Guntoer, whoflourHbed A* D. i«oo> in the moaa^ery.of Paris near
Baiil (Fabric. Bibliot. Latin* mod. etinfims JEtattt, torn. iii.p. 194,
17$.). The longpailhge that relates to Arnold, is produced bj GoH-
liman (de Rebns HeWeticis, L iii. «. j. pb toS.)*

(at) The wicked wit of Bayle was amufed in compofing, with
■tnch levity and learning, the articles oJF Aat'tABD, FouLQ.ut«,
H B Lo f rs , in his Didaonnaire Crtti^iio. The difpute of Abclard and
St. Bernard, of fohohftk and pollttTe di^nky, is IfeU underftood by
Moiheim (Inftitut. Hifi. Ecdci^ p. 4t»— 4l$0-

OJP TttE ROMDAN EMPIRJE. 443

vsdoa; andthat after the lora of their ieve»
nues^ die Toluiitiry tithes and oblations of the
Sttthfot would fuflte^ not indeed for luxurv and
avarice, .bAC: for a frugal life in the ezercife oE
fpidtual. kbouia. During a Ihoit time, the
p iea c her was rtrered as a patriot; and the di£*
content, or teviit, of Biefcia againft her biflK^
was the firft fhiitaof hb dangeious leflbns. But
diefiivour of the people i$ kfe permanent than
the refientmetit of the pneft ; and. after the here-*
ftr of Arnold had been coademMd by Innocent
the feoond ( tsi), in die general council of tl^ La*
teran, the! manftiates themCblves wereurgjed by
pic^udke^ttdilear to eveciite the fentence of die
chwdi. Italy, could no. loogtie. afford a reftige;
and die difinple of Abelardt efcaped beyond the
AIp8» till he found a fa& and hofpitable ihelter
in Zurich, now: thefifilof the Swils cantoos«
Fxom a lUnnan ftadoiir (23), .a.n^al vilb, a
chapter of noble' virgins, Zurich had gradually
encceafisdM.afijoe and ffouoflnng city; iwhere
the afjpeals of the Milanefe wete.fotnetimea .trie(|
by tbe koperiaLcommiffaries f24)« In an age
lefe ripe for: n&fmatbn, thejpjneeurfor c^.Zu^
ingUuB was hiaard with applauie: a brave and

K % . fimple

(si) -^^DatuuMabiUo

Ftsefuley qpi numeres Tetitum coatiogere nbilros

We woAj araUnd the dexterity and corrednels of Ligurinus, who tnrnt
dieimpoetical name of Innocent II. into a compliment.

(S3) A Roman infcr^itioa of Statio Turicenfis hat heen found at
Zmch (d'Anville, Notice de Tancienne Ganle, p. ^42—^44. ) : but it
it without ihfficient warrant, that the city and canton have uforpedy
and even monopoHfed, the namet of Tigurum and Pagut Tigurittus.

(14) Guilliman fde Rebut HcTveticit* I. iii. c. 5'. p. lo^O recapitu*
latet tne donation (A. D. 833) of the emperor Lewis the Pious to hi^
daughter the abbeft Hildmrdtt. Ctbtim noftram Turegum in du*
catu Ahunannis in pasO unrgailgeiifl, widx' vllkftt,- woodt, mea-
dowt, waten, flaTcs, dinrcket, Ac. a noble gift, Charict the Bald
gave the jut monetae, the dty wat walled under Otfao U and the line
of the biuopof FrifingeH,

Nobile Turegum nraltarom copiaremm,
it repeated wikhpUw^it; Vr thoaotquarietof Zartch.

244 THE DECLINE AND FALL

fimple people imbibed and long retained the ov
lour of bis opidions; and his art, or merit, fe*
duced the bifhop of Conftance, and even the •
pope's legate, who forgot, for his fake, the in^-
tereft of their matter and thdr order. Their
tardy zeal was qiiickened by the fieice ezhoita^
aonsof St. Bernard (25); and the enemy of the
church was driven by perfecution to the defpe-
ratemeafuie of ereAing hisftandard in Rome it>-
felf, in the &ceof the Tucceiror of St. Peter*
He ohoru Yet the cbuiQge of Arncdd was not devoid of
^j^f^i^.difcretion; he was protefted^ and had perhaps
ftoKtJiere-been invited^ by the noUes and people; and in
''^ A.^b. ^b^ fervice of needt»n, his eloquence thundered
I I44-IIS4- over the feven hilk. Blending in the fame dtC^
courfe the texts of Livy and St Paul, uniting
the motives of gofpeU and of claflic, enthuli-
afm, he admo^iihed the Romans^ how ftiangely
their patience and the vices of the clergy had
degenerated from the primitive times of the
church and the city ^ He exhorted them to afiert
the inalienable rights of men and Ghriftians; to
reftore the laws and magiftrates of the repuUic ;
to refpe£t the name of the emperor; but to con*
fine their fhepherd to the fpiritual govemmoit
of his flock (26). Nor could his fpiritual go-
vernment efcape the cenfure and control of the
reformer; and the inferior cler^ were taught
by his lefibns to refift the cardmals, who had

ufurped

(ij) berniu'd, epiftal. cxct, ctcvi. torn. 1. p. i8^<^i^. Asitdft
hit invedivet he drops 1^' precious acknowledgment, qui, utinam
^uam fans eiTet dodlrihx quam difiriAx eft vit«< He owat that At^
nold would be a viluable acqttifition for the church.

(a6) He advifed the Rottiant,

ConiUiis armifqae fuse moder»iama famlDsB
Arhitho tta^are ftto : nil juris, tn hac re
Pootificifommoi DMidicui^ coocedereTegi
Suadebat popolo . Sic Uesa ft al> us utfaquc
Majeftace, reum geminK fe fecerat auue, .

Nor is the poetry of Goniher diferea^frotti t&c ftok ^ Otho.

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 245

nfurped a defpotic command over the twentyw
clgbt regiom or parifhes of Rome (27). ITic
fevolution was not acGomjdiihed without rapine
and violence, the effufion of blood and the de*
molitionof houfes: the vidorious fii^on was
enriched with the fpoils of the clergy and the
adverfe nobles. Arnold of Brefcia enjoyed, or
deplored, the eflfeds of his miflion : his reiga
continued above ten years, while two popes, ha^
nocent the fecond and Anaftafius the fourth, ei-
ther trenibled in the Vatican, or wandered as
exiles in the adjacent cities. They were fuc-
ceeded bv a more vigorous and fortunate pon^
tiff, Adnan the fourth (28), the only Englifh^
man who has afcended the throne of St. Peter;
and whofe merit emerged from the mean condi-
tion of a monk, and almoft a beggar, in the
monailery of St. Albans. On the firft provoca-
tion, of a cardinal killed or wounded in the '
ftreets, he caft an interdifl on the guilty people ;
and from CSuriflmas to Eailer, Rome was depri-
ved of the real or imaginary comforts of religi-
ous worfhip. The Romans had defpifed their
temporal prince; ihey fubmitted with grief and
terror to the cenfures of their fpiritual father;
their guilt was expiated by penance, and the
baniihment of the feditious preacher was the
price of their abfolution. . But the revenge of
Adrian was yet unfatisfied, and the approaching
coronation of Frederic Barbaroffa was fatal to
the bold reformer, who h*i otfended, though
not in an equal degree, the heads of the church
and ftate. in their interview at Viterbo, the

pope

(^7} See Baronius (A. D. 1148, N^ 38, 39.) from the Vatican
MSS. He loudly coodcmiis Arnold (A. D. 1 141, N^ 3.). >• ^^^ father,
of the political heretics, -whofe influence then hurt him iu France.

(a8) llie Engliih reader may confult the Biompbla Britaniuca,
A* M A « IV. hut our own writers have added nothing to the fame ur
mcrhi of their countryman.

^6 THE D£C!MK£ AND FALL

pope repwfestod telJie emperc^ the fbiipus
ungovernable fpuit of the Romans : iUbe iofidttb
dtf injucieB, the feate^ to m^bich bv pecfiaaaad
hid dergy iwMe oontiiraaUy e^ippfed; aod tbe
pernidous teadciief of the :herefy of Aiaoold,
vhich muft fibbvert the principles of aviU as
well a0 ecclefiaftical, IhbordjUiation. Fcederic
was coovinoed by th^fe argmfents^ or tempted
by the defire of the Iiiqoertal crown; la
the balance of ambkion» the innocence or
life of an sndividnal is of fmall account ; and
their comnxm enemy was facri&ced to a mo*-
ment of political concosd. After his retreat
from Rome, Arnold had been pi!Ote&ed by die
vifcoimts of Campania, from whom he was ex-
torted by the power of Caefar : the rmefeft of
the city pronounced his fimtenoe; the martyr
i^cxactt-of freedom was bamt alive jm the prefence
Ao)^ ,i^5,of a carelefs and ungrateful people ; and his
aihes were caft into the Tyber, left the heretics
ihonld colled and worfhip the reKcs of their
mafter (29). The clergy triulnphed in his
death : with bis aihes, his fed was difperfed ;
Ws memory flill lived in the minds of the Ro*
mans. From his fchool they had probably de-
rived a new article of £uth, that the metropolis
of the Catholic church is exempt ftiom the
penalties of excommunication and interdid.
Their biihops might argue, that the fupreme
jurifdidion, which they exercifed over kings
andn$ttions, more ^cially embraced the city
and diocef^ of the prince of the apoiUes. But
they preached to the winds, and the (ame prin-
ciple that yreakened the effed, muft temper the
^buf?^ of the thpnders of the Vatican.

The

(i^) Beiides the hiftoriaii and poet alreadr quoted, the lad ad-ven-
toKs of Arnold are related by the Biographer of Adrian IV. (Mu*
ratori, Script. Renunltal. tom.iii. P. i. p. 441, 44^.

or THJ ROHAN BMPmE-. 847

The low of ^udeot frise^Qm has eofcauiaged ^^'l^*
abdie^ thatasearlyais ^ teoitb ccniwy, innate/ ^
tbdriifftiftriiggje3agai|ift.t^^ the^^'«^-

commoDwraltb wa3 vip4ic«te(l W ceftoned by
the feidile wd people ^fRcme; l^at two con-
fiils !Mteie.aQauitUy,^l€^Qd:amoQg the nobles,
and that tegx or twelve ^^beum iQs^gifirates re-
vived ithe naaie and ofi^ pf the trilxmes of the
oommofifli (30). But. thi9 v^oeirable ftru£iure
difappeais-hefore the Ught of edtic^fvi* In the
darknc£i of tbemiddle age$, ithe.^appelladoDd of
ienators» of cc^ul^ of the foqs of confuL^
may fometmes be difcaver^d (3 1). They were
beftowed by the cmpeiPRs, Qr.affuiped by the
moft pmredul ddgeo3i to denote their rank,
their honoafs (32), and perhapa the claim of a
pore and patridaa ^deftrent : but they float on
the fnr&ce, without a feries or a fubftance, the
titles afunen, jaot the orders of government (33) ;

^d

(30) DucMgps (Oloff. Latinititift. OMBdue ct jafimx JEutia, Db c a r ^
c H o V K t, toin. ii. p. fi6.) gives me a (quotation from Blondus (decad
11. 1, ii.) r Duo ooomles ex aobilicate qoounnis fiebant» qui ad vttaCr
turn confiilom exemplar fumvuB rervm praBciTent. And in Siffonius
(de Regno Itali«, 1. vi. opp. torn. ii. p. 400.) I read of the confius and
tribunesof €he loth century. BothBIondna, and even Sigoniui, toq
fired jr oopicd the daflic method of fuppljing from rcafoi^ or fancy the
deficiency of records- *•

(31) In the paoeeyric of Berengariut (Muratori, Sc^pt. Re)|. Ital*
torn. li. P. i. p. 408.;, a Roman is mentioned as confulii natus in the
beginning of the loth century. Mnratori (divert* v.) difcovers in
the years 9^% and 9SlS> Gratiamis in 0ei i^omine conful et dux, Geor-
gius conful ct dux ; and in joi $, Romanus, brother of Gregory VIII«
proudly, but -mgnely» ftyles himfelf conful et dux et omnium Hpm»:
ifommifevator.

(|2) As late as the loth century, the Greek emperors conferred oq
the dukes of Venice, Naples, Amalphi, Me. the title of virmrof^
or eonfuls (fee Chron. Sagomini, paflim) ; and the fucceflbrs of Char-
lemagne wonldpot abdicate any ot their preroj^ive. But in general,
the names of cMr/«/andyrji0/«r, which may be found among the French
and Germans, (ignify no more than count and lord (&^»firr, Ducange,
Gloflar.)* The monkiih writers are often ambitious of fine clamc
words.

(33) The moft conftitutional form, is a diploma of Otho III. (A.
D. 998), Confiilibus fenatus populioue Romani ; but the ad is proba-
bly fpnrious. At the coronation ot Henry I. A. D. 1014, the hifto-

448 THE DECLINE ANl> FALL

and it is only fr6kn the year of Gkrift. one dm-
(and one hundred and finrty-fiwr, that the efta-
blifliment 6f the fenate is dated, as a glorious
aera, in the ttHts of the city. A new oonftitu-
tion was haftily framed by private ambidon or
popular enthufiafm ; nor could Rome^ in the
twelfth century, produce an antiquary tp ex^
plain, or a kgiflator to reik>re, the harmoay
and proportions of the ancient model. The
affembly of a free, of an armed, people, will
ever fpeak in loud and weighty acclamations.
But the regular diftribution of the thirty-^five
tribes, the nice balance of the wealth and num-
bers of the centuries, the debates of the advecfe
orators, and the flow operation of voles and
ballots, could not eafily be adapted b^ a blind
multitude^ ignorant of the arts, and mfcnfible
of the benefits, of legal government. It was
propofed by Arnold to revive and difciiminate
the equeftrian order ; but what could be the
motive or meafure of fuch diftin£l|on (34) ? The
pecuniary qualification of the knights muft have
been reduced to the poverty of the times ; thofe
times no longer reqtured their civil fiin£iions
of judges and farmers of the revenue) and their
. primitive duty, their military fervic? on ))orfe*
back, was more noblv fupplied by feudal te-
nures and the fpiril ot chjvalry* The jurifpru-
dence of the republic w^s ufeleis and unknown :
the nations and families of Italy who lived un-
der the Roman and Barbaric laws were infen-

fibly

run Dithmar (apud Muratori, difrert.xziii.)dercribMliini, afenato-
ribus duodecim ▼al|attim, q[uonim fex rafi barba, alii proliza, myftice
incedebant cum baculis, 'ilie fenate it mentioned in the panegyric of
Berennrius (p. 40^.).

(34T ^^ ancient Rome, tbe equeftrian order was not ranked with
the fenate and people as a third branch of thtf republic till the coofol-
fliip of CicerOj who aflumes the merit of the eftabliflimcnt (Plin Hift.
Natur. zxxiii. 3. Beaufort, Republiqne Romaine, torn. i. p. 144-^
1 5 5).

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 249

fibly mingled in a common mafs ; gnd fome
faint tnt^on, fome imperfefl fragments, pre-
ierved the memory of the Code and Pandeds
of Juftinian. With their liberty the Romans
might doubtlefs have reftored the appelktion
and office of confuls; had they not difdained a
titled promifcuoufly adopted in the Italian
cities, that it has finally fettled on the humble
ftation of the agents ot commerce in a foreign
land. But the rights of the tribunes, the for-
midable word that arrefted the public counfels,
fuipipo^ or muft produce a legitimate democra.
cy. <rhe old patricians were the fubje&s, the
modem barons the tyrants, of the ftate ; nor
would the enemies of peace and order, who
infulted the vicar of Chrift, have long refpeA-
ed the unarmed fan£Uty of a plebeian magif-

trate(35)-

In the revolution of the twelfth century. The Cap^

which gave a new eziftence and sera to Rome,'^^'
we may obfei-ve the real and important events
that marked or confirmed her political inde-
pendence. I. The Capitoline hill, one of her
feven eminences (36), is about four hundred
yards in length, and two hundred in breadth*
A flight of an hundred fteps led to the fummit

of

(35) The republican plan of Arnold of Brdcia » thss fiaud hj
Gunther :

Quin etiam titnlos urbis renorare vctuftot ;
Nomine plebeio fecemere nomen equeftre.
Jura tribunorum, fandum rcparare fenatum,
£t fcnio feifas mutafque reponere leges/
Lapfo niinofis, et adkuc pendentia murit
Reddere prinuevo Capitolia prilca niton.

B«t of thcfe leformationt, Xbme were no more than ideas, others no
more than words.

(jfi) After many difeutcs amonff the antiquaries of Rome, it feems
determined, that the mmmit of the Capitottnc hill next the river is
ftridly the Mons Tarpeins» the Arx ; and that on the other fummit,
the church and convent of Araceli, the barefoot friars of St. Francis,
occupy the temple of Jnpitcr (Nardini, Ron)» Antica, L r. c. ii—
i6.>

ts> THE DECLINE AND FALL

of the Tarpeian rock ; and far deeper was tiie
afcent before the declivities had been finoothed
and the precijMces filled by the rains of fiiUen
edifices. From the earlieft ages, the, Capitol
had been ufed as a temple in peace, a fortnis
in war : after the lois of the city, it maiataiiied
a fiege againft the victorious Gauls ; and the
ian^iuary of empire was occupied, affsmked,
and burnt, in the civil wars of Vitellius and
Vefpafian (37). The temples of Jupiter and
his Idndr^ deities bad crumbled into duft;
their {dace was fupplied by monafteries and
houies ; and the folid walls, the long ud (helv-
ing porticoes, were decayed or nimed by the
lapfe of time. It was tne firft ad cxf the Ro*
Aans, an a£l of freedom, to reftore die ftveagth,
though Dot the beauty, of the Capitol ; t<> for-
tify the feat of their arms and councils : and as
often as they afcended the hill, the ccddeft
minds muft have glowed with the remembrance
•HttcM. of their anceftors. II. The firft Cedars bad
been invefted with the exclufive coinage of the
gold and filver ; to the fenate they abandoned
the bafer metal of bronze or copper (38) t the
emblems and legends were infcribed on a more
ample field by the genius of fkttery ; and the
prbce was relieved from the care of celebrat-
ing his own virtues. The fucceffors of Diocle-
tian defjMfed even the flattery of the fenate :
their royal officers at Rome, and in the pro-
vinces, affumed the fole direction of the mint ;
and the fame prerogative was inherited by the

Gothic

(37^ Tacit. Hift. iii. 6^ 70.

(38) This partition of tkc noble andbafer metaU between tUc em-

Kror and fenate, imiA however be idtt^cdi not as a pofitive foA,
t as the probable opinion of the beft antiquaries (fee the Science
<}es Medaillcs of the Pere Jovbert, torn, ii* p. 'io8->2ii. in the im-
proved and fcarce edition of the Baron dc la Baflic).

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ' 251

CksAac idnp of Italv, and the Icmg feries of
the Gieek. the French, and the German dynaf-
ties. After an abdication of dight hundred
years, the Roman fenate aflerted thifi honour-
able and lucrative privilege ; which was tacitly
renounced 1^ the popes, from Pafchal the fe»
cond to the eftafoliiiunent of their refidence be-
yond the Alps. Some of thefe republican coins
of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, aie
ihewn in the cabinets of the curious. On one
of thefe, a gold medal, Gbrift is depiduied
hcdding in his left hand a book with this in-
fciiptioa : '' The vow of the Roman senate
^' AMD FEOPi^E ; Rome the capital of the
" world ;** on the reverfe, St. Peter delivering
a banner to a kneeling fenator in his cap and
gown, with the naaie and arms of his &miiy
impfefled on a flii^ld (39). III. With the em-Themfca
pire, the pnefcaof the city had declined to a^ '^'"'^•
municqpal officer. ; yet he ftill exercifed in the
laft appeal the civil and criminal juri^idion ;
and a drawn fword, which he received from
the focceflbrs of Otho, was the mode of his io-
veftituie and the emblem of his fundiions (4.0).
The dignity was confined to the noble families
of Rome : the choice of the people was rati-
fied by die pope ; but a triple oath of fidelity

muft

(39) In his 17th difierution on the Antiquities of Ital^^tom. ii. p.
$59 — 569.), Muntori exhibits a feries of the fenatorian coins, which
bore the obfoire names of jifftrtiati^ Inforttat'tt Frtytftuiy Faparimt,
Dnrisp^his period all the po^, without excepting ^niface VII {.
abftained from the right of coming, which was refumed by his fuc-
ceflor BcnediA XI. and regularly exercifed in the court of Avig'
non.

(40) A German hiftoriao, Gerard of Reicherfpeg (in Bolnz. Mifcell.
torn. ▼. p« 64. apiid Schmidt, Hid. des All e man A , torn. iii. p. a6$.%
tfau dcicribes the conditution of Rome in the lith century : Gran-
diora urbis et orbis negotia fpeAant ad Romanum pontificem item-
qne ad Romanum imperatorem ; live illius vicarium.urbis prx£e<Skuni»
qui de fufi dignitate refpicit utrumque, -videlicet dominum papam cut
ncit hoDunivm, et dominum^ impemorcm a quoaccipititUBpoteftatis
iaiigne, fcilicet gladium czertum.

252 THE DECLINE AND FALL

muft have often embarrafled the praeCed in the
conflid of adverfe duties (41). A fervant, in
whom they poffeffed but a third fhare, was diC-
miffed by the independent Romans : in his place
they ele^ed a patrician ; but this tide, which
Charlemagne had not dUHained, was too lofty
for a citizen or a fubjed ; and, after the firft
fervour of rebellion, they confented without
reludlance to the reftoration of the prsefeA.
A. D. About fifty years after this event. Innocent the
%i^^iii6. third, the moft ambitious, or at leaft the moft
fortunate, of the pontiffs, delivered the Romans
and himfelf from this badge of foreign domi-
nion : he invefted the praefeA with a banner
inftead of a fword, and abfolyed him from all
dependence of oaths or fervid to tke German
emperors (4 2). In his place an eccfefiaftic, a
prefent or future cardinal, was named by the
pope to the civil government of Rome ; ba^ bi$
jurifdidion has been reduced to a narrow com-
pafs ; and in the days of freedom, the r%ht or
exercife was derived from the lenale and peo-
Number pk. IV. After the revival of the fenate (43),
Slh^ fiT ^^ confcript fathers (if I may ufe the cxpreffion)
zau. were invefred with the legiflative and e:(6ciitive
power ; but their views feldom reached beyond
the prefent day ; iind that day wfis moft fre-
quently difturbed by violence and tumult. In
its utmoft plenitude, the order or affembly con-

fifte^

(41} Yhe words of a contemporary writer (P«ndvlplk. Pifin. id
Vit. Pafchal. II. p. 359, 358.) defcribe the cleAion and oath of the
praefe^ in 1 1 18, inconnikis patribut .... loca prsfcAoria .... Lamdea
praBfedoriae % . . . comitiorum appUufum . . .,. juratunim popvlo ift
nmbonem fuMeTant .... conlirmari evm ia vrbe praefedvm petnot.

{4%^ Urbit prsfedum ad Uffiam fidelitatem recc|»it, etper matitom
^od illi donavit de prxfcAnra etiin poblice inTeiMvit, qui tifqve ad id
lempus juramento fidelitatis imperatori fait obligatas et ab eo pr^fiec-
turie tenuit honorem (Gefta Innocent. lU. in Muratori, torn. iii. P. 1.
P- 4«7)

(43) See Otho Frifing. Chron. fii« 31. de Geft. Frederic. I. I. L
c.a;.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 255

fitted cf fifty^fiz fenators (44), the moft eminent
of whom weie diftinguiihed by the title of coun-
lelloTB; they were nominated, perhaps annually^
by the people ; and a previous choice of tbeir
cloAors, ten peribns in each region or parilh,
might aford a bafis ibr a free and permanent
conftitation. The popes, who in this temped
fafamitted rather to bend than to break, con*
firmed l^ treaty the efiablifhment and privi-
leges of the fenate, and expected from time,
peace, and religion, the reftoration of tbeir go-
vemnient. The motives of public and private
inteieft might ibmetimes draw from the Romans
an occafional and temporary facrifice of their
claims; and ihey renewed their oath of allegi-
ance to the fucceflbr of St. Peter and Gonfbui-
tine^ the lawful head of the church and the re-
public (45).

The union and vigour of a public council was^<: ^^
difiblved in a lawlefe dty ; and the Romans ^^^'
foon adopted a more ilrong and fimple mode
of adminiftxation. They condenfed the name
and aulhority of the fenate in a fingle magif-
trate^ or two colleagues ; and as they were
changed at the end of a year, or of fix months,
the greatnefs of the truft was compenfated by
the &ortneis of the term. But in this tranfient

leign,

(44) Olir ooiditiTtKiui, Roger HoTed<ii» (peaks of the fingle fena-
ton, of the Cafmubi family^ Sec. quorum temporibus melius regebatur
-Roua quant nunc (A. D. 1 1 94) eft temporibus In. iboatorum (Du-
cange* Gloff. tom.Ti. p. 191. SivAToaat).

(45) Muratori (differt. zlti. ton. iii. p. 28$— 788.) has pubHflieA
an original treaty : Concordia inter D. noltrum papaim Clementem
III. €t liettatoret populi. Romani jTuper regalibua et aliis dignitatibus
urbiBy &c. «nno 44^ lenatQs. The fenate freaks* and fpeaks with
authority : Rcddimns «d prxfens .... habebimus .... dabitis jpref-
byteria . . . ^orabimus pacea et fidelitatetn, &c. A chartula de
Tenimentis Tufcniam, dated in the 47 th rear of the lame aera, and
confirmed decrcto ampUflimi ordinis fenat4s, acclamatione P. R. pub*
lice Capitoiio confiftentas. It is there we find the difference of lena-
tores confiliarii and fimple fenators (Muratori, differt. zii. torn. iii.
P- 787—789).

054 THB DECLINE AHD FALL

reign, the ksMoss of Rome indu^pal their avst*
rice and imbitbn : their juftice was perverted
b^ the intereft of their family and. fa/ftion ;
and as they ptmifhed only their eneodieSj thej
were obeyed only by thek adhf rents. Ausa^
chy, no longer tempered by the. pafioral care
of their bifhop, admonifhed the Romans that
they were incapable of gDvernisg themfehres ;
and they fought abroad thofe blcffii^ whidi
they were hopeleis of finding at home. In. the
fame age, and from the fame motives, moft of
the Italian republics were prompted to embrace
a meafure, which, however.ftrange it may ieem,
was adapted to their fitnatioo, and produ^ve
of the moft falmary eSdSbs (46). They cliofe,
in fome foreign but friendly d^, an impardal
magiftrate of noble buth and unblemifhed cha*
rader, a foldier and a ftatefman, recommcfided
by the voice of fame and his coaauxiyy to whom
they delegated for a time the fupreme admini-
ftration of peace and war. The compa£b be*
tween the governor and the governed was feaU
ed wkh oaths and iiibfcrqitioas ; and the du>
ration of his power, the meafuxe of his Idpend^
the nature of their mutual obUgationa^ were
defined with icmpulous precifioo. Thqr fwoie
to obey him as their lawfiil fuperior : he pledged
hb faith to unite the indifference of a flranger
with the zeal of a patriot. At his choice, four
or fix knights and civilians, his aiieffors in arms
and jufiice, attended the fodefiA{4^']), who main*

tamed

(^46) Montori (dillcrt. ilv. tom^ iVk iv. p. ^ 4 yt.) hm ftilly «x-
phined this mode of eovernment ; and the Otmmi Pitjhrski^ wfakk he
latgi^ii at the end, it a treatife or fermon ott tlie diMki dP tiMie fo*
retgn nia^ftratea*

(47) In tlie Ltdn writcn, at leaft ol the filler age, the title of
Furftat was iranrf e r red from the office to the magtftratte :

Hujtts qat trahitnr pn&textam famere WMsivu
An Fidcnanim Gabionimquo efle fvt^u

( JuTenal. Satir. x. 99.)

OF fHE ROMAN EMPIRE. 335

tsdned at hb ovm expence a decent f etinue of
iervants and horfes : his wife, his fon, his bro-
ther, who might bias the afie^ons of the judge,
wtere left behind; during che exercife of his of-
fice he was not pernutted to purchafe hnd, to
contrad an alliance, or even to acc^ an invi.
tation in the houfe of a citizen ; nor could he
Ixmmtvably depart till he had fatisfted the com-
plaints that might be urged againft his govern*
ment.

It was thus, abon^ the middle of the thir-Bnaak-
teenth century, that the Rcmians called from^ilvti^
Bologna the fenator Brancaleone (48), whofe
&me and merit have been refcued from oblivion
by the pen of an Englifh hiftorian* A juft
anxiety for his reputation, a clear forefight of
the difficulties of the taik, had engaged Urn to
refbfe'the honour of their choice : the fiatutes
of Rome were fufpended, and his office pro-
longed to the term of three years- By the
guilty and licentious he was accufed as cruel j
by the clergy he was fufpe^led as partial ; but
the friends of peace and order applauded the
firm a^d upright maglftrate by whom thofe
Ueflbigs were reftored. No criminals were fo
powet£il as to brave, fo obfeure as to elude,
the juftice of the fenator. By bis fentence two
nobles of the Annibaldi &mily were executed
on a gibbet ; and he inexorably demolifhed, in
the city and neighbourhood, one hundred and
forty towers, the ftrong fhelter of rapine and
mifchief. llie biflioi), as a fimple biihop, was
compelled to refide in his dioceie ; and the

ftandard

<4S) See die life and 4eatfa of Bnacaieone, in the Hiftorla Major
of Msctltew Paris, p. 741. 757- 792* 797-799 Bio. B13. 833. 836. 840.
The flMlchade of pilgrims and fuitors coooeAcd Rome and St. Al-
ban's ; and the refentment of the EaglUk prompted them to rejoice
whenever the popes were humble^ 4

256 THE DECLINE AND FALL

ftandard of Brancaleone was difplayed in the
' field with terror and e£fe^. His fervices were
repaid by the ingratitude of a people unworthy
of the happinefs which they, enjoyed. By the
public robbers^ whom he had provoked for
their fake, tii.e Romans were excited to depofe
and imprifon their benefa<5ior ; nor wpuld his life
have been fpared, if Bologna had not poflefled
a pledge for his fafety. Before his departure,
the prudent fenator had required the exchange
of thirty hoftages of the nobleft fijimilies of
Rome : on the news of his danger, and at th$
prayer of his wife, they were more ftridly
guarded; and Bologna, in thecaufepf honour,
fuftained the thunders of a papal interdi£l. This
generous refiftance allowed. t^e Romans to com*
pare the prefent with the paft ; and Brancaleone
was condu£led from the prifon to the Capitol
amidft the acclamations of a repentant people.
The remainder of his government was firm and
fortunate ; and as (bon as envy was appealed by
death, his head, enclofed in a precious vafe,
was depofited on a lofty column of marble (49)-
chtricB of The impotence of reafon and virtue recom*
^A%. tended in Italy a more effectual choice: in-
IX6S-U78. fiead of a private citizen, to whom they yield-
ed a voluntary and precarious obedience, the
Romans eleAed for their fenator fome prince of
independent power, who could defend them
from their enemies and themfelves. Charles of
Anjou and Provence, the mod ambitious and
warlike monarch of the age, accepted at the

iame

(49) Matthew PariB thus ends hit account : Caput ▼era ipfiot Bnm-
caleonis in vafe pretiofo fupcr marmoream columnam coUocatuniy in
fignum fui salons et probitatit, quafi reltquiat, fupcHHtinft ainiit cc
pompofc rnftnlenint. Fuerat enim fuperbonim potentum ct male£M-
torum urbia malleus et exftirpator, et populi prote^r et dflfenlor,
veritatts ct juftitue imiutor et anaator (p. S40.). A Uompher of
Innocent IV. (Muntori* Script, torn. iii. P. i. p. 591^ $99,) dnwa a
left favourable portrait of this GhibcUine fenator.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE; 25?

iame time the kingdom of Naples fiom tbe pope»
and the office of fenator from the Roman peo^
ple\5o). As he palfed through the city, in.
his road to vifioiy, he received their oath of
allegiance^ lodged in the Lateran palace, and
fmoothed in a Ihort vifit the harjQi features of
his defpotic chara£ler. Yet even Charles was
expofed to the mconftancy of the people, who
faluted with the fame acclamations the palTage
of his rival, the unfortunate Conradm ; and a
powerful avenger, who reigned in the Capitol^
alarmed the fears and jealoufy of the popes.
The abfolute term of his life was fuperfeded by,
a renewal every third year ; and the enmity of
Nicholas the third obliged the Sicilian king to
abdicate the government of Rome. In his
bull, a perpetual law, the imperious pontiff af-
ferts the truth, validity, and ufe, of the dona*
tion of Conltantine, not lefs effential to the
peace of the city than to the independence ot
the church ; eftablifhes the annual eledion of
the fenator ; and formally difqualifies all em-
perors, kings, princes, and perfons of an emi-
nent and confpicuous rank (51). This pro-]^opeMar-
hibitory claufe was repealed in his own .be-^°Dy*ia«i.
half by Martin the fourth, who humbly foli-
cited the fuffrage of the Romans. In the pre-
fence, and by the authority, of the people, two
cleftors conferred, not on the pope, but on the
noble and faithful Martin, the dignity of fenator^
VoL-XiL S and

Uo) The eledion of Charles of Anjoa to the office of perpe*
tuaf fenator of Rome, is mentioned by the hiftorians in the 8th vo-
lume of the CoUedion of Muratori, by Nicholas de JanifiUa (p. $9^X
the monk of Padna (p. 714.), Sabas Malafpina (1. li. c. 9. p. 608.),
and Ricordano Malefpini (c. 177. p.9990•
($I) The high-foundinK bull of Nicholas HI. which founds his
temporal fovereignty on the donation of Confiantine,, is ftill extant ;
and it as has been inferted by Boniface Vlll. in the Sexte of the Decre-
tals, it muft be received by the Catholics, or at lead by the Papifts,
as a facred an^ perpetual law.

ii^ THE DECLINE AND FALL

and the fupreme adminiftration of th^ repub-
lic (52), to hold during his natural life, and to
exercife at pleafure by himfelf or his deputies.
The cmpc- About fifty years afterwards, the fame title was
of'^slvTria granted to the emperor lewis of Bavaria ; and
A.D. lyB-'the liberty of Rome was acknowledged by her
twa fovcreigns, who accepted a municipal of-
fice in the government of their own liietropoli^.
Addreffc* In the firft moments of rebellion, when Ar-
^ttm^^^old of Brefcia had inflamed their minds againft
'■o"- the church, the Romans artfully laboured to
S!d\ 1 44.' conciliate the favour ©f the empire, and to re-
commend their merit and fcrvices in the caufe
of Caefar. The ftylc of their ambafladors to ^
Conrad the third and Frederic the firft, is a
mixture of flattery and pride, the tradition and
the ignorance of their own hiftory (53). After
feme complainl: of hh filence and neglect, they
exhort the former of thefc prkiees to parfs the
Alps, and afiume from their hands the Imperial
crown. " We befeech youn majcfty, not to
" difdain the humility of vour fons and vaffals,
^^ not to liften to the acculations of our commoa^
" enemies; who calumniate the fenate as hoftile
*' to your tibrone, who fow the feeds of difcord,
" that they may reap the harveft of deftruc-
" tion. The pope and the SicHian are united
•* in an impious league to oppofe our liberty
" and your coronation- With the bleflfing of
^ God, our zeal and courage has hitherto de-

" feated

(^t) I am indebted to Fleary fHift. leclfef. torn, xviii. p. 306.) foe
an extrad of this Roman ad, wnich he has taken from the Ecdefiaf-
tical Annals of Odericus Raynaldus, A* D. iftBi, N^ 14, 1$.

(<3) Thefe letters and fpeeches are preferred by Otho bifhop of
Friungen (Fabric. Bibliot. l,at. med. et infim. torn. ▼. p. i8ff, i87.)»
perhaps the nobleft of hiftorians : he was fon^ of Leopold marquis of ^
Anftria, his mother, Agnes, was daughter of' the emperor Henry IV.
and he was half-brother and uncle to Conrad HI. and Frederic I. H^
has left, in feven books, a Chronicle of the Times;. in two, the Gcfta
Frederici I. the laft of which is inferted ill the <th Tolome of Mua«-
tori*! hiftoriaiu*

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 259

<< feated their attempts. Of their powerful and
" £iAious adherents, more efpecially the Fran--
« gipani, we have taken by aflault the houfes
*' and turrets; fome of thefe are occupied by
" our troops, and fome are levelled with the
** ground. The Milvian bridge, which they
" had broken, is reftcred and fortified for your
** fafe paffage ; and your army may enter the
<* city without being annoyed from the cattle of
*' St. Angelo. All that we have done, and all
" that we dtfign, is for your honour and fer-
" vice, in the loyal hope, that you will fpce-
** dily appear in perfon, to vindicate thofe
" rignts which have been invaded by the cler-
" gy> to revive the dignity of the empire, and
" to furpafs the fame and glory of your prede-
" ceflbrs. May you fix your refidence in Rome,
« the capital of the world ; give laws to Italy,
" and the Teutonic kingdom ; and imitate the
'^ example of G>nftantine and Juftinian (54),
" who by the vigour of the fenate and people
" obtamed the fceptre of the earth (55)." But
thefe fplendid and fallacious wifhes were not
cherilhed by Ck>nrad the Franconian, whofe eyes
were fixed on the Holy Land, and who died
without vifiting Rome foon after his return
from the Holy Land.

His nephew and fucccflbr Frederic Barbarofla, Frederic i.
was more ambitious of the Imperial crown j-^^""5S.
nor had any of the fucceflbrs of Otho acquired
fuch abfolutc fway over the kingdom of Italy.
Surrounded by his ecclefiaftical and fecular
princes, .he gave audience in his camp at Sutri
to the ambafladors of Rome, who thus addrefled
S 2 him

(S4) ^^ defire (faJd the ignorant Romans) to reftore the Empire in
eum ftatum, quo fixit tempore Coafiantini et Tttdiniani, qui totua
•rbem Tigore lenatiU et populi Ronuni foit tenucre manibus.

(55} Otho Frifing. de Gcftii Frcdcrici 1. 1. i. c. ft8. p. ^tii'^^j^

a6o THE DECLINE AN1> FALL '

him in a free and florid oration : <^ Inclice
" your ear to the queen of cities ; approach
*< with a peaceful and friendly mind the pre-
'' cinds of Rome, which has caft away the yoke
** of the clergy, and is impatient to crown her
*^ legitimate emperor. Under your aufpicious
*' influence, mav the primitive times be reftof-
^ ed. Affert tne prerogatives of the eternal
<< city, and reduce imder her monarchy, the in-
•« folence of the world. You are not ignorant,
<< that, in former ages, by the wifdom of the
** fenate, by the valour and difcipline of the
*^ equeftrian order, Ihe extended her vi6)oriou6
« arms to the Eaft and Weft, beyond the Alps,
^' and over the iflands of the ocean. By our
« fins, in the abfence of our princes, the noble
<< ihflitution of the fenate has funk in oblivion :
<^ and with our prudence, ourflrength haslike-
" wife decreafed. We have revived the fenate,
'^ and the equeftrian order; the counfels of the
** one, the arms of the other, will be devoted
" to your perfon and the fervice of the em-
** pire. Do you not hear the language of the
« Roman matron ? You were a gueft, i have
« adopted you as a citizen; a Tranfalpine
« ftranger, I have ele£led you for my fove-
« reign (56); and given you myfelf, and all
*' that is mine. Your firft and rooft facred
" duty, is to fwear and fubfcribe, that you will
*' Ihed your blood for the republic ; that you
<' will maintain in peace and juftice, tbe laws
" of the city and the charters of your prede-
*' ceflbrs ; and that you will reward with five
*^ thoufand pounds of iilver the&itbful fenators
" who fhall proclaim your titles in the Capitol.

^ With

($6) Hofjpes eras, civem feci. Advena fuifti ez Tranialfi&jf ^«>
tibiu ; prindpcm conilicuii

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.' %6i

•* With the name, afliome the charader, of Au-
*' guftus." The flowers of Latin rhetoric were
not yet exhaufted ; but Frederic, impatient of
their vanity, interrupted the orators in the high
tone of royalty and conqueft. " Famous in-
« deed have been the fortitude and wifdom of
** the ancient Romans : but your fpeech is not
** feafoned with wifdom^ and I could wilh that
*• fortitude were confpicuous in your anions.
** Like all fublunary things, Rome has felt the
*' vicii&tudes of time and fortune. Your nobleft
** families were tranilated to the Eaft, to the
'* royal citv of Conftantine; and the lemains
** of youT Itrength and freedom have long fince
** been exhaufted by the Greeks and Pranks.
** Are you defirous of beholding the ancient
** glory of Rome, the gravity of the fenate, the
'' fpirit of the knights, the difcipline of the
^ camp, the valour of the legions ? you will
"* find them in the German republic. It is not
^^ empire, naked and alope, the ornaments and
*^ virtues of empire have likewife migrated be-
** yond the Alps to a more deferving peo-
** pie (57) : they will be employed in your de- ^

** fence, but they claim your oocdience. You
^ pretend that myfelf or my predeceflcM-s have
** been invited by the Romans : you miftakethe
** word, they were not invited ; they were im-
** plored. From its foreign and domeftic ty^
" rants, the city was refcued by Charlemagne
" and Otho, whofe alhes repofe in our coun-
** try : and their dominion was the price of
" your deliverance. Under that dominion your
*^ anceftors lived and died. I claim by the

" right

(57) Non ccffit nobis nudum imperium, viitute fua amidnm Tcnit,
oniamenu fui fccum traxit. Penes nos fnnt confules mi, &c. Ci- ^
cero or Livv would not have rejeAedthefe iniages, the elo^ence of '
a Barbarian born and educated in the Hercyman fortft.

a/St THE DECLINE AND FALL

^ right of inheritance and poffisf&on, and who
'* fhall dare to extort you from my hands ?.l8
^ the hand of the Franks (58) and Germans
^' enfeebled by age ? Am I vanquifh^d ? Am I
** a captive ? Am I not encompaffed with the
*< banners of a potent and invincible army ?
" Toy impofe conditions on your matter ; you
'* require oaths : if the conditions are juft, an
*' oatn is fuperfluous ; if unjuft, it is criminals
^< Ca^ you doubt my equity ? It is extended to
« the meaneft of my fubjcas. Will not my
*' fword be uniheathed in the defence of the
^< Capitol ? By that fword the northern king-
f* dom of Denmark has been reftored to the
'* Roman empire. You prefcribe the meafure
<< and the objeSs of my bounty, which flows
" in a copious but a voluntary ftream. All
^ will be giv^ to patient merit ; all will be dcr
«« nied to rude importunity (59)/* Neither the
emperor nor the fenate ccnild maintain thefe
lofty preteniions of dominion and liberty. U-
nited with the pope, and fufpicious of the Ro-
mans, Frederic continued his march to the Va-
tican : his coronation was difturbed by a fally
from the Capitol ; and if the numbers and va^
lour of the Germans prevailed in the bloody
conflidi, he could not fafelv encamp in the pre-
fence of a dty of which lie ftyled hunfelf the
fovere^n. Aoout twelve years afterwards, he
befi^ged Rome, to feat an antipope in the chair
of St. Peter ; and twelve Pifan gallies were in-
troduced into the Tyber : but .^e fenate and

people

($8) Otho of Friiingeii, who fnrclj nnderftood the language of the
court and diet of Gcnnany. fpcaka of the Franks in the i ith century
at the reienlne nation (Proceres Franci» equites Franci, manus Fran*
corum) : ne adds, however, the epithet of TVirfMin.

(55) Otho Frifing. de Geftit Frederici I. I. ii. c. af . p. 7%o-— 7ft«.
Thefe original and authentic »dt I have ttaaflated and anridged with
^icedom, yet with fidelity.

OF Til E ROMAN EMPIRE.

263

people were faVed by the arts of negociation
and the progrefsof difeafe; nor did Frederic or
1ms fucceffors reiterate the hoftile attempt. Their
laborious reigns were exerciied by the popes,
the crufades, and the independence of Lombar-
dy and Germany^ they courted the alliance of
the Romans ; and Frederic the fecond offered in
the Capitol the great ftandard, the Carocdo of
Milan (60). After the extin£Uon cf the houfe
of Swabia, they were baniihed be]Fond the
Alps ; and their laft coronadons betrayed the
impotence and poverty of the Teutonic
<Jaefars ()5i).

Under the reign of Adrian, when the empire Wars of tiM
extended from the Euphrates to the ocean, from^a't^.
moimt Atlas to the Grampian hills, a fanciful neighbou».
hiftodan (62) amufed the Romans with the pio-"*"'**^
ture of their infant wars. ^ There was a time,**
lays Florus, " whcpi Tibur and Praenefte, our
^ fummer retreat^ W^e the objects of hoftile

" vbw$

ifio) From the Chrooides of Riccfbaldo and Francis Pipin, Mora^
tori /differt. xxri. torn. ii. p. 491.) has tranfcribcd this curious fad wit^
4he doggrel Tcrfes that accompanied the j^t.

Ave decus orbis avel !ndQs tibi deftinor, ayei

Currus ab Aug^fto Frederico Caefarejufto.

Vjc MediolaiHimi jam fentis fpemere yanum

Imperii vires, propriaa tibi tollere vires.

Ergo triumc^orttm urhs poies memor efle priorum

Quosttbi mittebant rcffef^ui bella eerebaotw
|i(e fi dee tacere (I now ule the halian piflertatigns, torn. i. p. 444.)
chenell' anno 17^7, nnacopia deflb Careccio in marmodiaazi ignoto
fi fcopti nel Campid<^lio, preflbaJile carcere di<iuclluogo, dove SiiU
V. Tavea fatto nnchmdere. Stava eflbpofto fopra quatro colonne di
iBarmo fino colla£^uente infcrizione, &c. tip dac i^e purpofe as th*
oldiofcription.

(fix) The decline of the Imperial a^-ms and authority in Italy, is re^
lated with impartial learning m the Annals of Mivatori /tom. x, zi,
xii.) ; and the reader may compare <his narrative with the Hidoiro
det Allemands (tom. iii, iv.), by Schmidt, who has dcferved the e£«
teem of his countrymen.

(61) Tibnr nunc fuburbanum, et mStrm Pi^enefte deliclas, puncu*
patis m Capitolio votis petebantur. The whole paflage of Fbms (1,
t. c. II.) may be read with pleafure, and has deferved the nraiiie of a
man of genius ((Euvres de Montefqnieu, tom. v\. p. ^34, 03 $. ^oart^
edition).

26+ THE DECLINE AND FALL

f' vows in the Capitol, when yve dreaded the
f* flxades of the Arician groves, when we could
^* triumph without a blufli over the namelefs vil-
*' lages of the Sabines and Latins, and even
'' Corioli could afford a title not unworthy of a
" vidiorious general." The pride of his con-
temporaries was gratified by the contrail of the
paft and the preient : they would have been
humbled by the profpe6l cf futurity; by the
predi<aion, that after a thoufand years, Rome,
defpoiled of empire and contraded to her
primaeval limits, would renew the fame hoftili-
ties, on the fame ground which was then deco-
rated with her villas and gardens. The adja-
cent territory on either fide of the Tyber was
always claimed, and fometimes poiTened, as the
patrimony of St. Peter ; but the barons aflumed
a lawlcfs independence, and the cities too faith-
fully copied the revolt and difcord of the me-
tropolis. In the twelfth and thirteenth centu-
ries, the Romans inceflantly laboured to reduce
or deftroy the contumacious vaflalsof the church
^d fenate ; and if their headilrong and felfifh
ambition was moderated by the pope, he often
encouraged' their zeal by the alliance of his fpi*
ritual arms. Their warfare was that of the firft
confuls apd deflators, who were taken from the
plow. They aflembled in arms at the foot of
the Capitol; fallied from the gates, plundered
or burnt the harvefts of their neighbours, en-
gaged in tumultuary conflid, and returned home
after an expedition of fifteen or twenty days.
Their lieges were tedious and unfkilful : in the
ufc of viftory, they indulged the meaner paffions
of jealoufy and revenge ; aqd inftead of adopt-
ing the valour, they trampled on the misfor-
tunes, of their adverfaries. The captives, in
their Ihiits, with a rope round their necks, foli-

cited

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. z6s

cited their pardon : the fortifications and even
the buildings of the rival cities were demolifhed^
and the inhabitants were fcattered in the adja-
cent villages* It was thus that the feats of the
cardinal bilhops, Porto, Oftia, Albanum, Tuf-
culum, Praenefte, and Tibur or Tivoli, were fuc-
ceffively overthrown by the ferocious hottility of
the Romans (63). Of thefe (64), Porto and
Oftia, the two keys of the Tyber, are ftill va-
cant and defolate : the marfhy and unwholelbme
banks are peopled with herds of buffalos, and
the river is loft to every purpofe of navigation
and trade. The hills which aiford a fhady re-
tirement from the autumnal heats, have again
fmiled with the bleflingsof peace: Frafcati has
arifen near the ruins of Tufculum : Tibur or Ti-
voli has refumed the honours of a city (65), and
the meaner towns of Albano and Paleftrina are
decorated with the villas of the cardinals and
princes of Rome. In the work of dcftruftion,
the ambition of the Romans was often checked
and repulfed by the neighbouring cities and
their allies: in the firft fiege of Tibur, they
were driven fit)m their camp ; and the battles Battle ©r
of Tufculum (66) and Viterbo (67) might be Tufculum,

compared

(53^ Neaferitate Romanonim, ficut faerant Hoftienfes, Portnen-
fes, 1 ufculaneofes, Albananfe«, Labiceofes, et nuper Tiburtini de-
firuerentur (Matthew Paris, p. 7S7.)- 'Hicfe eventsare marked in
the Annals and Index (the ZTiiith volume) of Muratori.

(64) For the flate or ruin of thefe fuburban cities, the banks of the
Tyber, &c. fee the livelv pidure of the P. Labat (Voyage en Efpagne
et en Italie), who had long refided in the neighbourhood of Rome ;
and the more accurate defcription of which P. Efchinard (Roma,
17 CO, in o&avo) has added to the topographicakqnap of Cingolaai.

(55) Labat (torn. iii. jp. '^33.) mentions a recentoHree of the Ro-
man government, which has i'everely mortified the pride and poverty
of Tivbli : in civitate Tiburtina noa viWtur civiliter.

{66) I depart from my ufual method, of quoting only by the date
the Annals of Muratori, in confideration of the critical balance in
which he has weighed nine contemporary writers who mention the
battle of Tufculum (tom. x. p. 42-*-^.).

' (67) Matthew Paris, p. |4$. This bifhop of Winchefter was Pe-'
ter de Rupibus, who occupied the fee thirty-two years (A. D. 1206

-1x38),

266 THE DECLINE AND FALL

compared in their relative fiateto the memora*
ble fields of Thrafymene and Cannae. In the
firft of thefe petty wars, thirty thoufand Ro-
mans were overthrown by a thoufand German
borfe, whom Frederic Baxbarofla had detached
to the relief of Tufculum ; and if we number the
ilain at three, the prifoners at two, thoufand,
we (hall embrace the moft authentic and mode-
Battle of rate accoimt. Sixty-eight years afterward they
Xi^^^^'^^ marched againft Viterbo intheecclefiaftical ftate
with the whole force of the city ; by a rare coa-
lition, the Teutoi^ic eagle was blended, in the
adverfe banners, with the keys of St. Peter; and
the pope's auxiliaries were commanded by a
count of Tholoufe and a bifhopof Winchefter.
The Romans were difcomfited with ihame and
- flaughter; but the Englilh prelate mufthavein^
dulged the vanity of a pilgrim, if he multiplied
their numbers to one hundred, and their lofs iu
. the field to thirty, thoufand itien. Had the po-^
licy of the fenate and the difcipline of the legi-
ons been reflored with the Capitol, the divided
condition of Italy would have ofi^red the faireil
opportunity of a fecond conqueft. But in arms,
the modern Romans were not ahw)c^ and in arts,
they were for hthnvy the common level of the
neighbouring republics. Nor was their warlike
fpirit of any long continuance ; after fome irre-
gular fallies, they fublided in the national apar
thy, in the negle£l of military inflitutions, and
in the difgraceful and dangerous ufe of foreign
mercenaries.
J^n o^the Ambition is a weed of quick and early vege-
i»ope«. tation in the vineyard of Chrift. Under the
firft Chriftian princes, the chair of St. Peter was

difputed

— t A^S), and is defciibed, by the EngUft hiftorian^ m a foldier and a
^Uteiman (p. 1 78. 399.)*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 26j

difputed by the votes, the venality, the vicv
icnce, of a popular eledlion : the fanfluaries of .
Rome were polluted with blood ; and, from the
third to the twelfth century, the church was dit
traded by the mifchief of frequent fchifms. As
long as the final appeal was determined by the
civil magiftrate, thefe mifchiefe were tranfient
and local : the merits were tried by equity or fa^
vour; nor could the unfuccefsful competitor
long difturb the triumph of his rival. But after
the emperors had been divefted of their preror
gatives, after a maxim had beeneftabliihed, that
the vicar of Chrift is amenable to no earthly tri-
bunal, each vacancy of the holy fee might in*
volve Chriftendom in controveify and war.
The claims of the cardinals and inferior clergy,
of the nobles and people, were vague and liti-
gious : the freedom of choice was over-ruled by
the tumults pf a city that no longer owned or
obeyed a fuperior. On the deceafe of a pope,
two fa6Hons proceeded in difierent churches to
a double ele^ion : the number and weight of
votes, the priority of time, the merit of the
candidates, might balance each other: the mod
refpeclable of the clergy were divided; and th^
diftant princes, who bowed before the fpiritual
throne, could not diftinguiih th^ fpurious, from
the legitimate, idol. The emperors were often
the authors of the fchifm^ from the political mo-
tive of oppoiing a friendly to an hoftile pontiff;
*ind each of the competitors was reduced to fuf-
fer the infults of his enemies, who were not
wed by confcience; and to purchafe the fupport
of his adherents, who were inftigated by ava-
rice or ambition. A peaceftil and perpetual fuc- Rightof th«
ceilion was afcertained by Alexander the^^^^^

third i>y aicxmi-
dcr m.

268 THE DECLINE AND PALL

third (68), wjio finally abolilhed the tumultuaiy
votes of the clergy and people, and defined the
right of eleflion in the fole college of cardi-
nals (69). The three orders of bilhops, priefts,
and deacons, were afiUmilated to each other by
this important privilege : the parochial clergy of
Rome obtained the tirft rank in the hierarchy ;
they were indifierenriy chofen among the nations
of Chriftendom ; and the pofiefiion of the rich-
eft benefices, of the moft important bifhoprics,
was not incompatible with their title and ofiSce.
The fenators of the Catholic chnrch, Ihe coad-
jutors and legates of the fupreme pontifii were-
robed in purple, the fymbol of martyrdom or
royalty ; they claimed a proud equality with
kings; and their dignity was enhanced by the
fmallne&of their number, which, till the reign
of Leo the tenth, feldom exceeded twenty, or
twenty-five, perfons. By this wife regulation,
all doubt and fcandal were removed, and the
ixx)t of fchifm was fo effedhially deftroyed, that
in a period of fix hundred years a double choice
has only once divided the unity of the facred
college. But as the concurrence of two thirds
of the votes had been made neceffary, the elec-
tion was often delayed by the private intereft
and paflions of the cardinals ; and while they
prolonged their independent reign, the Chriftian
inftitution world was leftdeftituteof an head. A vacancy
dfa^bT*" ^^ alDi<>ft Aree years had preceded the eleva-

OrezoryX. tlOIX

A. D. 1174.

(68) See Moflieim, Inflitut. Hift. Ecdefiaft. p. 401. 403. Alezac-
der himfclf had nearly been the vidim of a contcfted eledion ; and the
dcubiful merits of Innocent had only preponderated by the weight of
geniui and learning which St.Bemara caft into the fcale (fee hit life
and .writing).

(69) The origin, titles, importance, drefs, precedency, &c. of the
Roman cardinab, are very ably difcuifed by Thomaflin (Difcipline de
VEglife, torn. i.p. 1262—1187.); but their purple is now mucn faded.
The facred coUeffewaa railed to the definite number of feventy-two,
toreprefent, vnder hit Yicar, the difciples of ChriiL

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ^€9

tion of Gregory the tenth, who refolvedto pre-
vent the future abufe; and his bull, after fome
oppofition, has been confecrated in the code of
the canon law (70). Nine days are allowed for
the obfequies of the deceafed pope, and the ar-
rival of the abfent cardinals: on the tenth, they
are imprilbned, each with one domeftic, in a
coaunon apartment ox. conclave^ without any re-
paration of walls or curtains; a fmall window
is referved for the introdudlion of neceflaries j.
but the door is locked on bothiides, and guard*
ed by the magiftrates of the city, to feclude them
from all correfpondence with tne world* If the
eledlion be not confummated in three days, the
luxury of their table is contra£ied to a fingle
dilh at dinner and fupper; and after the eighth
day, they are reduced to a fcanty allowance of
bread, water, and wine. During the vacancy
of the holy fee, the cardinals are prohibited
from touching the revenues, or alTuming, unlefs
in fome rare emergency, the government, of the
church : all agreements and promifes among the
ele£lors are formally annulled ; and their inte-
grity is fortified by their folemn oath and the
prayers of the Catholics. Some articles of in-
convenient or fuperfluous rigour have been gra-
dually relaxed, but the principle of confinement
is vigorous and entire: they are Hill urged, by
the perfonal motives of health and freedom, to
accelerate the moment of their deliverance ; and
the improvement of ballot or fecret votes has
wrapt the ftruggles of the conclave (71) in the

filky

(70) See the bull of Greflor^X. (approbantefaattconcilio, in tho
Sexteoi the Canon Law (1. i. tit. 6, c. 3/), a fapplement to the Deere-
taht which Boniface Vin.promolgated at Rome in 1198, aadaddrdf-
ed to all the univeriities ot £arope.
^71) The genius of cardinal de Retz had a right to paint a conclare
in which he was a fpedator aad an ador (Memoires, torn.

iv. p.

00 The
(of i6ss), 1

470 THE DECLINE AND FALL

filky veil of cbarity and poHtencfs (72). By
thefe inftitutions, the Romans were excluded
from the eleilion of their prince and bifliop;
and in the fever of wild and precarious liberty,
they feemed infenfible of the lofs of this inefti-
A, D. 1318. mable privilege. The emperor Lewis of Bava-
ria revived the example of the great Otho. Af-
ter fome negociation with the magiftrates^ the
Roman people was aflembled (73) in the fquare
before St. Peter's; the pope of Avignon, John
the twenty-fecond, was depofed ; the choice of
his fucceffor was ratified by their confent and
applaufe. They freely voted for a new law>
that their bilhop ihould never be abfent more
than three months in the year, and two days
journey from the city; and that if he negleded
to return on the third fummons, the public fer-
vant ihould be degraded and difmified (74).
But Lewis forgot his own debility and the pre-
judices of the times : beyond the precindls of a

German

!▼• p. I S— -S7*) : but I am at m loft to appreciate the knowledge or au-
tlioritf of an anonymous Italian, whole hiftorj (Condavi de' Pont^>
fici Romani, in 4to, 1667) has been continued unce the reign of Alex-
ander VII. The accidental form of the work furniihes a leflbn,
though not an antidote, to ambition. From a labyrinth of intrigues^
we emerge to the adoration of the fuccdsful candidate : but the next
page opens with his funeral.

r7a) The ezpreffions of cardinal de Retz are poiltiYe and pida-
refque : On y vecut toujours enlemble arec le m€me refpeA, et la
mime ciyilit^ que Ton obfenre dans le cabinet des rois, avec la m£me
poIttclTe qu*on avoit dans la courdc Henri III. avec la mcme familia-
rite que Ton voit dans les colleges ; avec la mime modeftie, qui fe re«
marque dans les noviciats ; et avec la m€me charit^« du moins en a^
psrence, qui pourroit Itre entre des freres parfaitement unb.

(73) Rechicftii>er bando(iaysJohn Villani) fenatori di Roma, e $1
del popolo, et capitani de* 15. e conibli (ctii/aiif), et 13 buonehuomi*
ni, uno per rione. Oar knowledge is too imperfeA to pronounce,
how much of this conftitntioB was temporary, and how much ordin»»
ry and permanent. Yet it is faintly iUufbrated by the ancient ftatutes
Of Rome.

(74) Villani (1. x* c. (8—71. in Muratori, Script, torn. xiii. p. $41
•—645.) relates this law, and the whole tranfadion, with muoi Idi
abhorrence than the mdent Moratori. Any one caaxcrhnt wish
|he darker ages muft have obferved how much the fenfe (I aM«a,tbe
Boafenie) of fuperftitioa is fladuating and incoafiilcBt.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 271

Gennan camp, his ufelefs phantom was reje^l-
ed ; the Romans defpifed their own workman-
ftiip ; the antipope implored the mercy of his
lawful fovereign (75); and the exclufive right of
the cardinals was more firmly eftablilhed by
this unfeafonable attack.

Had the ele£^ion been always held in the Va- Abfcnccof
tican, the rights of the fenate and people would fJ^J^P^^^
Bot have been violated with impunity* But the
Romans forgot, and were forgotten, in the ab-
fence of the focceflbrs of Gregory the fevenih>
who did not keep as a divine precept their ordi-
nary refidence in the city and dioccfe. The
care of that dk>cefe was lefs important than the
government of theuniverfal church; nor could
the popes delight in a city in which their autho-
rity was always oppofed and their perfon wa^
often endangered. From the perfecution of the
emperors^ and the wars of Italy, they efcaped
beyond the Alps into the hofpitable bofom of
France ; from the tumults of Rome they pm*
dently withdrew to live and die in the more
tranquil ftations of Anagni, Perugia, Viterbo»
and the adjacent cities. When the flock was
offended or impoveriihed by the abfence of the
ihepherd, they were recalled by a Item admo-
nition, that St. Peter had fixed his chair, not ia
anobfcure village, but in the capital of the
world ; by a ferocious menace that the Romans
would march in arms to dellroy the place and
people that ihould dare to afibrd them a retreat.
They returned with timorous obedience ; and
were faluted with the account of an heavy debt,
of all the lofles which their defertion had occa-
iij[»ied, the hire of lodgings, the fale of provi-

fion&^

(j^y In the tft Tolnme of the Popes of Avignon, fee the fecond
ortgilMl Life of John XXII. p. 142— 149^ theconfefllon of the anti-
pope, p. L4S''"iS** *^^ the laborious notes of Baluze, p. 714* 71s*

Z1% THE DECLINE AND FALL

iions, and the various ezpences of fervants and
ftrangers who attended the court (76), After a
fhort interval of peace, and perhaps of autho-
rity, they were again banifhed by new tumults,
and again fummoned by the imperious or re-
foeftfui invitation of the fenate. In thefe occa-
nonal retreats, the exiles and fugitives of the
Vatican were feldom long, or far, diftant from
the metropolis ; but in the beginning of the four-
teenth century the apoftolic throne was tranf-
poited, as it might feem for ever, from the Ty-
ber to the Rhone ; and the caufe of the tranf-
migration may be deduced from the furious con-

S^e VIII. teft between Boniface the eighth and the king of
a.d/ France (77). The fpiritual arms of excommu-

i*94-«s«>3- ixication and interdidl were repulfed by the union
of the three eftates, and the privileges of the
Gallican church ; but the pope was not againfl
the carnal weapons whicn Philip the Fair had
courage to employ. As the pope refided at
Anagni, without the fufpicion of dai^r, his
palace and perfbn were aflaulted by three hun-
dred horfe, who had been fecretly levied by
William of Nogaret, a French minifter, and
Sciana Colonna, of a noble but hoftile family of
Rome. The cardinals fled; the inhabitants of
Anagni were feduced from their allegiance and

gratitude ;

(76) Roman! autem noo valentes nee volentes akn fuam cckre cu*
piditatem, mviffimam contra papam movere coeperunt qnaeftionem,
ezigctitcs ab eo urgentifiime omnia c^a2 fubierant p^r ejus abfentiam
damna et jaAurat, Tidelicet in hofpiult locandii, in mercimpniia« in
ufuris, in redditibui, in provifionibus, et in aliis modis innumerabili-
bus. Quod cum audiflet papa, prscordialiter inj^emuit et fe CGmpe->
rieat mu/cifmUtMm, &c. Matt. Paris, P* 7S7- ^^^ ^^ ordinary hiftorj
of the popes, their life and death, tneir refidence and abfence, it is
enough to refer to theecclefiaftical annalifts, SpondaniisandHeuy.

(77) BeGdes the general hiftorians of the church of Italy and of
France, we poifefs a valuable treatiie compofed by a learned fricod
of Thuanus, which his laft and bell editors hare publifhed in the ap-
pendix (Hifloire particuUere du grand Diff^rend entre Boniface VUK
ct Philippe le Bel, par Pierre du Puis, torn. vii. P. xi.p. tf i— *8ft.).

OF THE KOMAN EMPIRE. 873

gratitude; but the dauntlefs BoniBtce, unarm-
ed and alone> feated himfelf in his chair, and
ftwaited, like the c«(nfcript fathers of old, the
fwdds of the Gauls. ^ Nogaret^ a foreign ad-
verfery, was content t6v execute the orders of
bis mafter : by the domemc enmity of Colonna,
be was infulted with words and blows ; and du-
ring a confinement oPtnree days his life was
threatened by the hardihips which they inflidled
on the obftinacy which they provoked. Their
ftrange delay gave time and courage to the
adherents of the church, who refcued him from
facrilegious violence; but his imperious foul
was wounded in a vital part ; and Boniface ex-
pired at Rome in a frenzy of rage and revenge.
His memory is ftaioed with the glaring vices of
avarice and pride ; nor had the courage of a
martyr promoted diis ecclefiaftical champion to
the h<HK>ur8 of a f^^int ; a magnanimous finner
(fay the chronicles of the times), who entered
like a &>%, reigned like a lion, and died like a
dog. He was fucceed^d by Benedidi the ele-
venth, the mildeft of mankind. Yet he excom-
municaiied the impious emiflaries of Philip,
a&d devoted the city and people of Anagni by a
tremendous curfe, whofe effeds are fiill vifible
to the eves of fuperftition (78).

After nis deceafe, the tedious and equal fuf-Tnniiation
pence of the conclave was fixed by the dexteri-^/^'J*^''*^
ty of the French &£lion. A fpecious offer was Avignon,
made and accepted, that, in the term of forty^-^"^^^'
days, they would eledl one of the three candi-
dates who fliould be named by their opponents.

Vol. XII. T The

(j8) It u difficult to know whether Labat (torn. iv. p. <3— $7*} ^c
in lei or in carneft, when he fuppofes that Anagni ftifl feels the
weight of this cnrfe, and that eke com-field*, or vineyards, or olive-
treM» are annually bhfted by nature, the obfe^ous handmaid of
the popci*

274 THE DECLINE AND FALL

The archbilhop of Bourdeaux, a furious cfnemy
of bis king and country, was the firft on the lift ;
but his ambition was known ; and his confd-
ence obeyed the calls of fortune and the com-
mands of a benefa£lor» who had been informed
by a fwift mefTenger that the choice of a pope
wa3 now in his hands. The terms were regula-
- ted in a private interview ; and with fuch fpecd
and fecrefy was the buiinefs tranfaded, that the
unanimous conclave applauded the elevation of
Clement the fifth (79). The cardinals of both
parties were foon aftoniihed by a fummons to at-
tend him bevond the Alps ; from whence, aa
they foon dilcovered, they muft never hope to
return. He was engaged, by promife and af*
fo6lion, to prefer the residence of France ; and,-
after dragging his court through Poitou and
Gafcony, and devouring, by his ezpeoce^ the
cities and convents on the- road» he finally re-
pofed at Avignon (80), which flouriihed above
feventy years (81) the feat of the Roman pontiff
and the metropolis of Chriftendom. By land,
by fea, by the Rhone, the pofition of Avignon
was on all fides accefiible : the fouthem provin-
ces

(79) See in the Chronicle of OioranDt ViUani (1. yiiu c. 6%^ 64.
So. in Muratori, torn, ziii.) the imprifonmcnt of Boniface VUI.
and the eledion of Clement V. the laft of which, like moll anecdotes,
if embarraflied with fome difficulties.

(80) The original lives of the eight j»ope8 of Avignon, Clement
V, JohnXXn. BenediAXll. Clement VI. Innocent VI. Ur-
ban V. Gregorjr XI. and Clement VU. are pobliihed by Stephen
Baluze (Vitae Pajparum Avenioncnfium ; Paris, 1695, 2 vols, in 4to)
with copious and elaborate notes, and a fecond volume of a^ fend
documents. With the true seal of an editor and a patriot, he de-
voutly juftilies or excflfes the charaAers of his countrymen.

(81) The exile of Avignon is compared by the Italians with Baby-
lon, and the Babylonifli captivity. Such furious metaphors, more
fnitable to the ardour of Petrarch thin to the judgment of Mnratorty
are gravely refuted in Baluze*s preface. The abM de Sade is diifarac-
ted between the love of Petrarch and of his country. Yet he mo-
deftly pleads, that ttiany of the local inconveniencies of Avignon are
now removed ; and many of the vices againft which the poet de-
claims had been imported trith the Roman court by the fiimi^;ert of
Italy (tom. i. p. 23-^*18.).

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 375

ces of France do not yield to Italy itfelf ; new
palaces arofe for the accommodation of the pope
and cardinals ; and the arts of luxuiy were fooa
attracted by the treafiires of the church. They
were already pofleffed of the adjacent territory^
the Venaiflin country (82)> a populous and fer-
tile fpot ; and the fovereignty of Avignon was
afterwards purctiafed from the youth and diilrefs
cffjane, the firft oueen of Naples and countefs
of Provence, for the inadequate price of fbur-
fcore thoufand florins (83). Under the fhadow
of the French monarchy, amidft an obedient
people^ the popes enjoyed an honourable and
tranquil ilate, to which they lon^ had been
ftrangers : but Italy deplored their ablence ;
and Rome, in folitude and poverty, might re-
pent of the ungovernable freedom which had
driven &om the Vatican the fucceiTor of St.
Peter. Her repentance was tardy and fruitlefs :
after the death of the old metnMrs, the facred
college was filled with French cardinals (84),
who beheld Rome and Italy with abhorrence
and contempt, and perpetuated a feries of nati-
T 2 onal,

(%%) 'rhe comtat Veiuiiiin was ceded ta the popes in 1173 by
Philip III. kioff of France, after he had inherited the dominions ojf
the connt of 'niolonfe. Forty years before, the herefy of count
I&ymond had ffiven them a pretence of feiiure, and they derived
ibme obfcure claim from the xith century to fome hmds citra Rhoda-
mun (Valefii Motitia GaUiarum* p. 4$q. tf la LoDguerue, Dcfcrip-
tion de U France, torn. i. p. 37^^381.;.

(8t) If a poiTeflion of four centuries were not itfelf a title, foch
objeoions ought annul the baripin ; but the purchafe money muft be
refunded, for indeed it was paid. Civitatem Avenionem emit ....
per ejuimodi venditionem pecunii redundafttes, &c. (iida Viu
Clement. VI. in Baluz. torn. i. p. 271. Muratori, Script* torn.
sii. P. ii. p. stf$.) The only temptation for Jane and her fecond hui^
band was ready money, and witmrnt it they could not have retuned
to the throne of Naples.

(84) Clement V. immediately promoted ten cardinals, nana
French and one Engliih (Viu iva, p. ^3. et Baluz. p. tft$, Ace.). In
1331, the pope refufed two candidates recommended by the king of
France, ^uod as. Cardinales, de quibus zvii. de regno Francia
originem traziffe nofcuntur in memor^^o collegio cziftant (Tboma^
fin, DiCnpline dc TEglife, torn* i. p. ii8i.).

^^6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

onal, and even ptovindal, popes, attached by
the moft indiflblubk ties to their native coun-
try. ^
iniiitution The progi-eis of induftiy b^ produced and
f|,^^i^^J enriched the Italian rej^jubhcs : the «ra of their
yei, A.D. liberty is the. moft fk>uri{hing period of popula-
* ^^' tion and agriculture, of manuladures and com-
merce; and their mechanic labours were gradu-
ally refined into the arts of elegance and genius.
But the pofition of Rome was lefs favourable,
the territory lefs fruitful ; the charader of the
inhabitants was debated by indolence and ela-
ted by pride ; and they fondly conceived that
the tribute of fubjefts muft for ever nourifh the
metropolis of the church and empire. This
prejudice was encouraged in fome degree by the
refort of pilgrims to the Ihrines of the apoftles ;
and the laft legacy of the popes, the inftitution
of the HOLY YEAR (85), was not lefs beneficial
to the people than to the clergy. Since the lofs
of Paleftine, the gift of plenary indulgences,
which had been applied to the crufades, re-
mained without an objed ; and the moft valua-
ble treafure of the church was fequeftered above
eight years from public circulation. A new
chaimel w^s opened by the diligence of Boni-
face the eighth, who reconciled the vices of am-
bition and avarice ; and the pope had fufficient
learning to recolle£l and levive the lecular
games, which were celebrated in Rome at the
conclufion of every century. To found with-
out danger the depth of popular credulity, a
fermon was fcafonably pronounced, a report!
was artfully fcattered, fome aged witnefies wei^

produced^

(85) Oar primitive account Is from cardinal James Caletan (Max*
ima Bibliot. Patriun, torn, xxv.) ; and I am at a I0& to dcfermitie
whether the nephew of, BcAiface VIII. be a fool or a kAaVe : th«
vncle it a much clearer charaAer.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. m

piodiice4; and on the ficft of Januaiy of the
year thirteen hundred, the church of St Pet^r
was crowded with the fEuthful, who demanded
the cuftomary indul^nce of the holy time. The
pondfi^ who watched and irritated their devout
impatience, was foon perfuaded oy ancient te&
timony of the juftice of their claim ; aiid he pn>
daimed a plenaiy abfolution to all Catholics
who, in the courle of that year, and at every
fimilar period, ihould rel]pe^fully vifit the apof*
tolic churches of St. Peter and St. Paul. The
welcome found was propagated through Cbrif>
tendom; and at firil from the neareil provinces
of Italy, and at length from the remote king-
doms of Hungary and Britain, the highways
were thronged with a fwarm of pilgrims who
fought to expiate their fins in a journey, howe-
ver coftiy pi: laborious, which was exempt from
the perils of m^itary fervice. All exceptions
of rank or fe^, of age or infirmity, were for-
gotten in the common tranfport; and in the
ftreets and churches many perfon$ were tram*
pled to death by the eagernefs of devotion.
The calculation of their numbers could not be
eafy nor accurate; and they have probably
been magnified by a dextrous clergy, well ap-
prifed of the contagion of example : yet we are
aflured by a judicious hiftorian^ who afiifted at
the ceremony, that Rome was never replenifli-
ed with lefs than two hundred thoufand ftrang^
ers ; and another fped^ator has fixed at two
millions the total concdurie of the year, A
trifling oblation from each individual would
accumulate^ a royal treafure ; and two prieila
ftood night and day, with rakes in their hands,
to coUetl, without counting, the heaps of gold
and filver that were poured on the altar of St.

Paut

173 THE DECLINE AND FALL

Paol (86). It was fortunately a feafon of peace
and plenty ; and if forage was fcarce, if inns
and lodgings were extravagantly dear, an inezp
hauftible fapply of bread and wine, of ineat
and fiih, H|as provided by the policy of Boni*
face and the venal hofpitality of the Romans.
From a city without trade or induftry, all ca-
fual riches will fpeedily evaporate: but the
avarice and envy of the next generation folici-
ted Clement the fixth (87) to anticipate the dif-
tant period of the centory. The gracious pc»i-
tiff comfdied with their wifhes; affi>rded Rome
this poor confolation for his lofs; and juftified
the change by the name and pra&ice of the
The feconaMofaic Julnlec (88). His fumnxMQS was obey-
A.i)?i35o.^; and the number, zeal, and liberality, of
the pilgrims did not yield to the primitive fofti-
val. But they encountered the triple foouige of
war, peftilence, and famine i many wives and
virgins were violated in the caftles of Italy;
and many firangers were pillaged or murdered
by the favage Romans, no longer moderated by
the prefence of their bifhop (89). To the im-
patience of the popes we may afcribe the fuc-
ceffive rcduftion to fifty, thirty-three, and twen-

ty^vc,

(Z6) Sec Tplm ViUani (L viii. c. 36.) in the zixtlu 9aA the Ckro-
nicon Afteiue, in the xith volume (p. 191, ipt.) of Maratori*a Col*
ledion. pBpa innumerahilem pectmimm ab eudem accepit, nam doo
^erici, cvmraftris, ^c.

(87) The two bulls •£ Boniface VIII. and Clement VI. are infcr-
ted in the Corpus Juris Ganonici (Eztnvannt Commun. !.▼. tit. ix.
• c. i,«.).

(88^ The fabbatic reara apd jubUeei of the Mefaic law (Car. Si-
fou. de ReDublid Hebrzomm, Qpp.UMn. it.I. iii. c. 14, i$.p. i$i,
151.), the rufpeniion of all care and labour, the periodical ndeafe of
lands, debts, fervitude, &c. may feem a noble idea, hot the executi-
on would he imnraAicable in a pr^at repubUc ; and 1 ihooidbe glad
tp learn that tnit niinoos fciUval was obfenred by the Jewiih
people.

(89) See the Qhronicle of Matteo ViUani (I. i. c. s^O m tho
sivth volume of Muratori, and the Memoires fw la Vic dc Pctrar-
que, torn. iii. p, 75—89.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. V19

q^-five, years; although the fecond of thefe
ternis is comin^Qfurate with the life of Gfarift.
The profuikm of indulgenoes^ the revolt of die
Proleftapts, and the decline of fuperftition,
have modi diminiihed the value of the jubilee :
yet even the nineteenth and laft feftival was a
year ofi^fure and ptofit to the Romans ; and
a i^otophic fmile will not difturb the triumph
of the prieft or the happiiie& of the peo^
pie (90).

In the beginning of the eleventh century, Ita-The noKies
ly was ezpofed to the feudal tyranny alike op-^"^^^^"**^
preflive to the fovereign and the peof^* The
lights oi human nature were vindicated by her
numerous republics, who fooo extended their
liberty md dominion from the city to the adja^
isent country. The fword of the nobles was
broken ; th^r flaves were enfranchifed ; their
caftles were demoliihed; they affumed the ha«
bits of fociety and ob^tence ; their ambition
was confined to municq)al honours, and in the
proudeft ariftocrac^ of Venice or Genoa^ each
patricifin was fubjed to the laws (91). But
the feeble and diforderly government of Rome
was unequal to the taflc of curbing her rebellious
fons^ who fcorned the authority of the magif-
trate within and without this walla. It was no
longer a civil contention between the nobles
and plebeians for the government of the ftate :
(be baroiu aflerted in arms their perfpnal indor
pendence; their palaces ajid calU^s were for-
tified •

(90) The fnbjed is exhauiled by M. Chait, a Ffcoch miniftcr at
the Hague, in his Lettna Hiftoriqnea et Dogmatiqncs, fur let Jubiles
etles Indulgences; hi Haye, 1751, 3 vols, in i^mo; an elaborate
andpleafing woik, had not^be author preferred the charadcr of a •
polemic to that of a philofopher.

(pi ) Mnratori (Diffort. zlWi.) alleges the Annals of Florence, Pa-
dua, Genoa, fcc. the analogy of the reft, the evidence of Otho- of
Frifingen (de Oeft. Fred. I, t- M* c. 13), and the fubmiflion of
(he marquis of £fte.

ago THE DECLIlfR AND KALL

tified againft a fiege ; and liidr private qoarsel^^
were maintaiiied by tbe mmbers of tfaeir vaflalt
and retainers. In wigin fluid affisdioo, tbey
\mce aliens to their country (92) : and a feoxh^
ine Roman, could fucli have been p^oeed^
might have tenoiuioed thefeiiaughty lb»iigei8»
w1k> difdained tbe appellation ofdtizeps, and
proudly ftyled themfdlves the princ^ of Rome
(95); After a dark fefries of revolutioBQ, all- re-
cords of pedigiee were loft ; the diftiniE^ion of
furnames was aboliflied; the blood of the nati-
ons was mingled in a' tboufand c^anods ; and
the Goths and Lombards, the Greeks and
Franks, the Germans and Normans, bad ob-
tained the £iireft pc^feflions by royai bounty, or
the prerogative of valoun Thefe ^atai^iples
might be readily piefmned : but the elevatibn of
an Hebrew race totherank of fenators and con-*
fuls, is ail event without a prallel in Ae k>dg^
captivity of thefe miferaUe exiles (94)« In the
time of Leo the nimhy a wealthy a|id learned
Jew was con verted 4ojchriftianity; and honou*
red at his baptifm with the name of his god&-
Family of thcf, the reigntug pope. The zeal and courage-
i^^ the q{ p^ter the Ton ot Lc» were iignalized in the
caufc:of Gregory the fcventh, who entrufted hb
faithful adherent with the government of A<lrians

' ' mole,

(9t) Ai early u the year 8*4, tiie oppervr JUo^liaire I. Anind it
expedient to interropite the Roman people, to leam from each indi-
vidtfal, by what national law he dktih to be -gcrrerned (Muratori,
Difliert xiii.)*

(93) Petrarch attacks thefe foreigners, the tyrants ef Rome, in a
declamation or epiftle, full of bold truths and abfurd pedantry, in
which he applies the maxinu^ and even prejudices, nf tbe aid repvb-
lie to the ftate of the xivth century (M^mtirea, tern, iii* p. 1 57—1 tfp.).

(94) l^hc origin and adventures of this Jewiih lamiiy« are noticed
by Paffi (Critica, torn. it. p, 43$. A. D. 1104;, KP. 3, 4»), ^ho
draws nis information from the Chronognphus Maorigniactnusf and
Arnvlphus Sagienfis de Sdiiimate (in Mnratori, Script: lod. torn. iii.
P. i. p. 4*l'^3i-)* 'The faft muft in fome degree be true ; yet I
eould wiih that it had been coolly related, bel»re it was turned into a
reproach againft the antipope.

OF THfi iRQMAN EMPIRE. 281

mole, the tower cf .Ciefoentius, or^ as it is now
called, the caftle of St». Angelo. Both the &-
ther and the fon were the parents of a nume-
rous progeny ; thtir riches, the fruits of ufoiy,
were Ihued .with the nbbleft families of the
cky; and'fo exfeenfive was their alliance, that
th^ grandfon of the profelyte was exalted by
the wseiglit of his^kindIted to the throne of ^t.
Peter. A.roajority of'the clergy and people
luppoited his cai^e ; he reigned feveral years
in the Vatican; axKJi it is.onlv the doqnence of
St. Bernard, and the final' triumph of Innocent
the feoond, that has branded Atiacletiis'with
the epithet of antipbpe. After hvs defeat and
death, tfafeipafteviiy of Leo is no longer con*
fpicuons^' and .none will* be found of the mo-
dem nobles -^ttibitious of defcendtng from a
Jewkh flock. It isf not my defign to enumerate
the Roman ilKtniUcs; which have failed at difler-
ent periods^ m thofe which are continued in
£flerent degrees, of fplendoar ito the prefent'
time (95). The old confular line of the Fran-
ppani difcover their name in the generous aft
(rf* breaking ox dividing bread in a time of fe-
njine ; and fuch benevolence is more truly glo-
rious than to have enlclofed, with their rtllies
the Corji^ a fpacious quarter crif the city in the
chains of their fortifications : the SanfcHi^ as it
fhould feem a Sabine race, have maintained
their original dignity ; the obfolete fumame of
the Capizucchi is infcribed on the coins of the
firft fenator*; the Cofiti preferve the honour,
without the eftate, of the counts of Signia ; and

the

(95) Muratori has given two diirerutions (xli. and xlii.j) to the
names, furnames, and families of Italv. Some nobles, who glory
in their domeftic fables, may be olTended with his firm and tcmpe*
rate criticifm ; yet furely fome ounces of pure gold are of more value
than many pounds of bafe metal.

i82 THE DECLINE AND FALL

the AntiibaUi muft have been very ignorant, or
very modeft, if they had not defcouled fix>m
the Carthaginian hero (96).
The Won- Bm among, perhaps above, the pews and
princes of the city, I diftinguifli the rival hoofes
of CoLONNA and Ursini, whofe private ftorjr
is an eflential part of the annals of modem
Rome. L The name and arms of Colonna (97)
have been the theme of much doubtfid etymo-
logy ; nor have the orators and anticpiarians
• overlooked either Trajan's jnllar, or the co^
lumus of Hercules, or the pillar o£ Ghrift's fia*.
gellation, or the luminous column that guided
the Ifraelites in the dcfert. Their firft hiflorical
appearance in the year eleven hundred and four,
attells the power and antiquity, while it ex-^
plains the fimple meaning, of the name. By
the ofurpation of Gavas, the Gcdonna provoked
the arms of Pafcbal the fecond ; but they law-,
fully held in the Campagna of Rome, the he-
reditary £efs of Zs^arola and ColanM j and the

latter

(56^ The cardinal of St. Gkof^, in hk poetic^ or ratlier OMtrK
■ cal, hidorj of the eledion and coronation of Boniface VIII. (Mura-
teri, Script, ful. torn. iii.'P. i.p.641, Ax.), defcribes the ftate and
fanuliet of Rome at the coronation of lioniface VU1,(A.D. lists).;

Interea tituUt redimiti (ancuine et atmia
111u{lref(}ue viri Romana a icirpe trahcntes
. Nomen in etneritot tanta ▼irtutia honorea
Intulcrant fefe medios fcrtumquc colebant
Avrata falgentet toga fociante catenrl.
£z ipfis devou domus pracftjtntis ab {^/i
Ecclcfix, Tohumque gerena demiflias ahiun
Fefta Ctitmma jocisr, necnon Saheiita mitis;
Stephanides fenior, Cmiut^ AnAalkm prolei,
Praefedufque urbls magnum (lae vsribus nomen.

(l.ii.c. 5. too. p. 647, ^48.).
The ancient ftatutes of Rome (1. iii. c. 59. 174, 175. diftingnilh de^
Tcn families of barons, who are obliged to fwear in conalio com-
muni, before the feziator, that th^v would not harbour or protcd any
malcfa^ftors, out-laws, &c.<-«« feeble fecurity !
(97) It » pity that the Colonna themfclves hate not favoured the
' world with a complete and critical hiftory of their illuftrious houfc,
I adhere toMnratori(IKffcrt. xlii. torn. iii. p. ^47, 64t.),

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 183

ktter of theic towns was probably adorned
with fome lofty pillar, the relic of a villa or
temple (98). They likewife poflefled one moiety
of the neighbouring dty of Tufculum ; a ftrong
prefomption of their defcent from the counts erf*
Tufculum, who in the tenth century were the
tjnrants of the apoftolic fee. According to their
own and the public opnion, the primitive and
remote fource was derived from the banks of
the Rhine (99) ; and the fovereigns of Germany
were not aihamed of a real or iabulous affinity
with a noble race, which in the revolutions of
fevea hundred years has been often illuftrated
by merit, and always by fortune (100). About
the end of the thirteenth century, the moft
powerful branch was compofed of an uncle
and fix brothers, all confpicuous in arms, or in
the honours of the church. Of thefe, Peter
was ele^d fenator of Rome, introduced to the
Capitol in a triumphant car, and hailed in Ibme
vain acclamations with the title of Caefar ; while
John and Stephen were declared marcjuis of
Ancona and count of Romagna, by Nicholas
the fourth, a patron fo partial to their family,
that he has been delineated in latirical portraits,

imprifoned

(98) Pandulpb. PUan. in Vit.Pafchal. U. in Muratori, Script. lul.
torn. lii. P. i* p. 33$. The fmmily hss ftill great pofleflions in the
Campaena of Rome ; but they have alienated to the Rofpigliofi tfaia
original fief of OUhbo (Efchinard, p. 158, 259.).

(^) Te longinqua dedit telliis et pafcua Rheni,
fays Petrarch; and, in 14171 a duke of Gueldertand JuUertacknow-
iedgea(Lenfiint, Hift. du Concile de Conftasce, torn. ii. p. 5^9.) his
defcent from the aliceftort of Martin V. (Otho Colonna) : but the
author of the Memoin of Brandenburg obferTet, that the fceptre in
his arms has been' confounded with the column. To maintain the
Roman origin of the Colonna, it was ing^enioufly fuppofed (Diario di
Monaldcfcbi, in the Script. Ital. tom. xii. p. S33-)* that a coufin of
the emperor Nero cfcaped from the city, and founded Ments in
Germany.

( i«o) I cannot overlook the Roman triumph or ovation of Marco
Antonio Colonna, whp had commanded the pope's gallics at the naval
vidory of Lepanto ^Thuan. Hift. 1. 7. torn. ui. p. 559 $6» Jdureu
Oratio x. Opp. tom. 1. p. 1 80-- 190.).

284 THE DECLINE AND FALL

imprifoned as it were in a hollow pfflar (lOi)-
After his deceafe, their haughty behaviour pro-
voked the difpleafure of the mpft implacable of
mankind. The two cardinals, the uncle and
the nephew, denied the eleAion of Boniface
th^ eighth ; and the Colonna were oppreffi^
for a moment by his temporal and fpiritual
arms (io2). He proclaim^ a cnifade againft
his perfonal enemies ; their eflates were conffi"-
cated ; their fortrefles on either fide of the Ty-
ber were befieged by the troops of St. Peter
and thofe of the rival nobles ; and after the
~^T!:iu of Paleftrina or Praenefte, their principal
feat, the ground was marked with a plough-
fhare, the emblem of perpetual defolat^on.
Degraded, banifhed, profcribed, the fix bro-
tbers, in difguife and danger, wandered over
Europe without renouncing the hope of deli-
verance and revenge. In this double hope, the
French court was their fureft afylum: they
prompted anddireAed the enterprife of Philip ;
and I (hould praife their magnanimity, had they
refpefted the misfortune and courage of the cap-
tive tyrant. His civil afts were annulled by
the Roman people, who reftored the honours
and poffeffions of the Colonna ; and fome efti-
mate may be formed of their wealth by their
loffes, of their loiTes by the damages . of one
hundred tboufand gold florins which were
granted them againft the accomplices and heirs
of the deceafed pope. All the fpiritual cen*

fures

(loi^ Miiratori, ADnali d'ltaliB, torn. x.p. 116. 220.

(lot) Pecrmrch's attachment to the Colonna, has authorifed the
abbe de Sade to expatiate on the ftate of the family in the fourteenth
centurf, the perfecutiMi of Boniface VIII. the chancer of Stephen
and his fons, their qvanrcls with the Urfini, tec. (M^motres fur
Petrarqne, torn. i. p.pt— tio 14^—148. 174 — 175. lit— 230. 175
•-^i9o.). His criticifm often redifies the heaHay ftories of Villanf,
and the errors of the kfs diligent modems. I nnderftand the branch
of Stephen to be now ejEtind*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 285

fares and dilqualifications were aboHflied (103)
by his prudent fuccdfors ; and the fortune of
the houle was more firmly eftablifhed by this
tranfient hurricane. The boldnefs of Sdarra
Gdlonna was fignalifed in the captivity of Bo-
niface ; and long afterwards in the coronation
of Lewis of Bavaria ; and by the gratitude of
the emperor, the pillar in their arms was encir-
cled with a royal crown. But the firft of the
family in fame and merit was the elder Stephen^
whom Petrarch loved and efteemed as an hero
fuperior to his own times, and not unworthy of
ancient Rome. Perfecution and exile difplayed
to the nations his abilities in peace and war ; in
his diftreis, he was an objeft, not of pity, but
of reverence ; the afpeft of danger provoked
him to avow his name and country : and when
he was aiked^ " where is now your fortrefs ?"
he laid his hand on his heart, and anfwered,
" here.'* He fupporied with the fame virtue
the return of profperity ; and, till the ruin of
his declining age, the anceftors, the character,
and the children of Stephen Golonna, exalted
his dignity in the Roman republic, and at the
court of Avignon. II. The Urfini migrated
from Spoleto (104) j the fons of Urfus, as they and urfmi.
are ftyled in the twelfth century, from fome
eminent perfon who is only known as the fa-
ther of their race. But they were foon diftin-

guifhed

(103) Alexander HI. had declared the Golonna who adhered to ,

the emperor Frederic !• incapable of holding any eccleiiailical be-
nefice (Villani, 1. v. c. i.) ; and the laft ftains ox annual excommu-
nication, w^re purified by SiztusV. (Vita di Sifto V. torn. iil. p.4i6.)-
Treafon, facrUege, and profcriptioD, are often the belh titles of ancicAt
nobility.

{i^^) -— *- ValUt te proxima mlfit

Appenninigens qua prata vircntiafylvx
Spoletana metunt armenta greges protervi.

Monaldefchi (torn. xii. Script. Ital. p. 533.) grres the Urfist « French
origiB» which may be remotely tfue.

286 THE DECLINE AND FALL

guiihed among the DoUes of R.ome» by the
number and bravery of their • kiufmen, the
ftrength of their towers, the honours of the fe-
nate and (acred college, and the elevation of
two popes, Geleftin the third and Nicholas the
third, of their name and lineage (105). Their
riches may be accufed as an early abufe of ne-
potifm : the eftates of St. Peter were alienated
in their favour by the liberal Celeftin (106) ;
and Nicholas was ambitious for their lake to
Iblicit the alliance of monarchs ; to found new
kingdoms in Lombardy and Tdcany ; and to
inveft them with the peq)etual office of fena*
tors of Rome. All that has been obferved of
the greatnefs of the Golonna, will likewife re-
dound to the glory of the Urfini, their conftant
Thnrhcre-^'*^ cqual aotagonifis in the long hereditary
akary feud, which diftradled above two hundred and
k-ads. ££jy years the ecclefiaftical ftate. The jealoufy
of pre-eminence and power was the true ground
of their quarrel ; but as a fpecious badge of
diilin^lion, the Colonna embraced the name of
Ghibelioes and the party of the empire ; the
Urfini efpoufed the title of Guelphs and the
caufe of the church. The eagle and the keys

were

(los) In the metrical lire of Celeftin V, by the cardtnal of St.
^eorg;e (Muratori, torn. iii. P. i. p. 6t 3, Sec), we find a luminous,
Ukd not inelegant paflage (1. t. c 3. p. toj. Sec.) :

genuit quern nobilU UHs (Vrfif) ^
Proj^enies, Romana domut, veterauque magnit
Fafcibus in clero, pompafque eiperta lenatiU,
BeUonimque mana grand! ftipata parentum
Cardineot apices necnon faftigiadndum
Papatfis iterata tcnent.

Muratori (Diflert. xlii. torn. iii. p. .) obferrct, that the firft Urfini
pontificate of Ccleftine IIL was unknown : he is inclined to read
Urfi progenies.

(106) Filii Utfi, quondam Coeleftini papx nepotef, de bonis ccclefis ,
Romans ditati fVit, Innocent. III. in Muratori « Script, torn. iii. I
P. i.). The partial prodigality of Nicholas III. is more confpicoous
in ViUani and MuratorL Yet the Urfini would difdain the nephews
of asiA/mvpopc.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 387

vfCTC difplayed in their adverfe banners ; and
the two fadions of Italy mod furioufly raged
when the origin and nature of the difpute were
long fince forgotten ( 107). After the retreat of
the popes to Avignon, they difputed in arm^
the vacant republic: and the mifchiefs of dif*
cord were perpetuated by the wretched com-
promiie of eleding each year two rival fenators.
By their private hoftilities, the city and country
were defolated, and the fiuAuating balance in-
clined with their alternate fuccefs* But none
of either £imily had fidlen by the fword, till
the molt renowned champion of the Urfini was
furprifed and ilain by the youi^er Stephen
Colonna ( 108). His triumph is ftained with the
reproach of vioUting the truce ; their defeat
was bafely avenged by the aflaffination, before
the churcn door, of an innocent boy and his
two iervants. Yet the vidorious Colonna, with
an annual colleague, was declared fenator of
Rome during the term of five years. And the
mufe of Petrarch infpired a wiih, a hope, a pre-
di^on, that the generous youth, the fon of his
venerable hero, would ieftore Rome and Italy
to their priiline glory ; that his juftice would
extirpate the wolves and lions, the ferpents and
bears^ who laboured to fubvert the eternal bafis
of the marble column (109).

CHAP-

(107) In hi»$iftDiffertatioD on the Italian Antaquitiet, Maratori
oxplains the fadtons of the Guelpht and Ohibelines.

(108) Petrarch (torn, i.p. 1x1—230.) has celebrated thisvi^ory
according to the Colonna ; but two contemporaries, a Florentine ^Gi-
ovanni Villani, 1. X. c. 2io.)> uid ^ Roman (Ludovico Monaldeichi,
P- SS3> S34')> stf« l^A f AYOvrable to their anus.

(109) l^e abbe de Sade(tom. i. Notet^ p.^i«^tf.) has applied •
the 6th Canzone of Petrarch, Sfirt» Gentii^ &c. to Stephen C^ilonna
the younger :

Orji^ lupi, leonl, aquile c ferpi
A<1 una ((rail marmorea ithnns
JFamio noja fovente e a fe danno.

j88 THE DECLINE AND FALL

CHAP. LXX.

CbaraSer attd Gahmation of Rtrarcb.^^^Rcfiaraim
of the Freed&m and Government of Rome by the
Tribune Rienzi.-^His Virtues and Vkes, bis
Ex/m/fion and Dfotb. — Retiim iff the Popes
from Ai^gnon.*— Great Scb^m of the Weft. —
Re-union of the Latin Church. — Lajl Struggles
if Roman Liberty. — Statutes of Ronu.^^twai
Settlement of the Ecclejkfiical State.

A. D.I 304, An the apprehenlion of modem times, Pc-
JNw 19— trarch (i) is the Italian fongfter of Laura and
jttiy *ii?'*'love. In the harmony of his Tufcan rhymes,
Italy applauds, or rather adores, the father of
her lyric poetry : and his verie, or at Icaft his
name, is repeated by the enthufiafm, or a&6la*
tion, of. amorous fenfibility. Whatever may
be the private tafte of a llranger, his flight and
fuperficial knowledge ihould humbly acquiefcc
in the judgment of a learned nation : yei I may
hope or prefume, that the Italians do not cooi'
pare the tedious uniformity of fonnets and ele-
gies, with the fublime compofitions of their
epic mufe, the original wildnefs of Dante, the

regular

(1) llie M^moires for la Vie de Fkan^ois Petrarqtit (Amfierdam,
1764, 1767. 3 vols, in 4to), fortn a copious, origi&il^ and CDCertaiii-
va^ work, a labour of love, compofed form the accurate ftudy of Pe-
trarch and his contemporaries ; but the hero is too often^ loft in tk
l^cneral hlftory of the age, and the author too o|ten languiflies in the
a/Te^ation uf politenefs and gallantry. In the preface to his firft to^
lame, he enumerates and weighs twenty Itahaa biographcn, w^&
have profcifedly treated of the fame fubjcd.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 289

tegular beauties of Taflb, and the boundlefs va-
riety of the incomparable Ariofto. The merits
of the lover, I am ftill lefs qualified to appre*
date : nor am I deeply interefted in a meta*
phyfical paillon for a nymph fo fhadowy, that
her exiftence has been queftioned (2) ; for a
matron fo prolific (3), that flie was delivered
of eleven . legitimate children (4), while her
amorous fwain fighed and fung at the fountain
•of Vauclufe (5). But in the eyes of Petrarch,
and thofe of his graver contemporaries, his
love was a fin, and Italian verfe .a frivolous
amuiement. His Latin works of philofophy,
poetry, and eloquence, eilaUifhed his ferious
reputation, which was foon diffufed from Avig-
non over France and Italy : his friends and
difciples were multiplied in every dty; and if
the ponderous volume *of his writings (6) be
now abandoned to a long repofe, our gratitude
Vol. XIL U muft

(t) The allegorioJ interprctatioD prevailed id the i^th century;
but the wife commenutors were not agreed whether they Diould un-
derfiand by Laura, religioD, or Tutue, or the bleflcd Virgin, or >
Sec the prefaces to the i ft and id volume.

(3) Laure do Noves, bom about the year 1307, was married in
January 1 315 to Hugues de Sade, a noble citizen of Avignon, whof«
jealottfy was not the effed of love, fince he married a fecond wife
within feven months of her death, which happened the 5th of April
<348* predfely one-andrtwenty yean after Petrarch had feen and
lo^d her.

(4) CoTpos crebfi^ partttbot exhauftom ; from one of thefe is iflbed,
in the tenth degree, the abb€ de Sade, the fond and erateful biogra-
pher of Perrarch ; and this domeftic motive moft prooably fu^gefted
the idea of his work, and urged him to enquire into every circum-
ftance that coold affed the hiftory and charader of his grandmother
(fee particularly tonui. p. lit— '133. notes, p. 7*"S8* torn. ii. p. 4$$
—^19^. not. p. 75—81. )w

(5) Vauclufe, fo femitiar to our EngUlh travellen, is defcribcd
from the vmtinn <tf Petrarch, and the local lenowled^ of his bio*
grapher ^Memoires, torn. i. p. 340^3590* ^^ ^^^**> *^ truth, the
retreat oi an hermit ; and the modems are much miftaken, if they
place Laura and an happy lover in the grotto.

(5) Of 1150 pages, m a dofe print, at Baiil in the z5th century,
but without tbe date of the year. The abb€ de Sade caUs aloud for »
new edition of Petrarch's Latin works; but I much doubt whether it
would redound to the profit of the bookliBlkr, or the amulement o£
the public .

ft9o THE DECLINE AND FALL

muft applaud the man, who by precept and
example revived the ffMrit and ftudy of the Au^
guftan age. From his earlieft yputh, Petrarch
afpired to the poetic crown. The academical
honours of the three Acuities had introduced
a royal degree of mafter or doAor in the art
of poetry (7); and the title of poet laureat,
which cuftoni, rather than vanity, perpetuates
iti the Englifti court (8), was firft invented by
the Csefars of Germany. In the mufical games'
of antiquity, a prize was beftowed on the vie-*
tor (9) : the belief that Virgil and Horace had
b&en crowned in the Capitol, inflamed the emu-
lation of a Latin bard (10) ; and the laurel (11)

was

. (7} Confult Scld^'9 Tklcrof Honour, in hU.wsrici (toL iii. p.
457—466.1 An hundred yean before Petrarch, St. Francis receiYed
th« vifit of « poet, ^i ab impentore fttcrat coronatns ct cxinde rex

(8^ From Auguftus to LouU, the mufc has tod often been falfe and
voaal : but 1 much doubt whether any age or court can produce a
fimilar eftabliihment of a ftipendiary poet, who in every reign, and
at all events, is bound to fumifli twice a year a meafure of pnife and
Verfc, foch as may W fung in the chapel, and, I beiiere, iir the pre-
rente, of the fovereign. 1 fpeak the more freely, as the befl time for
abofilhing this ridiculons cimom, is *wfaile the prince is a man of vir-
tue, and the poet a man of genius.

' (^) liberates (in Panemico, torn. i. p. iftf, iiy. edit. Battie,
Cantab. 172^) claims for ms native Athens the glory of Mt inftitut-
jng and recommending the my«\mi km toi m^X» fttytfrn. ^« ^tsu
t«x^$ »«i i*tfim% f^^ '^^^ A»y«ii «4Sf y90ftmm The example of
the Panathenxa was imitated at Delphi ; but the Olympic games were
ignorant of a mufical crown, tiii it was ext(»rtcdby thie vain trnumy
of KcrD($ueton. in Ncrone, c. 2J. ; Philoilrat.* apud Cafauboo ad
locum ; Dion Cafiius, or Xiphilin, 1. kiii. p% 103a. 1041^. Potter's
Creek Antiquities, vol. i. p. 445. 4S0t)*

(10) The Capitolinc ^mes(certamen quinquennale, mmJliMm, equef'
tre, gymnicum\ were inlUtutcd by Domitian (Sueton.c. 4.) in the
year of Chrift Z6 (Cenforin. de Die Natali, c. 1 8. p. loo* edit. Havevw
camp), and were not ^boliihed in the ^th century (Aufonius dc Pro^
feflbribus Burdegal. V.). If the crown were j^vftn to fuperior merit,
the excluiion of Sutius (Capitolia noftrae inficiata Ivras. Silv. 1. iii. v.
3 1 .) may do honour to the games of the Capitol ; but the Latin poets
who lived before Domitian were crownedonly in the public opinion.

(11) P^rarch and the fenators of Rome were ignorant that the
laurel was not the Capitoline, bnt the Debbie, crown (Plin. Hift.
^^atur. XV. 39* Hift. Critique deia Repubfiquc des JLettres, torn. i.
Y). uo— aao.). The viAon in the Capitol were crowAcdwith a gar*'
land of oak leaves (Martial, 1. iv. epigram 54.).

OF THE ROMAN EMPiRt;. igi

was endeared to the lover by a verbal refem*
blance with the name of his miftrefs. 1 he va-
lue of either objeft was enhanced by the diffi-
calties of the purfuii; and if the virtue or pm-
dence of Laura was inexorable (12), he enjoy-
ed, and might boaft of enjoying, the nymph of
poetry. His vanitv was not of the mod delicate
kind, fince he applauds the fuccefs of his own
labours \ his name was popular; his friends
were aftive ; the open or fecret oppofition of
envy and prejudice, was furmounted by the
dexterity of patient merit. In the thirty-fixth
year of his age, he was folicited to accept the
objeft of his wi(hes : and on the lame day, in
the folitude of Vauclufe, he received a fimUar
and folemn invitation from the fenate of Rome
and the univerfity of Paris. The learning of a
theological fchool, and the ignorance of a law-
lefs city, were alike unqualified to beftow the
ideal though immortal wreath which genius may
obtain from the free applaufe of the public and
of pofterity : but the candidate difmiffed this
troublefome reffeaion, and, after fome moments
of complacency and fufpenfe, preferred the
fummons of the metropolis of the world.

The ceremony of his coronation (13) was„.
performed in the Capitol, by his fdend andcol^K
patron the fupreme magiftrate of the republic, ad'*"?'''
Twelve patrician youths were arrayed in fear- April s^^
let ; fix reprcfentatives of the moft illuftrious
fiimilies^ in green robes, with garlands of
U 2 flowers,

(lo) The pioia mndfon of Lann has laboured and not without
ruccds, to vindicate her immaculate chaftity aeainft the cenfures of
the mvc and the iheera of the proimne (torn. ii. notes, p. 76— 8a n

03) T^iewhcje procefs of Petrarch's coronadon is accurately do
fcnbed by the abb^de Sade (torn. i. p. 4a 5— 435. tom.ii. p. i— d
notes, f. »--»3.) from his own writings, and the Roman Diary of
^Qdonco Monaldefchi, without mudng in this authentic narrative
the more recent fables of Sannuccio Delbene.

341 •

492 THE DECLINE AND FALL

flowers, accompanied the proceiiion; in the
midll of the princes and nobles, the fenator,
count of Anguillara, a kinfmanof theColonna,
affumed his throne ; and at the voice of an he-
rald Petrarch arofe- After difcourfmg on a
text of Virgil, and thrice repealing his vows
for the profperity of Rome, he knelt before the
throne and received from the fenator a laurel
crown, with a more* precious declaration,
" This is the reward of merit/' The people
ftiouted, " Long life to the Capitol and the
** poet !'* A fonnet in praife'of Rome was ac-
cepted as the efiiifion of genius and gratitude ;
and after the whole proceffion had vifited the
Vatican, the profane wreath was fufpended be-
fore the ihrine of St. Peter. In the aft or di-
ploma (14) which was prefented to Petrarch,
the title and prerogatives of poet laureat are
revived in the Capitol, after the lapfe of thir-
teen hundred years ; and he receives the per*
.petual privilege of wearing, at his choice, a
crown of laurel, ivy, or myrtle, of afiiiming
the poetic habit, and of teaching, difputing,
interpreting, and cotnpofing, in all places what-
foever, and on all fubjeds of literature. The
grant was ratified by the authority of the fenate
and people ; and the churader of citizen was
the recompenfe of his afieftion for the Roman
name. They did him honour, but they did him
juftice. In the familiar fociety of Cicero and
Liv^, he bad imbibed the ideas of an ancient
patriot ; and his ardent fancy kindled every
idea to a fentiment, and every fentiment to a
pafiion. The afpeft of the feven hills and their
majeftic ruins, confirmed thefe lively impref-

lions;

(14) The origioalaa is printed among the Pieces Jiiftificathes in
the Memoircs lur Petrarquc, torn. iii. p. 5o-^53>

OF THE kOMAN EMPIRE. 293

fions ; and he loved a country by whofe liberal
fpirit he had been crowned and adopted. The
poverty and debafement of Rome excited the
indignation and pity of her grateful Ion ; he
diflembled the faults of his fellow-citizens ;
applauded with partial fondnefs the laft of their
heroes and matrons ; and in the remembrance
of the paft, in the hope of the future> was
pleafed to forget the miferies of the prefent
time. Rome was ftill the lawful miftrefs of
the world : the pope and the emperor^ her bi-
ihop and general, had abdicated their ftation
by an. inglorious retreat to the Rhone and the
Danube ; but if ftie could refume her virtue,
the republic might again vindicate her liberty
and dominion. Amidft the indulgence of en-
thufiafm and eloquence (15), Petrarch, Italy,
and Europe, were aftonifhed by a revolution
which realized for a moment his moft fplendid
vifions. The rife and fall of the tribune Ri-
enzi will occupy the following pages (16) : the
fubjeft is interefting, the materials are rich, and
the glance of a patriot-bard (17) will foraetimes
vivify the copious, but fimple, narrative of the

Florentine

{i^\ To find the proofiof his ^nthufi^fm for Rome, I need only
rc^ucft that the reader would open, by chance, either Petrarch, or
hU French biographer. The latter has defcribed the poet'« firft vifit
to Rome (torn. i. p. 313— 3350' ^"' '" ^^^ P**^^ °^ much idle rhe-
toric and morality, Petrarch might have amufed the present and fur
ture age with an original account of the city and.h's coronation.

(itf) It has been treated by the pen of a jefuit, the P. du Ccrceau,
whofe poflhumous work (Conjuration de Nicolas Gabrini, dit de
Rienzi Tyran de Rome, en 1347) was publiihed at Paris 1748, in
43mo. I am indebted to htm for fomc fads and documents in John
ITocfemius, canop of Liege, a contemporary hiftorian (Fabricius,
Bibliot. Latin, racd. ^vi, torn. iii. p. 173. torn. iv. p. 85.).

(17) T}ie abbe de Sade, who fo freely expatiates on the hiftory of
the 1 4th century, might treat, as his proper fubjedi, a revolution in
which the heart of Petrarch was fo deeply engat^cd (Memoires, torn,
ii. p. 50, (1. 3»o — 417. notes, p. 70—76. torn, iij, p. a:i— -243. 366 —
375.). Not an idea or a fa*a in the writings of Petrarch has probably
elcapcd him.

294 THE DECLINE AND F'ALL

Florentine (TS), and more efpecially of the Ro-
man (19), hiftorian.
Birth, cha. In a quarter of the city which was inhabited
"ttiotic"^^^^y by mechanics and Jews, the marriage of
defies of an innkeeper and a wafherwoman produced
^*°*** the future deliverer of Rome (20). From fuch
parents Nicholas Rienzi Gabiini could inherit
neither dignity nor fortune ; and the gift of a libe*
ral education, which they painfully bellowed,
was the caufe of his glory and untimely end.
The ftudy of hiftory and eloquence, the writ-
ings of Cicero, Seneca, Livy, Gaeraf and Va-
lerius Maximus, elevated above his equals and
contemporaries the genius of the young plebeian;
he perufed with indefatigable diligence the manu«
fcripts and marbles of antiquity ; loved to dif-
penfe his knowledge in familiar language; and was
often provoked to exclaim, " Where are now
" thefe Romans? their virtue, their juftice, their
** power ? why was I not bom in thofe happy
** times (21) ?'' When the republic addrelled to

the

(18) Gioyanni ViUani, 1. xii. c. 89. 104. in Muntori, Rertun Its*
iicarum Scriptoret, torn, xiii.p. ^9, 970. 981 — ^983.

^19) In his 3d Tolume of Italian Antiquities (p. 145^-^548.), Mnra«
ton has infrrtcd the Fragmenta Hlftoris Romanx ab Anno 1327
ufquc ad Annum 13^41 in the original dialed of Rome or Naples in
the 14th century, and a Latin verllon for the beaefit of ftrangers.
It contains the mod particular and authentic life of Cola (Nicholas)
di Rimzi ; which had been printed at Bracciano 1617, in 4to, under
the name of Tomafo Fortifiocca; who is only mentioned in this work
as having been puutihed by the tribune for forgery. Human nature
is fcarcely capable of fuch fubltme or ftupid impartiality : but who-
foever is the author of thefe Fragments, he wrote on the fpot and at
the time, and paints, without defign or art, the manners of Rome
and the rhara*lcrof the tribune.

(10) The firft and fpicndid period of Rienzi, his tribunitian go-
vernment, iscortainof] in the i8th cSapter of the Fragments (p. 399
7*479>)i vhich, in the new divifion, formsthe ad book of the hiilory
inxxxviii fmaller chapters orfe<Sionft.

(a I ) 7 he reader may be pleafed with a fpecimen of the original
idiom : th da foa juventutine nutricato di latte de eloqncntia, bono
gramatico, megliore rettuorico, autorifta bravo. Deh como et quanto
era vcloce Iciiore ! moito ufara Tito Livio, Seneca, etTuIlio, et Ba-
lerio Mafiimo, moito li dilettava le magniHcentie di Julio Cefare rac-
contare. Tutta la die fe fpcculava ncgl' intagli di marmo lequali
iacciointomo Roma. Non era altri chc cfTo, chc fapefle lejere h an-

ticbi

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 295

the thximt of Avignoa an embafly of the three
orders, the fpirit and eloquence of j^enzi re-
commended him to a place among the thirteen
deputies of the commons. The orator had the
honour of haranguing pope Clement the fixth^
and the latisfa£Uon of converfing with Petrarch^
a congenial mind : but his afpiring hopes were
chilled bydifgrace and poverty; and thepa*
triot was reduced to a fingle garment and the
charity of the hofpital.^ From this mifery he
was relieved by the fenfe of merit or the fmile
of favour ; and the employment of apoftolic
notaiy afforded him a daily flipend of five gold
florins, a tnore honourable and extenfive con*-
ne&ion, and the right of contraiUog, both in
words and actions, his own integrity with the
vices of the ftate. The eloquence of Rienzi
was prompt and perfuaiive : the multitude is
always prone to envy and cenfure : he was ili*
mulated by the lofs of a brother and the impu-
pity of the aflaffins : nor was it poffible to ex-
cufe or exaggerate the public calamities. The
bleilings of peace and juftice, for which civil
fociety has been inftituted, were baniOied from
Rome: the jealous citizens, who might, have
endured every perfonal or pecuniary injury,
were moft deeply wounded in the diflionour of
their wives and daughters {%%) ; they were
equally oppreffed by the arrogance of , the no-
bles and the corruption of the magiftrates ; and
the abufc of arms or of laws was the only cir-
cumftance that diftinguifhed the lions, from the
dogs and ferpents, of the Capitol. Thefe alle-
gorical

tjchi pataffii. Tuttc fcrftture antichc vulgarizzava ; qacffc finrc di
marmo juftamcnte interprctava. Oh come Ipeffo diceva, " Dove
" fuono quelli buoni Roman i ? dove ene loro iomma juftitia ? pole- .
" ramme trovarc in tempo chc qucfii fiuriano !**

{%%) Petrarch compares tlie Jealoufjr of the Romans, with the cafy
temper of thehulbands of Avignon (Memoircs, torn. i.p. 330 ).

196 THE DECLINE AND FALL ^

gorical emblems were varioufly repeated in the
piAures v^hich Rienzi exhibited in the flreets
and churches ; and while the fpeflators gazed
ivith curious wonder, the bold and ready ora^r
unfolded the meaning, applied the fatire, in-
flamed their paflions, and announced a diftant
hope of comfort and deliverance. The privi*
leges of Rome, her eternal fovereignty over
her prmces and provinces, was the theme of his
public and private difcoiiife ; and a monument
of fervitude became in his hands a title and
incentive of liberty. The decree of the fenate,
which granted the moft ample prerogatives to
the emperor Vefpafian, had been initrribed on
a copper-plate ftill extant in the choir of the
church of St. John Lateran (23). A numerous
aflembly of nobles and plebeians was invited
to this political lediure, and a convenient theatre
was ereded for their reception. The notary
appeared, in a magnificent and myfterious habit,
explained the infcription by a verfion and com-.
mentary (24), and defcanted with eloquence
and zeal on the ancient glories of the fenate
and people, from whom all legal authority was
derived. The fupine ignorance of the nobles
was incapable of difcerning the ferious tendency
of fuch reprefentations : they might fometimes
chaflife with words and blows the plebeian re-
former ; but he was often fuffered in the Co-
lonna palace to amufe the company with his

threats

(13) The fraf^ircnts of the LixKigio may be found in the Infcrip-
tions of Gnitcif torn. i. p. 141. &nd at the end of the Tacitus of
Lrncni» with fome learned notes of the editor, torn. ii.

(14) I cannot overlook a flupcndous and laughable blunder of Rl-
ensi. The Lex Regia empowers Vefpafian to enlarge the Pomaenum,
a word familiar to every antiquary. It was not fo to the tribune ; he-
confounds it with pomariiun an orchard, traiiflates lo Jardino dr
Roma cioene Italia, and is copied by the lefs excufable ignorance of
the Latin tranflator (p. 406.) and the French hiftorian (p. 33.), Even
the learning of Muratori has flumbcrcd over (he pafl*.igc.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 297

threats and predifHons ; and the modem Bru-^
tus (25) was concealed under the mafk of feUy
and the chara£kr of a buffoon. While they
indulged their contempt, the reftoration of the
good efiaUj his fiivounte expreflion, was enter-
tained among the people as a defirable, a poC*
fible, and at length as an approaching^ event;
and while all had the difpoution to applaud,
fome had the courage to affift, their promifed
deliverer

A prophecv, or rather a fummons, affixed"* ■^■"^
on the diurch door of St. George, was theJoCTToT*'
firft public evidence of his defigns; a noiiurnal^*^

cr *i_i /• !_*.•• A. D. 1347.

> aflembly of an hundred citizens on mountMajto;
Aventine, the firft ftep to their execution. Af-
ter an oath of fecrecy and aid, he reprefented
to the confpirators the importance and facility
of their enterprife ; that the nobks, without
union or refources, were ftrong only in the fear
of their imaginary ftrength ; and that all power,
as well as right, was in the hands of the peo-

Ele ; that the revenues of the apoftolical cham-
er might relieve the public diftrefs ; and that
the pope himfelf would approve their viflory
over the common enemies of government and
freedom. After fecuring a faithful band to pro*
te£i his firft declaration, he proclaimed through *
the city, by found of trumpet, that on the
evening of the following day all perfons fhould
affemble without arms, before the church of
St. Angelo, to provide for the re-eflabliftimeut
of the good eftate. 1 he whole night was em-
ployed in the <;elebration of thirty mafles of
the Holy Ghoft ; and in the morning, Rienzi,

bare-

(39) Priori {Brnfi) tatnen fimilior, juTcnis utcr<)U€, longe iogcnio
quam cujuf fimulationcni inducrat, ut fub hoc ohtcntu liberator illc
P. R. apcriretur tempore fuo .... lUc rcgibus, hie tyrannU contempt
lu»(Opp.p. Si6).

298 THE DECLINE AND FALL

bareheaded, but in complete annour, iflued
from the church, encompaifed by the hundred
coofpirators. The pope's vicar, the fimple hi.
fhop of Orvieto, who had hem perfuaded to
fuftain a part in this fingular cereixx>ny, marched
on his right-hand ; and three great ftandards
were borne aloft as the emblems of their de-
iign. In the firft, the banner of liberty, Rome
was feated on two lions, with a palm in one
hand and a globe in the other : St. Paul, with
a drawn fword, was delineated in the banner
oi jujtke ; and in the third, St. Peter held the
keys of coficord and peace. Rienzi was encourag*
ed by the prefence and applaufe of an innume-
rable crowd, who underftood little, and hoped
much; and the prdbeffion flowly rolled for-
wards from the caiUe of St. Angelo to the Ca-
pitol. His triumph was difturbed by fome fe-
cret emotions which he laboured to fupprefs :
he afcended without oppofition, and with feem-
ing confidence, the citadel of the republic ;
harangued the people from the balcony ; and
received the moil flattering confirmation of his
ads and laws. The nobles, as if deftitute of
arms and councils, beheld in filent confterna-
tion this ftrange revolution ; aud the moment
had been prudently chofen, when the moft for-
midable, Stephen Colonna, was abfent from
the city. On the firft rumour, he returned to
his palace, affeded to defpife this plebeian tu-
mult, and declared to the meflenger of Rienzi,
that at his leifure be would call the madman
from the windows of the Capitol. The great
bell inftantly rang an alarm, and fo rapid was
the tide, fo urgent was the danger, that Co-
lonna efcaped with precipitation to the fuburb
of St. Laurence : from thence, after a moment's
refrt^ihment, he continued the fame fpeedy ca-
reer

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 299

recr till he reached in fafety his caftle of Paleft-
rina; lamentiBg his own imprudence, v^hich
had not trampled the fpark of this mighty con-
flagration. A general and peremptory order
was ifliied from the Capitol to all the nobles^
that they ihotild peaceably retire to their eftates:
they obeyed ; and their departure fecured the
tranquillity of the free and obedient citizens of
Rome.

But fuch voluntary obedience evaporates withwiA the ti-
the firft tranfports of zeal ; and Rienzi felt theacerf tn-
impdrtance of juftifying his ufurpaiion by a re-^*»»«*
gular form and a legal title. At bis own
choice, the Roman people would have difplay-
ed their attachment and authority, by lavilh-
ing on his head the names of fenator or conful,
of king or emperor : he preferred the ancient
and modeft appellation of tribune; the protec-
tion of the commons was the effence of that fa-
cred office : and they were ignorant, that if had
never been invefled with any ftiare in the le-
giflative or executive powers of the republic.
In this charafter, and with the confent of the Laws of Ac
Romans, the tribune enafted the moft falutary^*^*^***-
laws for the reftoration and maintenance of the
good eftate. By the firft he fulfils the wifti of
honefty and inexperience, that no civil fuit
fliould be protracted beyond the term of fifteen
days. The danger of frequent perjury might
juftify the pronouncing againft a falfc accu-
fer the fame penalty which his evidence
would have inflifted : the diforders of the times
might compel the legiflator to punifh every ho-
micide with death, and every injury with equal
retaliation. But the execution of juflice was
hopelefs till he had previoufly abolilhed the ty-
ranny of the nobles. It was tormally provided,
that none, except the fuprcme nia2;iftrate,

Ihould

50O THE DECLINE AND FALL

fhould poflefs or command the gates, bridges,
or towers, of the ftate : that no private garri-
fons Ihould be introduced into the towns or caf-
tles of the Roman territoij; that none ihould
bear arms or prefume to tordfy their houTes in
the city or country ; that the barons ihould be
refponhble for the fafety of the highways and
the free paflage of proviiipns; and that the
protedion of male&6lors and robbers ihould be
expiated by a fine of a thoufand marks of fil-
ler. But thefe regulations would have been
impotent and nugatory; had not the liceniious
nobles been awed by the fword of the civil
power. A fudden alarm from the bell of the
Capitol, could ilill fummon to the ftsmdard,
above twenty thoufand volunteers : the fupport
of the tribune and the laws recmired a more re-
gular and permanent force. In each harbour
of the coaft, a veiTel was ilationed for the aflu-
ranee of commerce; a ftanding militia of three
hundred and fixty horfe and thirteen hundred
fbot was levied, cloathed, and paid in the
thirteen quarters of the city : and the fjurit of
* a commonwealth may be traced in the grateful
allowance of one himdred florins, or pounds, to
the heirs of every foldier who loft his life in the
fervice of his country. For the maintenance
of the public defence, for the eftabliflunent of
granaries, for the relief of widows, orphans,
and indigent convents, Rienzi applied, without
fear of facrilege, the revenues of the apoilolic
chamber : the three branches of hearth-money,
the falt-duty, and the cuftoms, were each of the
annual produce of one hundred thoufand flo-
rins (26); and fcandalous were the abufes, if

in

(i6) In one MS. I read (1. ii. c. 4. p. 409.) pcrfumante quatroy*i/i^
in another quatro ficrim't^ an important variety, fincc the flerin wa%

worth

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 301

in four or five months the amount of the fait-
duty could be trebled by his judicious oeconomy.
After thus reftoring the forces and finances of
the republic, the tribune, recalled the nobles
from their folitary independence) required their
perfonal appearance in the Capitol; and im*
pofed an oath, of allegiance to the new govern-
ment, and of fubmiffion to the laws of the good
cftate. Apprehenfive for their fafijty, but ftill
more apprehenfive of the danger of a refufal,
the princes and barons returned to their houfes
at Rome in the garb of fimple and peaceful ci-
tizens: theColonnaandUruni^ thcSavelliand
Frangipani, were confounded befijre the tribu-
nal of a plebeian, of the vile buiToon whom
they had fb often derided, and their difgrace
was aggravated by the indignation which they
vainly ftruggled to difguife. The fame oath
was fucceflively pronounced by the feveral or-
ders of fociety, the clergy and gentlemen, the
judges and notaries, the merchants and artifans,
and the gradual defcent was marked by the
encreafe of fincerity and 2eal. They fwore to
live and die with the republic and the church,
whofe intereft was artfiilly united by the nomi-
nal aiTociation of the biihop of Orvieto, the
pope's vicar, to the office of tribune. It was
the boaft of Rienzi, that he had delivered the
throne and patrimony of St. Peter from a rebel-
lious aiiftocracy ; and Clement the fixth, who
rejoiced in its fall, affe£led to believe the pro-
feilioQs, to applaud the merits, and to confirm
the title, of his trufty fervant. The fpeech,
perhaps the mind, of the tribune, was infpired

with

worth ten Roman foUdi (Mnratori, diiTcrt. xxviii.). The former
^<^^g would ghre us a population of 2$ ,000, the latter of a ^0,000
^milies ; and I much fear, that the forincr is more confifieat with th^
decay of Rome and her territory.

302 THE DECLINE AND FALL

with a Hvely regard for the purity of the faith;
he iniinuated his claim to a fupernatural miffion
from the Holy Ghoft; enforced by an heavy
forfeiture the annual duty of confeflion and coni'
munion; and flridly guarded the fpiritual as
well as temporal uel&re of his faithful peo-
ple (27).
Freedom Never perhaps has the energy and efifefl of a
^"[^ j£°^"fingle mind been more remarkably felt than in
Roman re- the fuddcu, thoi^h tranficut, reformation of
public. Rome by the tribune Rienzi. A den- of lob-
bers was converted to the difcipline of a camp
or convent: patient to hear, fwift to redrefs,
inexorable to puqiih, his tribunal was always
acceilible to the poor and ilranger ; nor could
birth, or dignity, or the immunities of the
church, proteA the offender or his accomplices.
The privileged houfes^ the private ianduaries
in Rome, on which no officer of juftice would
prefume to tiefpaf^j, were aboliihed; and he ap-
plied the timber and iron of their barricades in
the fortifications of the Capitol. The venerable
father of the Colonna was expofed in his own
palace to the double (hame of being defirous,
and of being unable, to proted a criminal. A
mule, with a jar of oil, had been ftolen near
Capronica ; and- th^ lord, of the Uriini family,
was condemned to reftore the damage, and to
difcharge a fine of four hundred florins for his
negligence in guarding the highways. Nor
were the perfons of the barons more inviolate
than their lands or houfes : and either from ac-
cident or defign, the fame impartial rigour was
exercifed againft the heads of the adverfe fee*
lions. Peter Agapet Colonna, who had him-

felf

(at) Hocfemius, p: 3S|8.apud du Cerceau, Hift.de Rienxi, d. 194-
The nfteeQ tribunitian laws may be found is the Roman lulUna9
(whom for brevity I ihall Dame) Fortifiocca, L ii. c. 4.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 303

felf been fenator of Rome, was arretted in the
ftreet fov injury or debt; and iuftice was ap-
peafed by the tardy execution of Martin Urfini,
who, among his various a£b of violence and
rapine, had pillaged a fhipwrecked v^l at the
mouth of the Tyber (28). His name, the pur-^
pie of two cardinals, his uncles, a recent mar-
riage, and a mortal difeafe, were difregarded by
the infkzible tribune, who had chofen his vic-
tim. The public officers dragged him from his
palace and nuptial bed : his trial was ihort and
fatisfadlory : the bell (^ the Capitol convened
the people: flript of his mantle, on his knees,
with his hands bound behind his back, he
heard the fentence of death ; and after a brief
confeffion, Urfini was led away to the gallows.
.After fuch an example, none who were confci-
ous of guilt could hope for impunity, and the
flight of the wicked, the licentious, and the
idle,* foon purified the city and territoiy of
Rome. In this time (fays the hiftorian) the
woods began to rejoice that they were no longer
infisiled with robbers ; the oxen began to plow ;
the pilgrims vifited the fan^uaries ; the roads
and inns were repleniftied with travellers; trade,
plenty, and good faith were reftored in the mar-
kets ; and a purfe of gold might be expofed
without danger in the midft of the highway.
As foon as the life and property of the fubjefl are

fecure,

(18) Foitifitfcca, 1. ii. c. 1 1. From the accoont of thii ihipwreck,
wc learn fome circuxnftahces of the trade and nayig^tion of the age.
1. The Ihip was bvih and freighted at Naples for the ports of Mar-
feilles and Avinioa. %. TRe failors were of Naples and the ifle of
OSnana* lefsikflfalthan thofe of Sicily and Genoa. 3. The oaTiga-
tioD from MarfeiUes was a coafiioe voyaze to the mouth of the iV'
ber, where they took ihelter in a ftomi,bat, inftead of finding the
current, unfortunately fan on a ihoal : the veflel was ftrahdea, the
mariners eicaped. 4. Thecargro, which was pillaged^ confifted of
the rcrenae ot Provence for the royal treafury, many bags of peji^er
and dnnamoA, knd bales of French cloth, to the value of io/>oo Ao-
rifis : a rich prize.

304 THE DECLINE AND FALL

fecure, the labours and rewards . of ioduftry
fpontaoeoufly revive : Rome was Aill the me-
tropolis 9f the ChrUlian world; and the fame
and fortunes of the tribune were diffufed in every
country by the ftrangers who had enjoyed the
bleliings of his government..
Thctri- The deliverance of his country infpired Ri-
foIS<3iT ^02^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ft> and perhaps vifionary, idea of
iiaiy, &c. uniting Italy in a great foederativc republic, of
which Rome Ihould be the ancient and lawful
head, and the free cities and princes the mem-
bers and affociates* His pen was not lefe elo-
quent than his tongue ; and his numerous epif-
ties were delivered to fwift and trufty meiten-
gers. On foot, with a white. wand in their
band, they traverfed the forefts and mountains;
enjoyed, in the moft hoftile flates, the facred fe-
curity of ambaffadors ; and reported, in the ftyle
of flattery or truth, that the highways along
their paffage were lined with kneeling multi-
tudes, who implored Heaven for the fuccefs of
their undertaking. Could palfion have liftened
to reafon ; could private intereft have yielded to
the public welfare ; the fupreme tribunal and
confederate union of the Italian republic might
have healed their inteftine difcord, and clofed
the Alps againft the Barbarians of the North.
But the propitious feafon had elapfed; and if
Venice, Florence, Sienna, Perugia, and many
inferior cities, offered their lives and fortunes to
the good eftate, the tyrants of Lombardy and
Tufcany muff dcfpife, or hate, the plebeian au-
thor of a free cionftitution. From them, how-
ever, and from every part 6f Italy, the tribune
received the moft friendly and refpe£lful an*
fwers : they were followed by the ambafladors
of the princes and republics ; and in this foreign
conflux. On all the occaflons of pleafure or bu-

llnefs,

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 305

fnefs, the low-bom notary could aflume the fa«
miliar or maj^ftic courtefy of a fovereign (tp).
The moft glorious ctrcumftance of his rdgn was
an appeal to hk juftice from Lewis lang of
Hungary, who complained, that his bradier,
and bethufoand, had been perfidionfly ftrangled
by Jane queen of Naples (30) : her guilt or in-
nocence was pleaded in a folenm trial at Ronoe;
but after hearing the advocates (3 1), the tribune
adjourned this weighty and invidbus caufe,^
nvhich was foon determined by the fword of the
Hungarian. Beyond the Alps, more efpecially
at Avignon, the revolution was the theme of
curiofity, wonder, and applaufe. Petrarch hadandceie^
been the private friend, perhaps thefecret coun-p^^^iJ
fellor, of Rienei : his writings breathe tiie moft
ardent fpirit of patriotifm and joy; and all le-
fpe£^ for the pope, all gratitude for the Golonna,
was loft in the fuperior duties of a Roman citi-
zen. The poetJauieat of the Capitol main-
tains the a£l, applauds the hero, and mingles
with fome apprehcnfion and advice the moft
lofty hopes of the permanent and rifing great-
nels of the republic (32).
Vol. XIL X • While

(29.) It wai diltl that Oliter Cr«mweU*8 oM acquaintftnoe, who re-
membered bit vulgar and ungracious entrance into the houfe of Com-
mons, Were aftoniihed at the eafe aad majefty of the protedor on his
throne (fee Harris's Life of Cromwell, p. tj^SA* ^om Clarendon,
Warwick, Whitelocke. Waller, &c). The confctoufnefs of merit
and power, will fometimes elevate the manners to the ftation.

(30) See the caufes, circumflances, and effeds of the dea.th of An-
drew, io Giannone (torn. iii. 1. zxiii. p. 2«o-— 329.), and the Life of
Petrarch (Memoires, tom, ii.p. 143— 146. 445— »50«375— 37^« notes,
p. a|.^7 ). The Ahhi de Sade wjbrt to «zteBiiate her guilt.

(31) The advocate who pleaded againftlane, could addjiothingto
the logical force and brevity of his maftcrU epifUe. Johanna ! inor-
dSnatavtta prscedens, retentiopoteftatis in regno, ne|rledha vindi^a*
vir alter Aifceptus, ct ezcufatio fuhfequey, necis viri toi te probant
fuifle participem et confortem. Jane of Kaples, and Mary of Scot-
land, nave a fineular conformity.

(3a} See the Ibiflola Hortatoria de Capeflend^ Rq>ubUca, from
Petrarch to Nicholas Rienzi (Opp. p. 53$— 54«0i Vi^ the vth
eclogue or paftoral, a perpetual andobicure allegory.

3o6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

^feulcf. While Petrarch indulged thefe prophetic vi-
fioDS, the Roman hero was faft declining from
the meridian of fame and power; and the peo-
ple, who had gazed with aftonilhment on the
afcending meteor, began to mark the irregula-
rity of its courfe, and the viciflitudes of light
and obfcuritjr. More eloquent than judicious,
more enterpnfing than refolute, the faculties of
Rienzi were not balanced by cool and com-
. manding reafon : he magnified in a tenfold pro-
portion the objefts of hope and fear ; and pru-
dence, which could not have ereded, did not
prefume to fortify, his throne. In the blaze of
profperity, his virtues were infenfibly tinflured
with the adjacent vices ; juftice with cruelty, li-
berality with profiifion, and the defire of fame
with puerile and oftentatious vanity. He might
have learned, that the ancient tribunes, fo
ftrong and facred in the public opinion, were
not difiinguiihed in ftvle, habit, or appearance,
from.an ordinary plebeian (33); and that asof^
ten as they vilited the city on foot, a fingle *ww-
ior, or beadle, attended the exercife of their of-
fice. The Gracchi would have frowned or
Imiled, could they have read the fonorous titles
and epithets of their fucceflbr, ** Nicholas,
*^ 5sv£r£ and merciful; d£livkr^1l of

« Rome;

(33) In bit Roman Queftiont, Plutarch (Opvfcol. torn. i. p. $05, $otf.
edit. Grx€. Hen. Stepn^ fUtes, on the moft coaftitntionaf principles,
the iimple greatnefs of the tribunes, who were not properly magif-
trates, but a check on magilbacy. It was their duty and iatareft
ifMwrSm 9xnum,r$^ xm oAn xm t^turn T«if fir4Tvy;t^«»irri r«rv
«'«AjT«y . • • . KMTwwmvur^n* Mi (a ikying of C. Curio) luu fin
c%ftf§f ufM Til infimpx*' •"^*t • • • • ••'f ^ ^AX«f iKTAnnrrM x»

TitfuiTt, ranrr*^ futXX%f tcv^trm rij ^vv«^f «, &c. Rienxi, and Fe-
trarch himfelf, were incapable perhaps of reading a Greek philofo-
pher; but they might have imoibed the fame modeft do^rinesfrom
their favourite Latms, Livy and Valerius Maximus.

(34) I could not exprefs in £ngli(h the forcible, though bwbftTQOa
title of Zelat9r Italiac, which Rienzi affumed.

I

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. S07

*' Rome; DxrxKDXR of Italy (34); fuxkd

" OF MANKIND, AND OF LrBXRTY, PXACX^

" AND juSTicf ; TRIBUNE AUGUST:'* his thea-
trical pageants had prepared the revolution ; but
Rienzi abufed> in luxury and pride, the politi-
cal oiazim of fpeaking to the eyes, as ^^U as
the underftanding, of the multitude. From n»*
turebe had received the gifl of an handfome
perfon (35), till it was fweUed and disfigured by
intemperance; and his. propenfity to laughter
was correded in the magiftrate by the affedia-
tionof gravity and ftemneis. He was cloathed,
at lead on public occafions, in a party-coloured
robe of velvet or fattin^ lined with fur, and
embroidered with gold: the rod of jufUoe>
which he carried in his band, was a fceptre. of
poliihed fteel, crowned with a globe and crofs
of gold, and inclofing a fmall fragment of the
true and holy wood. In his civil ancf religious
procefiions through, the city, he rode on a white
fteed, the fymbol of royalty : the great banner
of the republic, a fun with a circle of ftars, a
dove with an olive branch, was difplayed over
his head ; a fliower of gold and filver was fcat«
tered among the populace; fifty guards with
halberds encompafled his perfon; a troop .of
horfe preceded his march: and their tymhals
and trumpets were of mafly filver.

The ambition of the honours of chivalry (36) The pomp
betrayed the meannefs of his birth, and degra-kLvht-
X % dedHood,

A.D.I347,
Au^nft I.
(3 s) Era bell' huoaio (1. ii. r. i . p. 3 99.)* It it remarkable, that die
rifo ftrcaftico of the Bracciano edition it wanting in the Roman MS«
from which Muratori has giTen the text. In hit fecond reign, when'
he is ininted ahnoft as a roonfter, Rienii traTea ttn% ventr&a tonna
trioimile, a modo de nno Abbate Afiano, or Aiinino (1. iii. c. 18. p.

(36) Strange as itjnay feem, this feftlval was tiot without a isrece-
dent. In the year 13979 two barons, aColonna, and an Vrfini,-thft
Hfoal balance, were created knights by the Roman people : their batl^'

t(c8 THE 1BSCZ.I:H/X AUD. FALL

ded the Vpportance of .hkc^oe; and the eque^
trian tribune wasi not lefs odious to the noUes,
whom he adopted, iban'to the }slebeiai]3, whom
fae deferted; All' IhsA yet remained of trear
iire^ ox limiiy^; or art, 'was eacbaoftedon that
&leimi day. Rienzi led the prpceffion from the
Capkol to the-Lateran ; the tedioufoefa of the
"way waft relieved with deooratioQS and games;
^e ecde£a^ical, dvil) and milkary ordets
matched under their varioua banners ; the Ro-
sian ladbs attended hia wifef and the ambafia-
^18 of Italy might loudly applauds or feoretly
deride^ t^be novelty of (he pomp. In the even*
ing) when they had r^sached the church said p»-
laK3e pf Xk^antme, fae thanked and dilmi&d
the: nuoierous aflembly^ wi^h an kivilati^Mii ta
the fe&ival of the enfiiing day. From the
hands of a renerable knight he received the
Olfder o^the Holy Cttioft; the purification c^
the bath was a previoua ceremony^ but in no*
tbtp of 'his 1& did Ribftai excite fudsi feandal and
ceitfine aS' by the ps^hane ufe of the porphyry
Tafe; KL which Conftantine ^a foolim leg^id)
bad been healed of hift leprofy by pc^ Syh^ef-
ter(37). With equal prefqmptlon the trrbune
watched ov repofed. within the conlecrated pre-
dfiAa 6£ the baptif\ery ; and\be failure of his
ftate-bed was interpreted ^s an omen of his ap^
proaohing downfaL At the^ bour of worihip
fae ihewed himfeif to the returning 'Ciowds in a

majeftic

WH of TftTe-water, thcit Wd* were deckftd tvtdi reyaln^goilloencey
«Btl they were fcrved at St. Maria of Aracelf in the Capttoit by the
^cnty-eight kmB$ kumm* They afterwards received freoa Habert
ling of Kapka ^e fwoid of duTalry (Htft« Rom. L i. c. a. p. 259.).

(37) iUt jpaftics belicTed in the Wofy and bath o£ Coolbuitinr
(Petrarch, Epift. Famit ▼!. ».), and Rienzi juftified hit own coadbA
by ebfcrnng to the court of ATiffnoh, that a mfe which had ^tm
vied hj » Tagan» could not be pr^ancd by a pioua Ghriftiui. Yet
Ihii cxune ia fpecified in the bull qf.wcommBnirafiDn (Hodemiit^
iipiid du Cerceauy p. 18^1 i^*)*

OF THE aOMAN EMPJUR 30^

fflajeftic amnidc, with a robe cf purple^ bis
fword, and gik fpiw; but ihc holy rifes wece
ibon interrupted by hie levity aiul iofeleace.
Riiing from his throng s^nd advaociog towards
the cx>ngregatio]>) he pcockiiiied in a k>Qd
voice: '^ We funimon to our tribunal pope Cle-
*' ment; and comB&andbim to vefidc in bi& <&>-
^* cefe of Rome: we al£c> fammon the facMd
^ college of cardinals {^8^. We again ftnn-
'^ mon the two pretenders^ Charles of Bohe-
^* mia and Lewis of Bavaiia, who ftyle tbeao-
** felves emperors; we. Iik«w4fe fammon all the
^ ele&orsof Germany, .to in£mn ns on what
^' pretence they have ufwped the ioalienabk
** right of the Roman people^ the ancient and
** lawful fevereigns of the empire (spV* Un-
iheathing his maiden-fwoid, he thrice brandiih-
ed it to the three paits of the worH and thriee
repeated the extravagant dedarati*, ^ And
^' this too is nrine !" The pope's vicar^ the hi-
(hop of Orvieto^ attempted to check this career
of folly; but his feeble proteit was filenioed by
martial nnific; and inltead of withdrawing
from the aiTembly, he oonfented to dine with
his brother tribune, at a table which hadhither--
to been re&rved for the fupreme pont^ A
banquet, fuch as the Gsdars had given, wa^ pre*
pared for the Romaus. TheapartmentSj porti-
coes, and couns, of the Lateran were ^Kead
with innumerable tables for either itis^ a^d
every condition ; a ftream of wine flowed from
the nc^rils of Ck>n{lantine's brazen horfe ; no

complaint,

^

(a9) Thnvirial Aihixikmis of popt Ckmcnt VL wliidi Mftt on the
authorky of tke Ronuui hift»rian ind 8 Vatican MS. h dijfjputed by
ihebiognpher of Petrarch (torn. ii« not. p. 70— ^•) witb a]'^um«ii\t
nthcr of decency than of weight. 7hc sourt of Avignofl niigkenot
chufeto aeitatethis <klicate qucfiioiu

(19) The fummont of the two* rhral eihpeftiA, t moanmtm of
freedom and folly, is extant in Hocfemiui (du Cerceau, p; t$^^€€.\

310 THE DECLINE AND FALL

complaint, except of the fcarcity of water,
could be heard ; and the liccntioufnefs of the
multitude was curbed by difcipline and fear. A
Midcora. fubfequent day was appointed for the corona-
tion of Ricnzi (40); feven crowns of difierent
leaves or metals were fucceflivcly placed on his
head by the moft eminent of the Roman cler-
gy J they reprefented the feven gifts of the Holy
Gboft ; and he ftill profeffed to imitate the ex-
ample of the ancient tribunes. Thefe extraor-
dinary fpedacles might deceive or flatter the
people; and their own vanity was gratified in
the vanity of their leader. But in his private
life he fopn deviated from the ftricl rule of fru-
gality and abftinence ; and the plebeians, who
were awed by the fplendour of the nobles,
were provoked by the luxury of their equal.
His wifi|^ his fon, his uncle (a barber in name
and proieffion), expofed the contraft of vulgar
manners and princely expence ; and without ac-
quiring the majefty, Rienzi degenerated into
the vices, of a king.
Feirand A fimplc citizen dcfcribes with pity, or per-
?hi"oWcs haps with pleafure, the humiliation of the ba-
gfRome. rous of Romc " Bareheaded, their hands
^* crcffed on their breaft, they flood with down-
^ caft looks in ihe prefenceof the tribune ; and
^ they trembled, good God, how they trem-'
" bled (4-1)!'* As long as the yoke ot Rienzi
was that of juftice and their country, their con-
fcience forced them to efteem the man, whom

pride

(40) It is fipKultr, that the Roman hiftorian Ihould have overlook-
■ td this fewoifM coronation; which is fuffidentlj proved by internal

evidence* and the tcftiraony of Hocfemios, and cren of Riensi
(du Cerceau, p. 167—170. 219.).

(41 ) Pnoi ie facera fiare denante a fe, mentre fedeva, li baronl tutti
in piedi ritti co le vraccia plecate, e co li capucci tratti. Deh conao
Aavano MBrofi ! (Hift. Rom. L ii. c. io.p. 4^^.). He faw them, and
ve Ice tlictB*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 311

pride and intereft provoked ihem to hate: his
extravagant condu& Xoon fortified their hatred
by contempt; and they conceived the hope of
fubverting a power which was no longer fo
deeply rooted in the public confidence. The
old animofity of the Colonna and Urfini was
fufpended for a monient by their common dif-
grace : they affociated theif wiihes, and perhaps
their defigns; an alfaffin vt^as feized and tor-
tured; he accufed the nobles; and as foon as
Rienzi deferved the fate> he kdopted the fufpi*
cions and maxims, of a tyrant. On the fame
day, under various pretences, he invited to the
Capitol his principal enemies, among whom
were five membei-s of the Urfioi and three of
the Colonna name. But inftead of a council
or a banquet, they found themfelves prifoners
under the fword of defpotifm or ^^ice ; and
the confcioufnefs of innocence or gui*might in-
fj^ire them with equal apprehenfions of danger.
At the found of the great bell the people at
fembled ; they were arraigned for a conspiracy
againft the tribune's life; and though fome
might fympathife in their diftrefs, not a hand,
nor a voice, was raifed to refcue the firft of the
nobility from their impending doom. Their ap^
parent boldnefs was prompted by defpair ; they
pafled in feparate chambers a fleeplefs and
painful night; and the venerable hero, Stephen
Colonna, ftriking againft the door of his pri-
fon, repeatedly urged his guards to deliver him
by a fpeedy death from fuch ignominious fervi-
tude. In the morning they underftood their
fentence from the vifit of a confi^iTor and the
tolling of the bell. The great hall of the Ca-
pitol had been decorated for the bloody fcene
with red and white hangings ; the countenance
of the tribune was dark and fevere ; the fwordh

* of

BIZ THE DECLINE AND FALL

of the executioners were unflieathed; and the
barons were interrupted in their dying fpeedies
by the found of trmppets. But in this decifive
moment, Rienzi was notlefs anxipus or appre-*
henfive than his captives: he dreaded thefplen-
dour of their names, their furviving kinfmen,
the inconftancy of the people, the rdproacbes
of the world ; and, after rafhly offering a mor-
tal injury, he vainly prefumed that, if he could
forgive, he m^ht himfidf be forgiven. Hisela*
borate oration was that of a Chriftian and a
fuppliant ; and, as the humble minifter of the
commons, he entreated his mailers to pardon
thefe noble criminals, for whoie repentance and
foture fer\ice he pledged his faith, and authority.
** If you are ffwired,'* faid the tribune, " by
^* the mercy of the Romans^ will you not pro-
^' mife to W)porttbe good eftate with your lives
*^ and forRmes V* Aftoniihed by this marvel-
lous clemency, the barons bowed their heads;
and, while they devoutly repeated ihe oath of
allegiance, might whifper a fecret, and more
fincere, afliirance of revenge. A prieft, in the
name of the people, proinounced their aUblu-
tion : they received the communion with the
tribune, ai&fted at the banquet, followed the
proceifion ; and, after every fpiritual and temr
i3oral iign of reconciliation, were difmifled in
fafety to their refpeftive homes, with the new
honours and titles of generals, confuls, and pa-
tricians (4.2).
They op- During foroe weeks they were checked by the
£*i^^""*mcmory of their danger, rather than of their
deliverance, till the moft powerfol of the XJrfi-
hi, efcaping with the Colonna from the city,
' ' ereded

(4«) The original letter, in which Rienyi juftifie|hi> treiitnient of
tkc CiAonnz (Hocfemiut, apud dn Cerceau, p. 211—119.), difplays,
sA geniunfcotottn, the mixture i^ the knaTc aad the madmi^.

OF THE ROMAIf EMPIRE. 313

ere€)ed at Mariao the fiandard of rebdllioBu
The fortifications of the caftle wcoe bafiily re^
Aored; the vaifals attepded their lord; the out-
laws armed agaiaft the mag^firate; the flocks
and herds, the harvefts and vki^ards, fix>m
Marino to the gates of Roipe; were fwept awa$r
or deftroyed ; and the peof^Q arra^ned Rienssi
as the author of the calamiftiea ivluch his gfih
vernment had taught them to forget. In the
camp, Rienzi appeared to lefs advantage than
in the roftrum : and he negle^ed the progrefs
of the rebel barons ti}l their numbers were
firojig and their caftles impregnable. From the
pages of livy he had not imbibed the art, or
even the courage, of a general : an army of
twenty thoufand Romana returned without ho«
nour or efied from the attack of Marino ; and
his vengeance was amufed by painting ^^ ene^
mieSy their heads downwards, and drowning
two dogs . (at leaft they ihould have been bears)
as the reprefentatives of the Urfiui. The belief
of his incapacity encouraged their operations :
they were invited by their fecret adherents ; and
the barons attempted with four thoufand foot
and fixteen hundred horfe, to enter Rome hy
force or furprife. The city was prepared for
their reception: the alarm-bell rung all night;
the gates were ftriftly guarded, or infolently
open; and 'after fome helitatioa they founded^
retreat* The two firft divifions had paffed
along the walls, but the prafpe£l of a free en^
trance tempted the headftrong valour of the no-
bles in the rear; and after a fuccefsful fkirmifh,
they were overthrown and niaflacred without
quarter by the crowds of the Roman people*
Stephen Colonna the younger, the noble fpirit Defeat and
to whom Petrarch aicribcd the reftoration of;i"coilL
Italy, was preceded or accompanied in death na.NQT.io.

by

314 THE DECLINE AND PALL

by his fbn John, a gallant youth, by his bro^
ther Peter, who might regret the eafe and ho-
nours of the church, by a nephew of legitimate
Urth, and by two baftards of the Golonna race ;
anc^thenumoer of feven, the feven crowns, as
Rienzi ftyled them, of the Holy Ghoft, was
completed by the agony of the deploraI>le pa-
rent, of the Veteran chief, who had furvived
the hope and fortune of his houfe. The vifion
and prophecies of St. Martin and pope Boniface
had been ufed by the tribune to animate his
troops (43) : he difplayed, at lead in the pur-
fuit, the fpirit of an hero; but he forgot the
^ maxims of the ancient Romans, who abhorred
the triimiphs of civil war. The conqueror af-
cended the Oapitol ; depofited his crown and
fceptre on the altar; and boafled with feme
truth, fhzt he had cut off an ear which neither
pope nor emperor had been able to ampu-
tate (44). His bafe and implacable revenge de-
nied the honours of burial ; and the bodies of
the Colonna, which he threatened to ezpofe
with thofe of the vileft malefa£tors, were fe-
cretly interred by the holy virgins of their name
and family (45). The people fympathifed in

their

(43^ Rienst, in the abov^mentioned letter, afcribes to St. Martin
the tnbune, Boniface VIII. the enemy of Colonna, himfelf, and the
Roman people, the glory of the day, which Villani Hkewife (1. xii. c.
1 04.) defcribet at a regular battle. The diforderly ikirmilh, the flight
of the Romans, and 3ie cowardice of Rienzi, are painted in the fim-
j>Ieand minute narratiTe of Fortifiocca, or the anonymous Citixen (1.
li. c. 34— 37.)«

J 44) In defcribing the fall of the Colonna, I fpeak only of the fa-
y of Stephto the elder, who is often confounded by the Pi dn Cer-
ceau» with nisfon. That family was eztinguiflied, but the houfe has
been perpetuated in the collateral branches, of which I have nt»t a
very accurate knowledge. Circumipice (fays Petrarch) famtlis tuse
ftatum, ColBmnieniiam Jntu: fouto pauciores habet columnas.
Quid ad rem f^ modo fundamentum (labile, folidumq ; permaneat.
^4{) The convent of St. Silvefter was founded, endowed, andpro-
teAed by the Colonna cardinals, for the daoghters of the family who
embraeed a moi\afti€ life, and who, in the year 1318, were twelve in

number.

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 315

their grief, repented of their own fory, and de«
tefted the indecent joy of Rienzi, who vifited
the fpot where thefe ilhiftrious vidiins had
fallen. It was on that fatal fpot, that he con-
ferred on his fon the honour of knighthood :
and the ceremony was accomplifhed by a flight
blow from each of the horfemen of the guard,
and by a ridiculous and inhuman ablution from
a pool of water, which was yet polluted with
patrician blood (46).

A ihort delay would have faved the Colonna,FaU and
the delay of a lingle month, which elapfed be-^|^^*^
tween the triumph and the exile of Rienzi. InRieui,
the pride of vidory, he forfeited what yet re.^;?"/5^5*
mained of his civil virtues, without acquiring
the fameof militaiyprowefs. A free and vi-
gorous oppolition was formed in the city; and
when the tribune propofed in the public coim-
cil (47) to impofe a new tax, and to regulate
. the government of Peragia, thirty-nine menoh
bers voted againfthismeafures; repelled the in-
jurious charge of treachery and corruption; and
urged him to prove, by their forcible exclufion,
that, if the populace adhered to his caufe, it
was already difclaimed by the moft refpeftabte
citizens. ThcL pope and the facred college had
never been dazzled by his fpecious profeffions ;
they were juftly offended by.theinfolence of his
conduct ; a cardinal legate was fent to Italy,

and

munber. The others were allowed to marry with their kinfinen in
the fourth degree, and the difpenfation wasjtiftifiedby the fmali num-
ber and clofe alliances of the noble families of Rome (Memoires for
Petrarqae, tom. i. p. no* torn. ii. p. 401.).

(46) Petrarch wrote a iliff and pedantic letter of confolation (Fam.
L Tii.epift. 13. p> 68i, ^83.). The friend was loft in the patriot.
Nulla toto orbe principum familia carior ; carior umen refpublica^
carior Roma, carior Italia.

Je rends graces auz Dieux de n*hxt {>as Romain.

(47) This council and o^pofition is obfcurely mentioned by Potlir
ftore, a contemporary writer, who has preferved fome curions and
original fa^s (Rer. luUcanim, tom. xxy. c 31^ p. 798—804.).

3i6 THE DECLINE AND FALL

ai^ after fopie fruitle& treaty, and two perfonal
interviews, he fulminated a bull of excoounu*
nication, in which the tribune is degraded from
bis office, and branded with the guilt of rebel-
lion, facrilege, and herefy (48). The furviving
barons <^ Rome were now humbled to a fenfe
of allegiance ; their interell and revenge enga-
ged them in the fervice of the church ; but as
the fate of the C!ol<Hijia was before their eyes,
they abandoned to a private adventurer the pe^
ril and glory of the revolution. John Pepin,
count of Minorbino (49) in the kingdom of Na-
ples, had been condemned for his crimes, or
bis richeSi to perpetual imprifonment ; and Pe^
trarch> by foliciting his releafe, indire&ly con-
tributed to the ruin of his friend. At the head
of one hundred and fifty foldiers, the count of
Minorbino introduced himfelf into Rome ; bar-
ncaded the quarter of the Colonna; and found
the enterprife as eafy as it bad feemed impoflible.
From the firft alarm, the bell of the Capitol in-
ceifantly tolled ; but, inllead of repairing to the
welUlu;K>wn found, the people was filent and
inz&xve ; and the pufillanimous Rienzi, deplo-
ring their ingratitude with fighs and tears, al>
dicated the government and palace of the re-
public.
^Zflt Without drawing his fword, count Pepin re-
Romcj^ ftored the ariftocracy arid the church ; three fc-
nators were chofen, and the legate affumiqg the
firft rank, accepted his two colleagues from the

rival

A.D.
»347-«354

(48) The briefs and buUs of Clement VI. againft Rieozi» sre tran-
flMdby tht P. dtt Cerccau (p. 196. 13a.) from the Ecdefiafttcal An-
ImIs of Odericut RaynaldiMiA. D. 1^7. N^ 15. i^* si, &c.), who
lound them in the ardu^Fes of the Vatican.

(49) Matteo Villani defcribes the origin,. durwSttr, and death of
this count of Miaorbtno, o man da natura inconftante e fenza fede,
wbofe gra«df^ther» a crmnf notary, was enriched and ennobled by the
ijpoilt m the Sa r a c a na of Kocera (1. -tit. c. loa, 193.^ See hir ioipii^
lonment, a«d the eioctoof Petrarch, tonu ii. p. I49«*i5i.

OF T»E HOMAN EMPIRE. 317

rival families of Goioima and Urfini. The ads
of the tribune were aboliflied, his head was pro>
fcribed; yet ibch was the terror of his name,
that the barons hefitated three days before they
would truft themfelves in the city, and Rienzi
was left above a month in the caftle of St. An-
gelo, from whence he peaceably withdrew, after
labouring, without effed, to revive the afe^ion
and courage of the Romans^ The vilion of
freedom and empire had vaniihed : their fallen
fpirit would have acquiefced in lervitude, had
it been fmoothed by tranquillity and order: and
it was fcarcely obferved, that the new fenator^
derived their authority fit>m the Apbftolic See>
that four cardinals were appointed to teform
with diAatbrial power the ftate of the republic.
Rome was again agitated by the bloody feuds of
the barons, who detefted each other, and de^
fpifed the oommons: their hoftile £>rtreifes,
both in town and country, again rofe and were
again demolifhed ; and the peaceful citbsens, a
flock of Iheep, were devoured, fays the Floren*^
tine hiftorian, by tbefe rapacious wolves. But
when their pride and avarice bad exhauft^d the
patience ot the Romans, ja ccxifratetnity of the
Virgin Mary prOtefled or avenged the republic:
the bdl of the Capitol was again tolled, the no^
bles in arms trembled in the prefenc^e of an u0-
armed multitude; and of the two fenators, Cch
kmna efcaped from the window of the palace,
and Urfini was floned at the foot of the altar.
The dangerous office of tribune was fucceffively
occupied by two plebeians, Cerroni and Baron-
cellL The mildnefs c^ Cerroni was unequal to
the times ; and after a faint flruggle, he retired
with a fair reputadon and a decent fortune to the
comforts of rural life. Devoid of elbquence or
genius, Baroncelli was diftbguifiied by a refo-

lute

3i8 THE DECLINE AND FALL

lute fpirit : he fpoke the language of a patriot,
and trode in the footfteps of tyrants ; his fufpi-
cion was a fentenceof death, and his own death
wa$ the reward of his cruelties. Amidft the
public misfortunes^ the faults of Rienzi were
forgotten ; and the Romans lighed for the peace
and profperity of the good eftate (50).
Adventures After an exile of feven years, the firft deli-
of RicMi. verer was again reftored to his country. In the
difguife of a monk or a pilgrim, he efcaped
from the caftle of St. Angelo, implored the
friendfhipof the king of Hungary at Naples,
tempted the ambition of every bold adventurer,
mingled at Rome with the pilgrims of the jubi-
lee, lay concealed among the hermits of the
Apemiine, and wandered through the cities of
Italy, Germany, and Bohemia. His pecfon
was invifible, his name was yet formidable;
and the anxiety of the court of Avignon fup-

?>fiss, and even magnifies, his perfonal merit,
he emperor Charles, the fourth gave audience
to a ftranger, who frankly revealed himfelf as
the tribune of the republic ; and aftonifhed an
aflembly of ambaffadors and princes, by the elo-
quence of a patriot ?nd the vifions of a pro-
phet, the downfal of tyranny and the kingdom
of the Holy Ghoft (51). Whatever had been
his hopes, Rienzi found himfelf a captive ; but
he fupported a chara^er of independence and
dignity, and obeyed, as his own choice, the ir-

refiftible

(so) The trottblet of Rome, from the departure to the retnni of
Rienzi, tre reUted by Matteo VillanifLii. c. 47. Liii. c. 33v57- 78-)
and Thomas Fortifiocca (L iU. c. 1—4.). I have fligfatl^ pafled oTer
thefe fecondary chara&ert, who imitated the original tribune.

(si) Thefe vifions, of which the friends and enemies of Rienzi
feem alike ignorant, are fiirely magnified by the zeal of PoUiftore, a
Dominican inqidfitor (Rer. Ital. tom. zxt. c. ^6. p. 819.^ Had the
tribune taught, that Chrift was fncceededby the Holy Ghoft, that the
tyranny of the pope wtould be aboliflied, he might have been cqq,«
videdof hereljaod treUon, without offending the Reman people

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 319

refiftible fummons of the fupreme pontiff. The
zeal of Petrafch, iwhich had been cooled by
the unworthy condu£t, was rekindled by the
fufferings and the prefence^ of his fiiend ; and
he boldly complains of the times, in which the
faviour of Rome was delivered by her emperor
into the hands of her bifliop. Rienzi was tranf- Aprifoner
ported flowly, but in fafe cuftodv, from PragueJ^^^j";
to Avignon : his entrance into tne city was that
of a malefa^or ; in his prifon he was chained
by the leg ; and fpur cardinals were named to
enquire into the crimes of herefy and rebellion.
But his trial and condemnation would have
involved fome queftions, which it was more
prudent to leave under the veil of myftery :
the temporal fupremacy of the popes; the
duty of refidence ; Ihe civil and eccleiiaflical
privileges of the clergy and people of Rome*
The reigning pontiff well deferved the appella-
tion of Clement: the ftrange viciffitudes and
magnanimous fpiritofthe captive excited his
pity and efteejn; and Petrarch believes that
he refpedled in the hero the name and facred
charader of a poet (52). Rienzi was indulg-
ed with an eaiy confinement and the ufe of
books ; and in the afliduous fludy of Livy and
the bible, he fought the caufe and the confola-
tion of his misfortunes.

The fucceeding pontificate of Ixmocent the Rienzi, fe-
jBxth opened a new profpeci of his deliverance ^""^^^
and rcftoration ; and the court of Avignon was a. 0/1354-
perfuaded, that the fuccefsful rebel could alone
appeafe and reform the anarchy of the metropo-

(^i) The aftoniflnneot, the enTy almoft, of Petrarch is a proof,
if not of the truth of this incredibie fad, at kail of his own veracity.
The abb^ de Sade (Mtooires, torn. iii. p. 242.) quotes the -vith epif-
de of the liiith book of Petrarch, but it is of the royal M. S. which
he conTaltcd, and not of the ordinary Bafil edition (p. ^lo).

320 THE DECLINE AN.I> FALL

lis. After k folemn prdfeffion of fidelity, the
Kotnan tribune vtas fetit into Italy, with the ti-
tie of fenator ; but the death of Baroncelli ap-
peared to fuperfede theufeof iis tnifSon; and
the legate, cardinal Albdrho2? (53), a confum-
mate ftatefmah, allowed him with relu6hmcc,
and without aid, to undeitakd the perilous ex-
periment. His firft recieptibn was equal to hb
wiflies: the day of his eiittanee was a public
feftival ; and his eloquence and authority revi-
ved the laws of the good eftate Bat this mo-
mentary funfhine was foon clouded by his own
vices and thofe of iht people : m the Capitol
he might often regret the prifon of Avignon ;
and after a fecond admini(b:ation of four
months, Rienzi was mafiacredl ih a tumult which
had been fomented by the Roman barons. In
the fociety of the Get-mans and Bohemians, he
is faid to have contracted the habits of intempe-
rance and cniclty : adverfity hkd chilled his en-
thufiafm, without fortifyiiignis reafon or virtue;
and that youthful hope, that lively aifurance,
which is the pledge of fuccefs, was now fuc-
ceeded by the cold impotence of diftruft and
defpair. The tribune had reigned with abfolute
dominion, by the choice, and in the hearts, of
the Romans : the fenator was the fervile minif-
ter of a foreign court; and while he was luf-
pefted by the people, he was abandoned by the
prince. The legate Albornoz, who feemed dc-
iirous of his ruin, inflexibly refufed all fupplies
of men and money; a faithful fub)e6i could no

longer

(<3) JEgidtut, or Giles Albornoz, a noble Spaniard, ardibifliop
of Toledo, and cardinal legate in Ittdy (A: O. i3$9— 1|6^)» refto-
red, bj hb anna and conmelB, tke temporal docnintoQ «t ttie fopca.
Hii lite has been fepatatdy written bj Sepn^reda ; but DrTien
conld not realbnibly nmofe, tfaatlui aam4, or that of Wollcj, luat
reached the can of tM Maftiin Don Sebaftian^

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 321

longer prrfume to touch the revenues of the apo*
itolkal chamber ; and the firft idea of a tax was
the fignal of clamour and fedition. Even his
juftice was tainted with the guilt or reproach of
felfifti cruelty: the moft virtuous citizen of
Rome was facrificed to his jealoufy ; and in the
execution of a public robber, from whofe purfe
he had beeti affified, the magiftrate too much
fergot, or too much remembered, the obliga-
tions of the debtor (54). A civil war exhaufted
his treafureSj and the patience of the city : the
Golonna maintained their hoflile ftation at Pa-
leftrina; and his mercenaries foon defpifed a
leader whofe ignorance and fear were envious •
of all fubordinate merit. In the death as in the
life ofRienzi, the hero and the coward were
ftrangelv mingled. When the Capitol was in-«
veiled oy a furious multitude, when he was
bafely deferted by his civil: and military fervants^
the intrepid fenator, waving the banner of li-
berty, prefented himfelf on the balcony, ad-
dreued his eloquence to the various paflions of*
the Romans, and laboured to perfuadc them,
that in the fame caufe himfelf and the republic
muft cither ftand or fall. His oration was
interrupted by a volley of imprecations and
flones ; and alter an arrow had tranfpierced his
hand, he funk into abjed defpair, and fled
weeping to the inner chambers, from whence
he was let dotm by a flieet before the windows
of the prifon. Deftitute of aid or hope, he was
befieged till the evening : the doors of the Ca-
pitol were deftroyed with axes and fire ; and
Vol. XII. Y while

($4) From Matteo Vlllam% and Fortifiocca, the P. do Cerceaa
(p. 344—394.) has extraaed the life and death of the cherdier
Montreal, the life of a robher and the death of an hero. At the
head of a free company, the firft that defolated Italy, he became rich
and formidable : he had meney in aU the benkf* 60^900 dncatt in
Padw alone.

322 THE DECLINE AND FALL

while the fenator attempted to eicape in a ple^ j
beian habit, he was difcovered and dragged to
the platform of the palace, the fatal fcene of |
his judgments and executions. A whole hour,
without voice or motion, he flood amidft the
multitude half naked and half dead ; their n^e
was hufhed into curiofity and wonder ; the laft
feelings of reverence and compiflion yet ilrug-
gled in his favour ; and they might have pre-
vailed, if a bold aifaffin had not plunged a
His death, dagger in his bread. He fell fenfe}e& with the
s^micr'^^ ftroke ; the impotent revenge of his enemies
<* infli£led a thoufand wounds ; and the fenator's

body was abandoned to the dogs, to the Jews,
and to the flames. Pofterity will compare the
virtues and failings of this extraordinary man ;
but in a long period of anarchy and fervitude,
the name of Rienzi has often been celebrated as
the deliverer of his country, and the laft of the
Roman patriots (55).
I»etmchin- The firft and moft generous wifh of Petrarcli
bra^idTdic^" was the reftoration of a free republic j but after
ch£ri**W ^^c J^il^ ^d death of his plebeian hero, he turn-
A.D.7355*,ed his eyts from the tribune, to the king, of
Tanuiry— ^^ Romaus. The Capitol was yet ftained with
*^' the blood of Rienzi, when Charles the £>urth
defcended from the Alps to obtain the Italian
and Imperial crowns. In his paflage through
Milan he received the vifit, and repaid the flat-
tery, of the poet-laureat ; accepted a medal of
Auguftus ; and promifed, without a fmile, to
imiute the founder of the Roman monarehy^^
A hVe application of the names and maxims
of antiquity was the fource of the hopes and

difappointments

(SS) The exile, f«cond ^Terftm^t, afld death of Rienzt, arc mH*
aatett related by the anonymovs Reman, who appears neither hia
friend nor hit enemy (1. iii. c. 11—1$.). Petrarch, who loved th«
fritnt, was iadtffcrcnt to the fate of thefiamitr^

Of the ROMAN EMPIRE. 3*3

difappointmepts of Petrarch ; yet he could not
overlook the difi^retice of times and charadera;
the immeafarable diftance between the fiiil
Caefars ^nd a JBohemian prince^ who by the fa-
vour of the clergy had been eleSied the titular,
head of the German aHftocracy. Inftead of
reftoring to Rome her glory and her provinces,
he had bound himielf^ by a fecret treaty with
the pope, to evacuate the city on the day of his
coronation ; and his fhameful tetreai was pur-
fiied by the reproaches of the patriot bard

(56). . -

After the lofs of liberty and empire, his third,^^ ^^^'
and more humble wiffi, was to reconcile the of Avignon
Ihepherd with his flock; to recal the Roman J°fi^eno?a<
bimop to hia ancient aDod peculiar diocele, Income-
the fervour of ybutb, with the authority of agey.
Petrarch addreffed his exhortations to five fuc-
ceflive jpopes, and his eloquence was always in-
fpired by the enthnfiafm of fentinieni and. the
freedom of language (57). The fon of a citi-;
ien of Florence invariably preferred the coun-
try of his birth to that of his education: and
Italy, in his eyes, was the queen and garden of
the world. Aroidft her domeftic factions, fhq
was doubtlefs fuperior to France both in art and
Science, in wealth and politenefs; but fhedifie-^
fence could fcarcely fuppofi the epithet of bar-
|)ar6us, which he promifcubufly bcftows on the.
Y 2 countries'

Xs^) The hopes and the dlfap|>bintment of Petrarch, are agreea-*
bly defcribed m his own words hy the French bimapher (Mii->;
moires, torn. iii. p. 37^—4130 ; but the deep, though lecret, wound,'
was the coronation ot Zanubi the poet lanreat bj Cnarles IV.. ^

(57) Set in his accurate and amofine biographer, the application'
of Petrarch and Rpme to Benedid XIL in the ^ear i ^34 (Memoijiea,
torn. " - - . ^.

and I

m controveriy on the refpedtive merits of France and Italy iiKiy 1
S«Jid(Opp. p. ictfS— 108'$.).

524 THE tlCLiat Alft^ FALL

cotmtries beyond the Alps- Avignon, the my-
ftic Babylon, the fink of vice and corruption,
was the objeft of his hatred and contempt ; but
he forgets that her fcandalous vices were not
the growth of the foit, and that in every rcfi-
dence they would adhere to the power and lux-
uiy of the papal court. He confeffes, that the
fucceffor oi St. Peter is the biftiop of the uni-
verfal church ; yet' it was not on the banks of
the Rhone, but of the Tyber, that the apoftle
had fixed his everlafting throne : and^hile every
city in the Chriftian world was blefled with a
biQiop, the metropolis alone was defblate and
forlorn. Since the reiftoval of the Holy See,
the facred buildings of the Later^n 2ind the
Vatican, their altars and their faints, were left
in a f!ate of poverty and decay ; and Rome was
often painted under the image of a difconiblate
matron, as if the M^aiidering hufband could be
reclaimed 'by the hotnety portrait of the age and
infirmities of his weeping fpoufe (58). But the
cloud which hung over the feven hills,, would
be difpelled by the prcfence of their lawfiit fo-
vereign : eternal &me, the profperity of Rome^
^nd the peace of Italy, would be the recom-
pense of the pope who Ihould dare t6 embrace
this gener6us refolution. Of the five whom Pe-
trarch exhcfrted, the three firft, John the twen-
ty-fecond, Benedid the twelftb, and Clement
tne fixth, were importuned or amufed by the
boldnefs of the orator ; but the memorable
change which had been attempted by Urban

the

($6) S<^alida fed auooiam ibcies, neglefi^ que cult4
Ciefaries \ muftifciue malis iaJflfata fenedos
Eripait folkam emgiem : vetm accipe nomea ;'
Roma vocor. (Carm. 1. s. p. jjj)

He ft>im this allegory beyond all tneafnre or patience. The Epiftlet
tb Urban V. in profe, are more fimple and perioaflte (SeBiltiim, L'
vu. p. 811-^x7. 1. is. cpid. i. i^. S44r— 054*)«

OF THE ROMAJJ EMPIRE. 325

the fifths was finally accomplilhed bv Gc^ory
the eleventb. The execution of toeir defign
was oppofed bv weighty and almoft infuperaUe
obflacles. A king of France who has deferved
the epithet of wife^ was unwilUag to releafe
tHem from a Jipcal dependence : the ca2:dipab,
for the moil part his fubje£ls, were attached to
the language, manners, and climate, of Avig-
non ; to their ftately palaces ; above all> to the
wines of Burgundy. In their wes, Italy wasRcturn of
foreign or homle ; and they rduaandy lOfmbark-Ur^ v.
ed at Marfeilles, as if they had been fold oroaotoVj
baniihed into the Uad of the Saracens. IJrban— a- ^•
the fifth refided three years in the Vatican withAprUi;.
fafety and honour : bis fandity was protected
by a guard of two tboufand horfe ; and the king
of Cyprus, the quoen of Naples, and the em-
perors of the Eaft and Weft devoutly falqted
their common father in the chair of St. Peter.
But the joy of Petrarch and the Italians was
foon turned into grief and indignation. Some
reafons of public or private moment, his own
impatience or the prayers of the cardinals, re-
called Urban to France ; and the approaching
eledlion was faved from the tyrannic patriotifm
of the Romans. The powers of heaven were
inteiefted in their caufe ; Bridget of Sweden, a
faint and pilgrim, difapproved the return, and
foretold the death, of Urban the fifth; the mi-
gration of Gregory the eleventh was encouraged ^*«*^ j:«-
by St. Catherine of Sienna, the fpoufe of Chriftgo'^°xi.^^
and ambaffadrefs of the Florentines; and the^^^-'^^^»
popes themfelves, the great mailers of human ^ ^
credulity, appear to have liftened to thefe vifi-
onary females (5^). Yet thofe celeftial admo-
nitions

($9) I have not leifure to expatiate on the legends of St. Bridget
or 6%. Catherine, the laft of which might furniih fpme amufing

ftorics.

31^ THE DECLINE AND FALL

nidoDs . were fupported by fqaie ailments of
temporal policy. The refidence of Avignon
had been invaded by hoftile violence : at the
head of thirty tboufand robbers, an hero had
extorted ranfom and abfolution from the lacar
of Chrift and the facred college ; and the max-
im of the French warriors, to fpare the people
and plunder the church, was a new herefy of
the mod dangerous import (6c). While the
pope wa^ driven from Avignon, he was ftre-
nuoufly invited to Rome. The lenate and peo^
pie acknowledged hiqi as their lawful fovereign,
^d laid at his feet the ke\*8 of the gates^ the
bridges, and the fortreOes ; of the quarter at
leaft beyond the T)rber (6i). But this loyal
oiflfer was accompanied by a declaration, that
they could no longer fufier the fcandal and ca-
lamity of his abfence ; and that his obftinacy
would finally provoke them to revive and aJOfert
the prmiitive right ofeleAion. The abbot of
mount Gaflin had been confulted, whether he
would accept the triple crown (62) from the

clergy

(lories. Their tfkA on the mind of Grefrory XI. it attefted hj^c
Uft iblemn words of the dying pope, who admoniihed the affiftaotft*
vt caverent ab bomipibus, five yiris, five m\ilicribus, fub fpecie reli-
l^ioDis loouentibus vifiones fui capitis, quia pel- tales ipfe fedn^ns.
See. (Balaz. Not. ad. Vit. Pap. Avenipneiifipm, torn. i. p. 1 113.).

(5o) This predatory expedition is related by Froifiard (Chronique,
torn. 1. p. 130), and in the life of du G^efclin (Colleton Ocnirale
rles M^moires Hiftoriqucs, torn. iv. c. 16. p. 107—113.). As early
as the year 1361, the court of Avignon had been niolefled by fimilar
freebooters, who afterwards paiTed the 4Jp« (M^moires fur Petra^-
que, torn. ill. p. 563 — 569).

(6f ) Fleury alfefres, from the Annals of Odericus Raynaldus, the
original treaty which was figned the 21ft of December 137^, be-
tween Gregory XI. and thp Romans (Hill. Ecdef. torn. xx. p.

*/«!•> ' *

(61) Tlie firft crown or regnum (Ducange, GlofT. Latin, torn. r.
p. 7c f.) on the epifcopal mitre of the popes, is afcribed to the gift
of Conftantinef or Clovis. The fecond was added by Boniface Vltl.
as the emblem not only of a fpiritual, hot of a temporal, kingdom.
The three dates of the church are represented by the triple cmwii
which was introduced by John XxII. or BcnediA XTI. (Mf-
moires for Pctrapqtic, torn. i. p. ijg, a $9.).

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 327

clergy and people: '' I sun a citizen of Rome
** (03),* replied that venerable eccleliaftic,
♦• and my firft law is the voice of my coun-
- tnr {6^y

If fuperftition will interpret an untimely hu death,
death (65): if the merit of counfels be judged (i:^"37«-

^ % ^ »t_ /• •'^ March 17.

from the event ; the heavens may feem to frown
cm a meafure of fuch apparent reafon and pro-
priety. Gregory the eleventh did not furvive
above fourteen months his^ retura to the Vati-
can ; and his deceafe was followed by the great
fcbifm of the Weft, which diftra£led the Latin
church above forty years. The facred college
was then compofed of twenty-iwo cardinals :
fix of thefe had remained at Avignon ; eleven
Frenchmen, one. Spaniard, and four Italians, ^
entered the conclave in the ufual form. Their
choice was not yet limited to the purple; and
their unanimous votes acquiefced in the archbi-^^^***®" <>(
Ihop of Bari, a fubjeft of Naples, confpicuousApra%. '
for his zeal and learning, who afcended the
throne of St. Peler under the name of Urban
the fixth. The epiftle of the facred college
affirms his free and regular ele£lion ; which had

been

(63) Balttzc (Not. ad Pap. ATcnion. torn. i. p. 1 1^4, 1 19$.) pro*
duces the original eyidence which attefb the threau of the BLoman
amhalTadon, and the refi^ation of the ahhot of xnount Caffin, qui,
iiltro f^ oiTerenv refpondat fe dve^ Romanunti efie, et illud YcUe
quod ipfi yellcnt.

(64) Th^ return of the popes from Ayignon to Rome, and their
reception hf the people, are related in the original JUivef of Urban V,
and Gregory XI. in Baluze fVit. Paparum Avenionenfium, torn. i.
p. 363-— 486.) and Moratori (Script. Rtr. halicanim, torn iii. P. i
p. 6 1 o«-7 11.). In the difputet of the fchifm, every circumftance was
fererely, though l»artially, fcnitinifed ; more efpccially in the great
inqueft, which decided the obedience of Callile, and to which Ba-
lose, in his notes, fo often and fo larrely appeals, from a MS. W)-
lame in the HarUy library (p. ii8i, kc.).

(6s) Can the death of a good man he efteemed a ponifliment by
thme who believe in the immortality of the foul ? 'lliey betray the
inftability of their fiuth. Yet as a mere philofophet^ I pmnot agree
with the Grefks, ;, « $u, ^lAwir mvttnaxu nn (Bjrunck Poetas
Gnomici, p. sji). See in Herodotus (1. i. c. 31) the moral and
pleafng ule of the Argire youths.

348 THE DECLINE AND FALL

been isiipiied, as uiual, by the Holy Ghoft : he
wad adored> iav^fted^ aiid crowned with the
cufipmary rights; hi^ temporal audiority was
obeyed at Rome and Avignon, and bis ecclefi-
aitical fupremacy wa3 acknowledged in the
Latin world, during ieveral weeks> the cardi-
nals attended their new matter with the £ureft
profeifions of atuchment and loyalty; till
the fummer-heats permitt^ a decent efi^ape from
the city. But as foon as they were united at
Anagni and Fundi, in a place of fecurity, they
caft afide the maik, accuied their own falfehood
and hypocrify, excommimicated the apoftate
and antichrift of Rome, and proceeded to a
Eicaion of ^^^ elfedion of Robert of Geneva, Clement the
Clement fevcnth, whom they announced to the nations
J^i 21. ^s ^h^ ^r^c ^^^ rightful vicar of Chrilt Theic
firft choice, an involuntary and illegal a(S, was
annulled by. the fear of death and the menaces
of the Romans ; and their complaint is juftified
by the ftrong evidence of probability and fa^.
The twelve French cardinals, above two-thirds
of the votes, were maftcrs of the eleflion ; and
whatever might be their provincial jealouiies, it
cannot fairly be prefumed that they would have
facrificed their right and intereft to a foreign
candidate, who would npver reftore them to
their native country. Jn the various, and of-
ten inconfiftent, narratives {66), the ihades of
popular violence are more darkly or £iintly
coloured : but the licentioufnefs of the feditious
Romany was inflamed by a fenfe of their privi*

. leges,

{66) In the firft book of the Hiftoire dn Concile cle Pifis, M.Len*
fant has abridged and compared the original narraUTet of the adhe<>
rents of Urbaa and Clement, of the Italians and Germans, th^
French and Spaniards. The latter a^ar to be the molk adtive and
loquacious, and e^ery h6t and word m the original LiTes of Orego*
ry XI. and ClcBient ViJ* are fupported in the Dptc« of their edi-
tor fialuzc.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 329

^egssy and the danger of a iecond einigratk^
The conclave was intimidated by the ihout^
and encompafii^d by the z^tpas, of thirty thovi*
fapd rebels ; the bdls of the Capitol and St,
Peter's rang an alarm ; ** Death, or an Itali^Mi
** pope!" was the pniverfal cry; the fame
threat was repeated by the twelve bannerets or
chiefs of the quarters, in the form of charitable
advice ; fome preparations were made for burn-
ing the obftinate cardinals ; and had they cho-
ien a Tranfalpme fubjedii, it is probable that
they would never have departed alive from the
Vatican. The fame conftraint impofed the ne-
cefiity of di&mbling in the eyes of Rome and
of the world: the pride and cruelty of Urban
prefented a more inevitable danger ; and they
foon difcovered the features of the tyrant, who
could walk in his garden and recite his brevia-
ry, while he heard from an adjacent chamber
fix cardinals groaning on the rack. His inflex-
ible zeal, which loudly cenfured their luxury
and vice, would have attached them to the fla-
tions and duties of their parifhes at Rome ; and
had he not fatally delayed a new promotion*
the French cardinals would have been reduced
to an helplefs minority in the facred college.
For thefe reafons, and in the hope of repafling
the Alps, they raihly violated the peace and
unity of the church ; and the merits of their
double choice are yet agitated in the Catholic
fchools(67). The vanity, rather than the inte-
reft, of the nation determined the court and

clergy

(67) The ordinal nnmbcTB of the popes fecm to decide the qticftion
iplnA Clement VII. and Benedld XIII. who are boldly Iligma-
tifcd as anti-popes by the Italians, while the French arc content with
authorities and reafons to plead the caufc of doubt and toleratioa
(Baluz. in PrxfatA It is iingnlar, or rather it is not fing:ulax-, thiit
faints, vij&ons, and miracles, Ihould be common to both parties.

330 THE DECLINE AND FALL

clergy of France (68). The ftatcs of Savoy,
Sicily, Cyprus, Arragon, Caftille, Navarre,
and Scotland, were inclined by their example
and authority to the obedience, of Clement the
feventh, and, after his deceafe, of Benedid
the thirteenth. Rome and the principal ftates
of Italy, Germany, Portugal, England (69),
the Low Countries, and the kingdoms of the
North, adhered to the prior eledion of Urban
the fizth, who was fucceeded by Boniface the
ninth, Innocent the feventh, and Gregoiy the
twelfth.
Great From the banks of the Tyber and the Rhone,

!]? wL^ the hoftile pontiffs encountered each other with
Vd* the pen and the fword ; the civfl and ecclefiat
■37«— »4««tical order of fociety was difturbed ; and the
Romans had their ftiU Ihareof the mifchiefsof
which they may be arraigned as the primary
authors ^70). They had vainly flattered them*
felves with the hope of reftoring the feat of the
ecdefiaftical monarchy, and of relieving their
poverty with the tributes and offerings of the
Cahmities natious ; but the feparation of France and iSpain
•fRome. diverted the ftream of lucrative devotion j nor
could the lofs be compenfated by the two jubi-
lees which were crowded into the fpace of ten
years. By the avocations of the fchifm, by
foreign arms, and popular tumults. Urban
the lixth and his three fucceflbrs were often

compelled

(fit) B4l«e ftrenuouily kWurs (Not. p. ii^i— itSo.) to juftify
the pure and pious motives of Cairlet V. king of France ; he rcfufed
to hear the arguments of Urban ; but were not the Urbanifts equl-
\f deaf to the reafoni of Clement, &c. ?

(69) An cpiftle, or declamation, in the name of Edwaid III.
(Baluz. Vit. Flap. Avenion. torn. i. p. 553.) difplayi the seal of the
£ngli(h nation aninft the Clementines. Nor was their zeal confined
to words : the oifhop of Norwich led a crufade of 6ofioo bigots
beyond fea (Hume's Hiftory, vol. iii.p. 57, 58.).

(70) BeHdcs the general niftorians, the Diaries of Dclph inns Gen-
tili», Peter Actonius, and Stephen Infeffiira, in the great CoHedioo
•f Muratori, reprefenrthe ftatc and mi«fortunet of Rome.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 331

compelled to interrupt their reiidcnce in the
Vatican. The Colonna and Urfini ftill exer-
cifed their deadly feuds-: the bannerets of Rome
afferted aiid abuled the privileges of a republic :
the vicars of Chrift, who had levied a military
force, chaftifed their rebellion vi^ith the gibbet,
the fword, and the dagger ; and, in a friendly
conference, eleven deputies of the people were
perfidipufly murdered and caft into the ftreet.
Since the invaiion of Robert the Norman, the
Romans had purfued their domeftic quarrels
without the dangerous interpolition of a (Iran-
ger. But in the diforders of t^he fchifm, an af-
piring neighbour, Ladiflaus king of Naples, al-
ternately fupported Smd betrayed the pope and
the people: by the former, he was declared
gmfaloniery or general, of the church, while
the latter fubmittcd to his choice the nomina-
tion of their magiftrates. Befieging Rome by
land and water, he thrice entered the gates as a
Barbarian conqueror ; profaned the altars, vio-
lated the virgins, pillaged the merchants, per-
formed his devotion at St. Peter's, and left a
garrifon in the caftlc of St. Angclo. His arms
were fometimes unfortunate, and to a delay
of three days he was indebted for his life and
crown ; but Ladiflaus triumphed in his turn,
and it was only his premature death that could
fave the metropolis and the ecclefiaftical Hate
from the ambitious conqueror, who had affum-
ed the title, or at leaft the powers, of king of
Rome (71)-

I have

(71) lt» foppofed by Giannotic (torn. lii. p. api.) that he ftyled
himfelf Rex lUnix, a title unknown to the world fince the expnl-,
&01& of Tar^in. But a nearer infpetftion has juftiii<rd th? reading of
RexRonuB, of Rama, an obfcure kingdom annexed to the crown of
Hangary.

33» THE DECLINE AMD FALL

J^J2!?^»- I have not undertaken the ecdeiiaflical hit
^cc and tory of the fchifm ; but Rome, the obyotk of
■^•j^ tbdc laft chapters, is deeply interefted in the
*39^i4P7 difputed fucceffion of her fovereigns. The firft
counfels for the peace and union of ChrifiendcMn
arofe from the imiverfity of Paris, from the &-
culty of the Sorbonne, whofe dodors were ef-
teemed, at leaft in the Gallican church, as the
moft confummate mailers of theolc^cal fci«
* ence (72). Prudently waving all invidious en-
quiry into the origin and merits of the diipute,
they propofed, as an healing meafure, that the
two pretenders of Rome and Avignon ihould
abdicate at the fame time, after qualifying the
cardinals of the adverfe &6Uons to join in a le-
gitimate eledion ; and that the nations Ihould
fithftraS (73) their obedience, if either of the
competitors preferred his own intereft to that of
the public. At each vacancy, thefe phyficians
of the church deprecated the mifchie& of an
kafty choice ; but the policy of the conclave
and the ambition of its members were deaf to
reafon and entreaties ; and whatfoever promifes
were made, the pope could never be bound by
the oaths of the cardinal. During fifteen years,
the pacific deligns of the univerfity were eluded
by the arts of the rival pontiffs, the fcruples or
pallions of their adherents, and the viciflitudes
of French fafiions, that ruled the infanity of

Charles

(71) The leading and dccifive part which France affmned io the
fchifm, IS ftatcd hy Peter du Puis in a fcparatc hiflory, eiftra<9cd
from authentic reconin, and Infcrted in the yiith volame of the lail
and beft edition of his friend Thuanus (P. zi. p. i re-— 1 84.).

(-3) Of this meafure, John Gcrfon, a (lout dodor, was the author
vr the champion.. The proceeding's of the univerfity of Paris and
the GalHcan church were often prompted by his advice, and aic c(h>
pioBHy difplayed in his theological writings, of which I.e Clerc (Bi-
fcliotheque Choifie, tom.x. p. 1.-— 78.) has given a valuable cztraS.
Jf hn Gerfon aded an imporUnt pare in the councils of Pifa and
Conftance.

OF THE ROMAN EM;PIRE. 333

Charles the fixth. At length a vigorous refolu^^
tion was embraced ; and a folemn embafly, of
the titular patriarch of Alexandria, two arch-^
bifhops, five bifhops, five abbots, three knights,
and twenty dodlors, was fent to the courts of
Avignon and Rome, to require, in the name
of the church and king, the abdication of the
two pretenders, of Peter de Luna, who ilyled
hin[i(elf BenediA the thirteenth, ^nd of Angelo
Ck)rrario, who aflumed the name of Gregory
the twelfth. For the ancient honour of Rome,
and the fuccefs of their commiQion, the ambaC>
fadors folicited a conference with the magif-
trates of the city, whom they gratified by a po-
fitive declaration, that the moil Chriilian king
did not entertain a wifh of tranfporting the ho-
ly fee from the Vatican, which he confidered as
the genuine and proper feat of the fucccffor of
St« Peter. In the name of the fenate and peo-
ple, an eloquent Roman averted their defire to
co-operate m the union of the church, deplo-
red the temporal and fpiritual calamities of the.
long fchilm, and requefted the prote£lion of
France againfl the arms of the king of Naples.
The anfwers of Benedid and Gregory were
alike edifying and alike deceitful ; and, in eva-
ding the demand of their abdication, the two
rivals were animated by a common fpirit
They agreed on the neceffity of a previous
interview, but the time, the place, and the
manner, could never be afcertained by mutual
confent. " If the one advances,^ fays a fer-
vant of Gregory, " the other retreats ; the
" one appears an animal fearful of the land,
" the other a creature apprehenfive of the wa-
** ter. And thus for a fhort remnant of life
'* and power, will thefe aged priefls endanger

" the

3i4 THE D£GLINE AND FALL

" the peace and falvation of the Chriftiad
« world (74)."
bmmcii at ^^^ Chriftian world wsLs at length provoked
pifa, by their obftinacy and fraud : they Were defer-
A.D*i4o9.j^ by their cardinals, who embraced each
other as friends arid colleagues ; and their re-
volt wa& fupported by a numerous aflembly of
prelates and ambaffadots. With equal juftice,
the council of Pifa depofed the popes of Rome
and Avignon ; the conclave was unanitnoUs in
the choice of Alexander the fifth, and Ws V4.
Cant feat was foon filled by a fimilar ele£lidn of
John the twenty-third, tne moft profligate of
mankind. But inftead of extinguilhing the
fchifm, the raftinefs of the French and Italians
had given a third pretender to the chaif of
St. Peter. Such new claims of the fynod and
conclave were difputed : three kings, of Ger-
many, Hungary, and Naples^ adhered to the
caufe of Grdgoty the twelfth j and Benedi£l the
thirteenth, hinifelf a Spaniard, was acknow-
ledged by the devotidn and patriotifm of that
poiverful nation. The rafh proceedings of Pi-
Snibnct ^^ ^^^^ correfted by the council bf Conftance ;
A. D. * the emperor Sigifmond acted a confpicuous part
■414— M«»33 |.jj^ advocate or proteftor of the Catholic
church ; and the number and weight of civil
and ecclefiaftical members might feem to con-
Ititute the' ftatfeS general of Europe. Of the
three popes, John the twenty-third was the firft
viaim : he fled and was brought Back a prilb-
rier : the molt fcandalous charges Were fuppref-
fed ; the vicar of Chrift was only accufed of

piracy,

( 74) Leoiiardut Brnnus Aretinust one of the revivers of ckJEc learn-
ing in Italy, who, after ferving many years as fecretary in the Ro-
man court, retired to the honourable office of chancellor of the re-
Dublic of Florence (Fabric. Bibliot. medix iBvi^ torn. i. p. 1^}.
Lcn£fuirhas given the veriion of this co/ious epiiUe (Concikde Pife»
toa^. i. p. I9&*i9s0*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE* 535

piracy, murder, rape, fodoaiy, andincefi; asd
after fubfcribing his own condemnation/ he ex*
piated in prifon the imprudence of trufting hid
perfon to a free city beyond the Alps. Gregory
the twelfth, whofe obedience was reduced to
the narrow precincts of Rimini, defcended with
more honour from the throne, and his ambalTa-
dor convened the feffion, in which he renoun-
ced the title and authority of lawful pope. To
vanquifh the obftinacy of Benedi6l the thirteenth
or his adherents, the emperor in perfon under-
took a journey from Conftance to Pcrpignan.
The kings of Caftille, Arragon, Navarre, and
Scotland, obtained an equal and honourable
treaty : With the concurrence of the Spaniards,
Benedid was depofed by the council ; but the
harmlefs old man was left in a folitary caille to
excommunicate Jtwice each day the rebel king-
doms which had deferted his canfe. After thus
eradicating the remains of the fchifm, the fynod
of Conftance proceeded with flow and cau-
tious fteps, to e\e(k the fovereign of Rome and
the head of the church. On this momentous
occafion, the college of twenty-three cardinals
was fortified with thirty deputies ; fix of whom
were chofen in each of the five great nations
of Chriftendom, the Italian, the German, the
French, the Spaniih, and the Eng/j/b (75) :

the

(7 s) I cannot overlook this great natiofiial canie, vfhich was vigcf'
Touuf maintained by the Engiifn ambafiadon agamft thofe of France.
The latter contended, that Chriftendom was efientially diftribnted
into the four great nations and TOtes, of Italy, Germany, France*
and Spain; and that the leffer kingdoms ((uch as England, Denmark,
Portugal, &c.) were compreheiMed uhder one or other of theft
great diriiions. The £nglifli aflerted, that the Britiih ifiands, of
which they were the head, fliould be confidered as a fifth and co-
ordinate hadon, with an equal vote ; and every argument of troth
or fable waa introduced to exalt the dignity of their country. Inclu*
ding England, Scotland, Wales, the four kingdoms of Ireland, and
the Orknies, the Britilh iflands are decorated with eight royal crowns,
and dxfcriiniiuited by four or fite bngvages, Eaglifli, Welflt,

Comilb,

336 THE DECLINE ANf) I'ALL

the interference of ftrangers vtas fdftened by

2rtftV?^^^€^f generous preference of an Italian and a

Roman ; and the hereditary, as well 2Cs perfo-

nal, iti«rit of Otho Colonna recommetided him

to the conclave. Rome accepted with joy

and obedience the nobleft of her fons, the ec-

clefiaftical ftate was drfended by his powerful

family, and the elevation of Martin the fifth is

the sera of the reftoration and eftablilhment of

the popes in the Vatican (76).

^^ The royal prerogative of coining money, which

A.IX 1417. had been exercifed near three hundred years

^«^'" by the fenate, was frfi refumed by Martin

A.'D.i43t.the fifth (77), and his image and fuperfcription

j^ y** ^^introduce the feries of the papal medals. Of his

two immediate fucceffors, Eugenius the fourth

was the lajl pope expelled by the tumults of

the

Cornilh, Scotch, Irifh, &c. The greater iflitad frt>in north to fonth
meafures 800 miles, or 40 days jouraej ; and England akne con-
tains 3a counties, and 52,000 parifli churches, fa bold account V\ be>
fides cathedrals, colleges, priories, and hofpitah. They celebrate
the million of St. Jofeph of Arimathea, the both of Conftantine, and
the Icgantine powers of the two primates, without forgetting the tef-
timony of Bartholemy de GlattTiUe (A. D. 1360), who reckon*
•nly iour Chriftian kingdoms, 1. of Rome, a. of Conftantinople,
3. of Ireland, which had been transferred to the Engliih monarchs^
and, 4. of Spam. Onr countrymen prevailed in the council, but the
YiAoriesof Henry V. added much weight to their arguments. TIk
adverfe pleadings were found at Conftance by Sir Robert Wingfield,
. ambaflaaor from Henry VIII. to the emperor Matimitisn I. aSd by
him printed in i$i^ at LouYain. From a Leipiic MS. they are
more corredly pubhihed in the CoUeAion of Von der Hardt, torn.
Y. ; but I have only feen JLenfant's abftra& of thefe ads (Concile de
Conftance, tom. ii. p. 447. 45 3> &c*)>

(76) The hiftories of the three fucceflxve councils, Pifa, Con-
Hauce, and Bafil, have been written with a tolerable degree of cao-
dour, indullry, and elegance, by a Proteftant minifter, M. Lenfant,
who retired £rom France to Berlin. They form fix voluncies in
quarto ; and as Baiil is the worft, fo Confbance is the befb, part of
the colledion.

^77) See the xzviith DilTertation of the Aniiquitiea of MuratocH
and the ift InftruAion of the Science des MedaiUesof the Pcre Jou-
bert and the Baron de la Baftie. The Metallic Hiftory of Martin
V. and his fuccsflbrs, has been composed by two monks, Moulinet a
Frenchman, and Bonanni an Italian : but 1 undedbnd, that the firil
part of the fcrics is rcftored from more recent coias.

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE- 337

^ Roniiiri peopte (78), ad Nichobs the fifth,
thf^ lafi wMo was imporUined by th^ prefence
of a Roman emperor (79). I. The conflift ofi^^^irc^oit
Eugenio^, with the fathers of Bafil, and theA.S?"434,
^Migbt 01^ apprehenfion of a new excife, em-^^y *9— '
Itoldeaed and provoked the Romans to ufurp^"*^*
die temporal government of the chy. They
rofe in armtf, e)e£ted feven gf6vernors of the re-
public, and a conftable of the Capitol ; impri-
foned' the pope's nephew ; befieged his pdrfbn
&i the^ palace ; and ihot vollicff of arrows into
M* bark as be efcaped down the Tyber in the
hal^t of a monk. But he ftill poifefled in the
caille of St. Angelo a faithful gafrrifon and a
trato cS artilleiy : thek batteries inceffantly
thunddped on the city, and a bnllct more dex-
troofly poinfed bi«oke down the barricafde of
the bridge^, and fcattered with a fingle fhot the
Heroes of the republic. Their confta&cy was
exfaantfted by a rebellior^ of five months. Un-
der the \yi2caAy of the Ghibeline nobles, the
Wifeft patriofj^ regretted the dbminion of the
church ; and tbeir repentance ^*as unanimous
and eflfeaual. The troops of Sf. Peter again
occupied the C^pttol; the i»agiftrates departed
to theit iKMiies ; thei moflf guilty Were executed
or" exiled ; and the legate, at the head of two
ttioufaQd'fik>¥ and foui^ thm^fadd horfe, was fa-
lutted as the father of the ciiy. The fynods of
Perrara and Florence, the fear or refentment of
Eugenius, prolonged his abfaice : he was re-
Vot. XII. Z ceived

(7S) Beiiiks th« LiTei of BugeniusIV. (Rerum Italic, torn. iii. P.
u p. Z9^l and torn; xxr. p. s^^>)» ^^ Diaries of Paul Petroai and
Stephen' Infeilbia are the beft oris^Bal eridence for the revolt of the
RottUHds agidoft Eiig«niiM IV. The formiff, who lived at the time
and on- the fpot, ^aks the language of a citizen* equally afraid of
prieftly and popular tyranny.

(yp} The cofDDation'of Frederic III. is deicribed by Lenfant (Con*
die de Bslte, torn. ii. p^i;^— ^^Oi ^'^"'^ ^neas Sylvius, a fpe^ator
aod-»do# in that fplendid fcene.

338 THE DECLINE AND FALL

ccived by a fiibmiffive people ; but the pontiff
underftood from tbe acclamations of bis tri-
*iimphal entry, that to fecure their loyalty and
bis own repofe, he muft grant without delay
the abolition of the odious ezcife. IL Rome
was reftored» adorned, and enlightened, by the
peaceful reign of Nicholas the fifth. In the
midft of thefe laudable occupations, the pope
was alarmed by the approach of Frederic the
L»a coro- third of Auftria ; though his fears could not
Gamun *^ juftificd by the chara^r or the power of the
empmr. Imperial Candidate. After drawing his military
^"^^','^yj- force to the metropolis, and impofing the beft
Marchi«.'fecurity of oaths(8o)and treaties, Nicholas re-
ceived with a fmUing countenance the faithftil
advocate and vaflal of the church. So tame
were the times, fo feeble was the Auflrian, that
the pomp of his coronation was accomplished
with oidEer and harmony : but the fuperfluous
honour was fo difgracdul to an independent
nation, that his fucceflbrs have excufed them-
felves from the toilfome pi^rimage to the Vati-
can ; and reft their Imperial title on the choice
of the eleAors of Germany,
^^ra- ^ citizen has remarked, with pride and plea-
meiTof"* fure, that the king of the Romans, after fiafllng
Rome. ^^^ ^ fljgjj^ falute the cardbals and prelates
who met him at the gate, diftinguiflied tbe
drefs and perfon of the fenator of Rome ; and
in this laft farewel, the pageants of the empire
and the republic were clafped in a friendly em-
brace (8 1 ). According to the laws of Rome (8 2),

her

(8o) The oath of fidelity ioipofed on the emperor by the p<n>e» Is
recorded and lan^ified in the Clemeotino (1. ii. tit. is.); and Aneas
Sylvius, who objed^t to this new demand, could not fortCBt, that io
a few years he fliould afcend the throne, and imbibe the maaims, of
Bonifiice VIII.

(8i ) Lo fenatore di Roma, veftito dt brocirto con queUabcrQtta, e
ron <]\ic2Je manicbf, et omamcnti di peUe, co* aualt vm alle feftedi

^ Tcftacc*

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE* 339

her firft magiftrate was required to be a dodor
of laws, an alien, of a place at lead forty
miles from the city ; widi whofe inhabitants he
muft not be connected in the third canonical
degree of blood or alliance* The eledion was
annual : a fevere fcrutiny was inftituted into the
conduA of the departing fenator ; nor could he
be recalled to the fame office till after the ezpi*
ration of two years. A liberal falary of three
thouiand florins was afligned for his expenoi
and reward ; and hb public appearance ro»
prefented the majefty of the republic. His robes
were of gold brocade or crimfon velvet, or in
the fummer feafon of a lighter filk ; he bore in
his hand an ivory fceptre ; the found o£ trumpets
announced his approach ; and his folemn ileps
were preceded at leaft by four liflors or attbn*
dants, whofe red wands were enveloped with
bands or dreamers of the golden colour or li-
veij of the city. His oath in the Capitol pro^
claims his right and duty, to obferve and aJTert
the laws, to control the proud, to proted the
poor, and to exercife juftice and mercy withm
the extent of bis jurimidlion. In thefe ufefiil
fun£lions he was aflifted by three learned ftran-'
gers ; the two collaterals, and the judge of cri-
minal appeals: their frequent trials of robbe-
Ties, rapes, and murders, are attefted by the
laws ; and the weaknefs of thefe laws connives
at the licentiouinefs oi private feuds and armed
afibciations for mutual defence. But the fena**
tor was confined to the adminiftration of juf-
Z t tice:

Teftacdo e Kag<me, sntght efcape the qrc of JEocm Svlvius, bat he
u viewed with admiration and complacency by the Roman clticen
(Diario di Stcphano Infcffun* p. 1 1330*

(8%) See in the fiatutet of kome» thtfeuahr and tbrnjudga (1. u
€• 9^I4.)« theai|/^rw«/«rr(l. uc. t$^ \€^ vfA,m,c 4.), ^captrmi
IL i. c. 1 1. 1. iii. c. t.), the fecrei ematii (1. iii. c. 2.), the amwun tmmcH
CL iii. c. 3.). The title dfiwdt^ dffiamaiy •H*4 viaUmtt, Scc« 11 fytud

WMgh maoj a chapter (c i^ryp-) of the lecondbooL

340 THE DECLINE AND FALL

tice: tbeCafitoU thfs treafory, and the gavecal
ipent o£ the city an4 ^^ territocy were eotrafted
to the. three amfimxxtots^ whp \Kere changed four
times in eacb year.: the milifibt of the thirteen
zegiona afibmbkd under the banners of their
iei)pe&tve chie&> or caporioni; and the firftoC
thefewas dilHnguifhed by the name and dignity
o£; the priw. The popular, l^fflature coniiibed
of the fecret and the common councils of the
Romans. The fbrnngr was compofi^ of the
magiftrates and their immediate predeceffi>rs>
with fome fifcal and legal o$cers, and thre^
clafies of thirt^n^ twenty^fiz, iindifbi^, coun-
iellors; amounting \xi the whole to. about one
hundred' and twenty pecfop& I^ thecominon
council rail male citizens, had, a light to vote-;
and the value o£ their privilege was enhanced
bj the qaite with whiclt auy« foreigners were
prevented ffom ufurpingthe tide andchara^er
of Romans. The* tumultof a* democracy was
checked 'by wife and .jealous ppeqautions: es-
cept the magtilrates, ]:K)ne could ppopo& a ^uei-
tion ; none were, permitted to fpeak^ except
fiom an. open pulpit or tribunal ; all difoFderiy
acclamations were ftrppreffed -; the fenfeof the
majority was decided by a fecret ballot; and
their decrees were pxpmulgated* in- ^* vene-
rable nameof the^ Roman fenate and people*
It. would not* be eafy to affign a period in
whklt this theoiy of gOYernment has been re-
duced to accurate and conftant prafltee, iince
the eftabliihment of order has beesK gradually-
conneAed with the decay of liberty. But in
the year one thoufand five hundred and eighty,
the, ancient; ftatutes were, coUeficd, m^hodifed
in three books, and adapted to prefentnfe| un-
' der. the pomificafc;,. afld with, thfi; apprqbatioo^.

* of

Ot THE I^OMAN feJtPIRg. 34k

dF Gregory Ate thirtecBkh (83) : thii civil attd
ciimlnal €0<fe fo th6 AiadSW liti(r df the dt)r ;
aadi» if the popular afleniblft fcave Bcfeii abo-
lUhed) a ft»ei|tt fenator, Ti'ith tBc three tonfet-
vAtors, ftiil ifelided in the palade bF the Ca-
ffitdl (84.). The pblicy of the CdsTafs has been
repeated by the J)opcs ; arid the bMhop of Rome
afiefted to ita^ihtaiil Ihfe fortn of a republic,
U-hile be retferied with Ih^ abfolute poweis of a
tertijtoral, ife Wdl as fpirittial, monarch.

It Is ail bbvioU^ truth, thit the timed ^J^ftof"?!?^^
hfe fuitdd to eSttaotdiuaiy ch4ra6krs, and thiiA.v!^^,
the genius df Cromwell br RfetE ffiig^ht now tx-^^"^ ^'
pile in obfcurity. The poUtitrsll enthiifiifm df
Rlenzi bdd e&akfed hiiti to a throne ; the famb
enthufiafm, in the tiext eentliry, cohdii£led his
imitator to the gallb^^s. Tlife birth of Stephfeti
Porcaro wiis noble, his teputatioii (jx>tlefs ; Ms
tongue ^as sirthed with eloquence, his miiiSi
ivas enlightened With leaniing; and he afpired,
beyobd tbfe airft of vulgar adibftiori, to free
his coiinti-y *fld iriiiiiortalife his iiame. The dcf-
minion of prifeftd is moft odious to a libera!
^irit : cv^y fcruple wis removed by the itcfenfc
knowledge ctf thfc febte arid fcr^ry of Gbnftan-
tine's dbnaltion ; Peitarth was now the orstd^
of the Italfams; and as often as Porcaro re-
volved the ode which dcfcribes the patriot aiid
ti6roof Rome, be applied to htmlelf iht vi&tixA

.(•3) StdM4 tlmm .Ufkit Mtm^ AuBtriliU S, D. M GngirX Stni;
#Vv/. Max. a ^^Mit/i hfmU^ Rm, r^ermata ft fd/ta. RoHuf. *S9^h 'i
Mh. Tht obfelctc, rtpignint ftatntw of antimrity, ^crf <»hft)uhdcd
m ive books, and JL.aca« Pafctqa, a lawyer and ant^iiartab, '^U ai^«
pointed to ad as the mpdeni Triboniao. Yet 1 regret the old coae»
^th the rucnred craft of freedom and bkrharifih.

riuUe,

ble Swe<.^, r J - \ ' " ^

to apboint the fenator and die coqffairstor is implied, rather than a^
£imcd, in the Sutiites.

/"

54S THE DECLINE AND fALl.

of tlie prophetic bai^. His firft trial of the
popular fieeling« was at th^ 4iner«U pf fugenius
the fourth: in an elaborate fpeech he called
^ Romans to liberty and arms ; and they lif-
tened with apparent pleafure, till Porcaro was
^ interrupted and anfwfired by a grave advocate,

who pleaded for the church apd i{?te. By
eveiy law tlje feditipus orator wa§ guilty of
tr^pn ; but the benevolence pf the new pon-
tiff; who viewed his chara^er with pi^ an<I
efteemi attempted by ap honourable office to
convert the jpatriot into a fiifnd« The inflexi-
ble Roman returned fit>m Aoagni with an en-
creafe of reputation and zeal ; and, on the firft
opportunity, the games of the place Ifavona,
he tried to inflame the cafual dujpute pf fome
boys and mechanics into a general rifing of the
people* Yet the humane Nicholas was ilill
averle to accept ^e forfeit of hi? lifl? ; and the
traitor was removed f^om the f<:ene of tempta-
tion to Bologna^ with a liberal allpwance for
Ills fuppor^, and the eafv obligation of prefent-
ing hixnfelf each day before the governor of
the dty/ But Porcaro had learned from the
younger Brufus, that with tyrants no faith or
l^ratitude Ihould be obferved : the exile declaim*
ed againft the iarbitrary fentence ; a party and
ia compiracy was gradually fonned ; his nephew,
a daring youth^ aflembled a band of volunteers;
and on the appoint^ evening a ifeail was pre-
jpared at his houfe for the friends of the re-

gbUc. * Thdr' leader, who had efcaped from
dogna, ap)>eared among them in a robe of
purple and gold : hb voice, his countenance, his^
geftures, befpoke the man who had devoted his
Sfe or death to the glorious caufe* In a ftudied
<)irati6n, he expatiated on the motives and the
means of their enterprife : the name and liber^

— tie^

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 343

ties of Rome ; the flodi and prkk of tbeir ec-
clefiaftical tyrants ; the aftive or paflive confent
of tbeir fellow-dtizens; three huDdred foldiers,
and four hundred exiles, long ezercifed in arms
or in wrongs ; the licence of revenge to edge
Aieir fwords, and a million of ducats to reward
their vidlory. It would be eafy (he faid), on
the next day, the feftival of the Epiphany, to
feize the pope and his cardinals before the doors,
or at the altar, of St. Peter's ; to lead them in
chains under the walls of St. Angdo ; lo extort
by the threat of their inftant death a furrender
of the caftle ; to afoend the vacant Capto! ; to
ring the alarm-bell ; and to reflore in a popular
aflembly the ancient republic of Rome. While #

he triumphed, he was already betrayed. The
fenator, with a ftrong guard, invefled the houfe:
the nephew of Porcaro cut bis way through the
crowd ; but the unfortunate Stephen was drawn
from a cbeft, lamenting that ms enemies had
anticipated by three hours the execution of his
defign. After fach manifell and rei)eated guilt,
even the mercy of Nicholas was lilent. Por-
caro, and nine o( his accomplices, were hanged
without the benefit of the iacraments ; and
amidft the fears and invectives of the papal
court, the Romans pitied, and almoft applaud-
ed, thcfe martyrs of their country (85). But
their applaufe was mute, t^eir pity ineffefhial,

their

(8$) Bcfidet the oirious though concife namtivc of Machlavel
(Iftorii Fiorenttna, 1. vi. Opcrc, torn. i. p. no, n i. edit. JLondra,
>747* ui 4tQ), the Porcarian confpincy ii related in the Diary of
Stephen Infeffiira (Rer. Ita]|toni. lix. P. ii. p. 1134, ii35.)» »n<i in a
feparate trad hy Leo Baptifta Albert! (Rer. Ital. torn. xzv. p. 609—
614.)* It is amofing to compare the ftyle and fentiments of the
centtierand citizen. Facinus jnofeAo ^p .... neqne periculo hor^
nbiftiis, nci|tte audacia deteftabilins, neaue qrndelitate tttxiw^ a quo*
«iuin perdttiffimo ofpiam excogitatum iit . . . . Perdette la vita quell*
uompdahene, e amatoredeflohcne et libprta di Koma.

344 THE DECUUIt AND FAtt

tbeir Ubinty for ever eirtioA ; {iBd^ if they b?vfi
fince rifen in a vacancy of the throne f»r 9 fcar^
city of bread, fuch accidental itniBiilts inay he
found in the bofom pf the naioft abjied fervi-
tude.
Lift difor- But the independence of the nobles, which
nobiefor was fomented by difcord, furvived the freedom
Rome, of the commons, which nmft be ^^pd in
union. A privilege of rafnne and oppreflion
wa3 long maintained by the bgr^^s of Rome ;
their houfes were a for(re6 and a f^ifi^u^ry :
and the ferocious train of banditti anci fsriinipaU
whom they prote&ed from the law, repaid the
hofpitality with the fibrvicp of their fwords and
daggers. The private iutereft pf the pontiffs,
or their nephews, fometimes involved them in
thefe domeftic feuds. jJuder the reign of Sixtu^
the fourth, Rome was diftra^iM by ihf battle^
and fieges of the rival houfes : after the confla-
gration of his palace, the protonotary Colamui
was tortured and beheaded; and S^^velli, his
captive friend, was murdered qn t^e fpot^^ ^r
r^mfing to join in the acclamation; of the vic-
torious Urimi (86). But the popes np longer
trembled in the Vatican : they had ftrength to
command, if the^ had refolution to cUi^» the
obedience of their fubje6is ; and the (Irangen,
who obferved thefe partial diforder^ admired
^heeafy taxes and ^ wife adminilhatio^ of the
ccclefiaftical ftate(87).

The

(86) The ^iforders of Rome, which were much inibned hf tiM
partiality of Sixtus IV. are cxpofed in the Diaricq of two IpedatM,
htcphcn Infeflura, and an anonymons citizen. See the trouUM w
the yean 1484, aji4 the death ot the protonotary Colonoa, ia tosu
iii. P. iijp. 1083. 1158.

^87) £$ toute la terre de I'eglife trouUee poar cette partiality (det
Colooneset des Urfins), come nous dirions Luce et Oramsnont, otfeo
Hollande Houc et Caballan ; et quand ce ne feroit ce £fferend k terre
de Teglife feroit U plus heureufc habitatioo pour lea fujets, <jiii loie

dmoa

OF Tja* ROMAmMPIRE. 345

Tfce fetiitual tbnnders of the Vatican ^cp^od^* P^^
on the toT€^ c£ opinioQ : and, if that opiQ]on^?o£ttd<^
be fi^pliint^ by reafon pr paiSion, the found JJ^~'^*'^
may idly wjdte itfelf i|i tbe air j and the helplcfsAtSMsoo,
prieft 13. eipofed to the brotal violeoce of a**^-
noble or jAeb^an adverfary. But after their
preturn from Avignon, the keys pf St. Peter were
guarded by the fword of St. Paul. Rome was
commanded by an impregnable citadel ; the ufe
of cannon is a poweiiul engine 9gainft popular
feditions : a regular Iprce of cavalry and iufkn-
tty was enlifted under the banners of the pope:
his ample revenues fuppliad the refonrces of
war; and, from the extent of his domain^ be
could Imog down on a rebellious city an army
of hoftile Mighbours and loyal fubje£is (88).
Since the union of the dutchies of Ferrara and
Urbino, the ecckfiaftical (late extends from the
Mediterranean to the Adriatic, and from the
confinea of Kaplea to the bauks of the Po ;
and as early aa the iiieteenth century, the greats
part of that fpacious apd fruitful country ac-
knowledged the lawfttl claims as^d temporal fo-
vereignty of the Roman pontiffs. Their claims
were readily deduced from the genuine, or fa-
bulous, donations of the darker ages : the fucr
jceffive fleps of their fiaal lettlement would en-
gage us too far in the tranfa&icHis of Italy, and
i^vcn of Europe ; the crimes of Akzander the

fixth.

tes t««t Ic tutwU (cu ik iic|wqr«9t m tuMw oi ffoeret antra
€^f««)« et ^«ieM toii|goii«« b^ cooNiuits (car toujourtlttpapc* foat
£i0et<t hkxk cQsifiiUffs); vm» tr«t fonve^t ci^ a4vi€Dt de graads ct
cfvcU meortrn ct pi^cciea.

C»3) iy Uw ««o«pmy of $u«U* V. the rrf enuc of the ecckfijiftkal
ftate was raifed to two millions and a half o£ Ro9ian cmwnt (Vita,
tom.u.p. %Sih — •9^-)> ^^^ ibrmiarwaathe nulitaryeftablUlunent,
Uatia one SMnjbh Ckmoit VinTccDld. invade the dachjc of FerrMa
with three tboitfiiDd horfia a«d twenty tbouiaod foot (torn, iii, p. 64^}.
Since U^t time (A* IX isy70> the papal ama are happilj zvAeds hvt
the rcTcnue mull have gained fome nominal encreale.

346 THE DECLINE AND FALL

fixtb, the martial operarticMis of Julias the fe-
oond, and the libetal poliq^ of Leo the tenth,
a theme which has been adorned by the pens of
the nobleft hiftorians of the times (89). In the
firft period of their conquefts, till the expedition
of Charles the eighth, the popes might fucceff-
fiilly wreftle with the adjacent princes and
ftates, whole military force was equal, or infe-
lior, to their* own. But as foon as the mo-
narchs of France, GSermanv, and Spain, con-
tended widi gigantic arms n>r the dominion of
Italy, they fupplied with art the deficiency of
ftrength ; and concealed, in a labyrinth of wars
and treaties, their afpiring views, and the im*
IQOfUl hone of chaong the Barbarians beyond
the Alps. The nice balance of the Vatican was
often fttbverted by the foldiers of the North and
Weft, who were united under the fiandard of
Charles the fifth : the fi^eble and fluSuatiiig po-
licy of Clement the feventh ezpofed his perfoa
and dominions to the conqueror ; and Rome
was abandoned feven montl» to a lawlefs army,
more cruel and rapacious than the Goths and
Vandals (90). After this fe vere leffi>n, the popes
contra£led their ambition, which was almoft
fatisfied, refumed the cbaraAer of a common
parent, and abftained from all offenfive hoftir
titles except in an hafty quarrel, when the vicar
^ Ghrift and the Turldm fultan were armed

. d(

(M Move efpecudly by OmcdaHitti Bad Mschiavel ; in the gcne^
nl hiAorf of the former^ m tlK Vkccntiiie ha&orj^ die Ptiace, aiid
th^ poUtical difoomfte ot the latter. Thefe, with their worthy fnc-
eeffon, FrapPaolo and Devih, were juftly efteemed the firft hsftorunt
«f modem kagii«m» till, in the pitleat age, Scotland arofe, to dif-
pvte the prise witti Itahr hcrfeil^

irtth^t heUft fewpIo, aa fci^ld icarccly hope to reach the conchifioii
of ny wwIl

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 347

at the iame time agaiaft 4» kis^om of Na-
ples (91). The French and Germans at length
withdrew ftom the field <rf battle ; Milan, Na-
ples, SicUy, Szx&snaL, and the fea-coaft of Tut
cany, were fiindv poffefled by the Spaniards ;
and it becane ttieir intereft to maintain the
peace and dependence of Italy, which continued
almofi without diihirbance ^om the middle of
the fixteenth to the opening of the eighteenth
century. The Vatican was fwayed and pro-
teded by the religious policy 0/ the Catholic
king : his prejudice and mteieft difpofed Mm m
every difpute to fupport the prince againft the
people ; and inftead of the encouragement, the
aid, and the afylum, which they obtained fiom
the adjacent fiates, thefiriendsof liberty, or the
enemies of law, were enclofed on all fides within
the iron circle of defpotifm. Tb^c long habits
. of obedience and education fubdued the turbu-
lent fpiric of the nobles and commons of Rome.
The barons forgot the arms and famous of
their anceftors, and infenfibly became the fer-
vants of luxmy and governmept. Inftead of
mamtaining a crowd of tenants and follower,
the produce of theis eftates was confumed in
the private expences, which multiply the plea-
&res, and diminifh the power, of the lord (92).
The Colonna and Urfini vied with each other
in the decoration of their palaces and chapels;
and their antique fplendour was rivalled or fur-

paffed

(91) The ambitions m^ feeble hoftOities of the Caraffa pope, Pftul
IV. may be fecn in Thuanut(l. xvi— xviiiA and Giannone (torn, itb
p. 149— 1^3*)' Thefe Catholic btgoti, nulipll. and the duke of
Alva, prefumcd to feparate the Roman prince from the vicar o£
Chrift : yet the holy cftarader, which woiud have fimdified his vie*
tory, was decently applied to proted his defeat.

(9ft) This gradual change of manners and expence* is admirably
explained by l)r. Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations, voL i. p. 495-*
(04.), who proves, perhaps too leverely, that the m^ lalutary effedt
juve flowed froxa the fficaceft and moft felfiih cavfiss.

34S THE DECLINE AND FALL

. pafled by the fadden c^pukaoe <tf die {m^ &.
milies. In Rome the voice of freedom and
diicord is no looger he$r4 ; afid» inftead of the
foaming torrent, a fmooth and ftagnant lake re-
fle£b the image of idlene& and fervitude.
T^ciefi. A Chriftian, a philofopher (93), and a pa-
vemmem! ^lo^s ^^I ^ equally famdaliEod by the tem-
poral kingdom of the clergy \ and the local
majefty of Rome, the remembrance erf* her cc»k
fuls and triumj^, mny feem to embitter the
fenfe, and aggravate the ihume, of her fluvery.
If we calmly weigh the merits and defe6ls of
the eccleiiaftical govenmient, it may be praiied
in its piefent ftate as a mild^ decent, and tran->
quil fyftem, exempt from the dangers of a mi-
nority, the failles of youth, the expenses of
luxury, and the calamities of war* But thefe
advantages are overbalanced by a frequent,
perhaps a feptennial, election of a fovereign, ,
who IS feldoffl a native <£ the country : the
reign of a yUfff^L ftatefinan of threefcore, in the
decline of his life and abilities, without hope
to accomplifh, and without children to inherit,
the labours of bis traniitoty reign. The fuc«
cefsful candidate is drawn from the church,
and even the convent ; from the BKxle of edu«
cation and life the moft advetfe to reafon, hu-
manity, and freedom. In the trammels of fer-
yile faith,, he has learned to believe beCaufe it
is abfurd, to revere all that is comemptiUe,
a»d to defpife whatever might deferve the ef-
teem of a rational being ; to puniQi error as a
crime, to reward mor^caifion and celibacy, as
the firft of virtues ; to place dte iaints of the

kaiendar

(9>) Mc; Home (HHt of XmM, iroi. i. p. ^ly-ytoo ksftily cott^
mac*, tlMit if the civil aAdecdnaftithk poirtii be unittd in drefioK
MrfbiVkisof Ihtfe flmttfUtwlMdnrkclMftyiedpRKtor prdtto,
iiiioe the tempwal dUtMdcf i«UI ilwfeyt prrdwimtr*

OP THE ItOMAN EMPIRE. 34>

kdlendar (94) above tfee heroes of Rome and
the fages of Athens ; and to coniidcr the miffal;
or tbe cracifix, *as more ufeful inftrumems than
the plough or the Ibom. In the ofifice of mmcio,
or the rank of cardinal^ he may acquire fome
knowledge of the worid,.but the primitive ftain
will adh^e to his mind an^ manners; from
ihidy and experience he m^ fufpeA the myftenr
of ms profeifipn ; but the lacerdotal artift will
imbibe foqae portion of the bigotry which be
inculcates. The. genius, of Sixtus the fifth (95)
burft frojn the glo.om of a Francifcan cloifter.
In a reign of five yeajs, he e;sterminated the
outlaws and banditti, abolifhed'the^2^i»^fanc-S«tti»^.

tuaries of Rome {g6), formed a naval and mili-i^Sj.is^
tary force, reftored and. emulated the monu-
ments of aotiqpityi^ and afi:er a liberal ulb andr
large encreafe of the revenue, left five millions
of crownss in thie caiUe of St A0g<^. Bitf has.
juftice wa3 Iulli<;d.. with cruelty, iSi adlivity was:
pcoiHpte4 by. the an^ion of conqueft ; aften
his deceafp, th^. abufes xeyivcij the treaiiire

war

(94) A.prA^^mim«r diid«ui..t]|Q:iiiliftc6h|i«pKfieceBCs:x>£ 8tk.
Francis or St. Dominic, but he will nBtt'tfMjaaAamn Hn sod^'Orx
})i4fm^t.o(.rS)i¥QNkyv wh«> pliicei.tlmftatacttffttbe aaaO^. Su Pib*
te«.aQ(i St. P^W» oA'thfi^TACintcfiimnit Q£:Tn]a&xaB<i Aatoniiia

(9$) A waAdsnoeltaUan* Gregon^ JUti, hipft.giiMii: the .Vita di
SiiLoKQewtP.<A»Aa^ a?&i* ^r^ioin&oV a ccfwMisand'iinttfing
work, but which does,, not- command ovc-abfolute confidcMT^ Yet
tlm 4]««»^^ii»f^ th«k.mw,. and the firiocipal hOkB^ aie fappqrMd )tf
thi^Ano9ji$*oi SpQ0daima«4.Mtirttoxi(A< P. i$8^*-f59o> andthe
co9t/cmfQr9tf:hif^^ ^' «hc great TimapM.(L hcou. c. i^ s.:L JsmxT .
c. 10. Lc. c. 8.).

(^ The£iLratTUe|:ed{>bBtt» t}»jqaartuh Atfi^af^^ wwradop|-
ed from the Roman nohic^hf thcfoKignjansiftttn. JuUtia.lI.iiad
once.aboUftcd.tha.abamiaodum.et dafftaadwafi^mcfaitiammhajuf*
modi nomen ; and after Sixtus V. they again revived. I camiocidtf-
cam eitbecthe joiBcfi^ormagBiiiimitfof Loa«a.XiV« who in^d^T
fcnt his amhaffador, the marquis de Lavasdi|), to Rmne, with an
armed fqrceiof-a thoulind^mcerst guasis^andxlomeftia^taanait-
tain this iniquitous claim, and infult pope Innocent XI. 'in the heart
of his capital (Vita dijSitto V. torn* iu. ^.260^^7^ Maraton, A^-
nali d'ltalia, tom. xv. p. 494—4^. and Voltaire, Siede-de X^ w iiXlV.
torn. iL c# 14. p. s'> 59)'

350 THE DECLINE AND FALL

was diffipated ; be entubd on poOerity tMrtyv
five new taxes and the venality of offices ; aad>
after his death, hi^ ftatue was dCmolifhed by au
ungratefuU or an injured, people (97). The
wild and original charaSer of oiztus the fiftti
fiands alone in the feries of the pontiffs: the
maxims and efie£ts of their temporal govern-
ment may be colleded fix>m the pofitive and
comparative view of the arts and philofophy,
the agriculture and trade, the wealth and pcnpu-
lation, of the ecdefiaftical fiatew Tot mpei£,
it is my wifh to depart in charity mA all man*
kind ; nor am I wflHng^ in t)iefe laft mo-
ments, to oBbad even the pope and cletgy of
Rome (98).

(97) Thttoutfigt prodMed a decree, which was Inlcribed on mir-
Ue, and placed ia Um Capita. It it eiprelled in a ftjle of manly
fimpUdtf and freedom : Si quit, five privatut, £▼• magiftratam ge-
rent de c olto c an d lwui pontifid ibtua mentiottem lacere anfit, legitimo
S. P. Qj^it. deci«t# in perpctuum infiunit et nublicenim nmodum
CKpcn efto. MDXC. mcsfe Angufto (Vita di Siftd V. torn. tii. p.
4iS9.)* 1 bdlcve that this decree It ftill oblerfed, and I know that
fTccymosarch who defcrret a ftatoe, Ihonld himfdf impofe the pro-
iibition.

' (98) The htftoriea of die church, Italf and ChriftcadoBi, hav« coo-

triraied to the chapter which i now condude. In the original livea

of the Fopea, we often difcovw the dt^ and reptrf>Uc of Rome ; and

die crenta of the t4th and i$th centunet are preferred in the mde

and domeftic chronicka %faich I have careintlf infpeaed, and Ihril

ncapitahfee in the order of time.

a. MonaMffrhi (Ladodd Boneomitift) Fngmcnta Annalintt IUi«

man. A*D. 131$, in the Scriptoret Rcrum Itaficarmn of M»>

niori» torn. zii. p. ^tf. R 0. The credit of tldt fragment ia

femewhat hnrt by a iinfttUr interpohdoii* ia which the anthor

ic]atetA«#«aiMi^attheageof fi^yean.

«• ftigmeau Hiftoria Romans (^Igo Themnt Fordlioecft), in

RomMiaDlaleAoviilgari(A.D. 1317— 1 {$4, in Mufatori, An«
dqnitat. aedii JM Italiatt tom. iii. p. M?— $490 < the authentic
noand-work of the hiibny of Riensi.

3. Detohini (Oentilit) Diariom Romanvm(A. D. i|70— i4to)» in
thefUrum Italicarmn, torn. iii. P. ii. p. %4/S.

4. Antonti (Petri) Dmrmm Roou (A. JK t^^i^ij^tj,)^ torn. !&▼•

|4 Petroni (Pinli) MMceUanea Ififtorica Romaoa (A. D. 1431—^

14^), toou niT. p. t loi.
tf.VclatemHil(Jaooh.)t)iatiamRiNa. (A.D. 1471— 1484), torn.

niili p. ti.
7* Anonyma Dtarhm Uihit Rons (A. D. 1481—1491), torn. iii.

P.aLn.io6f.

•J

OF TH£ ROMAN EMPIRE. 351

8. Inleffnrs (Stephuii) Diariimi Roouumm (A; D. 1194^ or ijft
— 1494.)> torn. iii.P.ii. 1109.

9. Hiftoria Arcana (Alexandri VI. fiTe Exceq»ta cm Diario Toh.
Burcardi (A.D. I49«— 1 $03), ediu a Godefr. Gulxelm. Leibiusi9y
Hancyvcr, 1^97, in Ato. llie large and Taluable Journal of Bur*
card might De completed from the MSS. in different librarict of
Italj and Prance (M. de Foncemagne, in tho Memoirefl de TAcmI.
det Infcript. tom.jnrii. o. 597->tfdd.).

Escqpt the laft, all thefe fragments and diaries are in&rted in the
Collodions of Moratori, my guide and mailer in the hiftory of Italx.
His eountry, and the public, are indebted to him for the following
works on that fiib}«^ : >• t^ertm Itaitmmm 3trt^m-et (A. V. Coo-*
I SoO)» qMtrmm ptttjpatapan nmuc firwuim h iucem firtdit, ftc. xxviii. vols:
anfeao» Milan, 1713—1738. 1751* A volomeof chronological and
alphabetical tables is ftill wantinj^ as a key to this jp-eat worlL which
ir yet in a diibrderly and defcdive ftate. %. Amtiquitatts Italtit meJii
iffW, Ti Tols. in fblio» Milan, 1731—1743, in hat curious dilata-
tions on the manners, government, religion, Ace. of the Italians of
the daiker ages, with a laige fuppiement of charters, chronicles, &c«
3. Difimatkaiftpra le jintieStid Itafiane, iii vols, in 4to, Milano, 1751, n
fcee Terfion by tne author, which may be quoted with the fame con-
fidence as the Latin text of the Antiquities^ 4. Annali d'luUa^ xviii
Tola, iaoftavo, Milan, i7S3*— >7S^> * <h7f though accurate andu&-
fill, abridgement of the hiftory of Italr from the birth (tf Chrift to
the middle of the 1 8th century. $. Dtk Antichith Efienfi ei U^m^ U
vols, in folio, Modena, 1717. 1740. In the hiftor^r of this illuftrious
race, the parent of oar Brunfwick kings, the critic is not fedoced
by the byalty or gratitude of the fobjed. In all hts worits, Muratori
ajpproves himfelf a diligent and laborious writer, who afpires above
Uie prejudices of a Catholic prieft. He was bom in the vear 1^79 »
anil died in the year 1750, after pofling near fixty ^ars in the hbrarica
of Milan and Modena (Viu del Propofto Ludovico Antonio Mora*
tori, by his nephew and fucceffor Oian. Fraa^cefco Soil Murmti^
VcBCiia, 1756, in4to.). ,

CHAF.

351 THE DECLINE Alfl) FAIL

CHAP. LXXL

hro^ea of the Rma of Rome m the F^eentb
Century.^Four Caufes ^ Decay and Iiefiru>
tion. — Exm^e of the CoHfcuftt.^^Re P A Mi^y ef
the Cby.-^Com/uJmqfiJ^uiokWbrk.

^twfe^of I N the laft days of pope Eugenius die fourth

froStSi ^^^ ^^ ^^ fervants, the leamed Poggius (i)

ca^toUnc aod a friend, afceoded the Capitoline hill ;

fj^ , lepofed thcmlelves among the ruins of co-

"^"""^kimns and temples; and viewed W tbac

commanding fpot the wide and various prof-

pea of defolation (2). The place and the ob-

je£k gave ample fcope for moraliiing on the

vicifiBtudes of fortune, which fpares neither man

nor the proudeft of his works, which buries

empires and cities in a common grave ; and it

was agreed, that in proportion to her former

greatnefs, the fall ot Rome was the more aw-

nil and deplorable. '^ Her primaeval ftate,

^ fuch as me might appear in a remote age,

•* when Evander entertained the ftranger of

** Troy (3), has been delineated by the fancy

** of

(1) I h&Te alremdf (not. so, $1. ob chap. 5$.) mentioned the age,
chancer, and writlnn of Poggius ; and particiuarly noticed the date
of thift dcsuit monlledfciire on the ^rarietiet of fortune.

^i^ Comedtmiit in ipfis Tarpeix ards roinis, pone inrais portae
cnjiudaniy ut pnto, templi, marmoreum limen, plurinuJqae pailhn
jConfraAas colnmnat, juide magna ez parte profpe^iu orbis patet
(P- SO-

(3) iBndd viii. 97—3^9. This ancient piAnre, fo artfolly intro-
diiied» and Jh exouifitely fini(hed, muft have been higMf interefting
to an inhabitant of Rome ; and onr early fiudies allow w to fympa-
thtfc in the feelingi of a Romaii.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 355

'^ of VirgiK This Tarpdan rock was then a
*^ favage and iblitary thickets in the time of
" the poet, it was crowned with the golden
^< roofs of a temple ; the temple is overthrown,
'' the gold has been pillaged, the wheel of
*' fortune has accomplimed her revolution, and
<^ the facred ground is again disfigured with
*' thorns and brambles.- The hill of the Ca-
" pitol, on which we fit, was formerly the
<^ Lead of the Roman empire, the citadel of
'* the earth, the terror of kings ; illuftrated by j

'^ the fix>tfteps of to manv triumphs, enriched
<< with the fpoils and . trioutes of fo many na«
«' tions. This fpeflade of the world, how is
*' it &llen ! iiow changed ! how defaml ! the
** path of viftory is obliterated by vines, and
*' the benches of the fenators are concealed
" by a dunghill. Call your eyes on the Pala-
'< tine hill, and feek among the fhapelefs and
** enormous fragments, the marble theatre, the
*' obelifk, the colofial flatues, the porticoes of
** Nero*s palace : furvey the other bills of the
" city, the vacant fpace is interrupted only by
<< ruins and gardens. The forum of the Ro-
«' man people, where they aflembled to enadl
** their taws and ele£l their magiftrates, is now
<« eiiclofed for the cultivation of pot-herbs, or
*' thrown open for the reception of fwine and
« buffaloes* The public and private edifices,
*^ that were foundal for eternity, lie proftrate,
<< naked, and broken, like the limbs of a migh«-
<< ty giant ; and the ruin is the more vifible,
*^ from the ftupendous relics that have furvived
*• the injuries of time and fortune (4).'*
Vol- XU. A a Thefe

(4) CapitoliiUD adeo .... immuutum tit Tines in fenatdiami Tub-
feluftfncceflerint, &€tcanm mc purgunentorum receptnculum iaftum.
Relpice ad PaUdnuin mentem .... vafta ruden .... cctcrot collet
petiidftra oointa ▼acui sdificiit, ruinis TuieUqae oppleU confpiciet
(Poggius de Varieut. Fortona, p. ai.}*

354 I'HE Decline and fall

w»^]^ iTiefe relics ^it mhititd^ defcnbed by Pog-
^^ ^ius^ one of the firft mv}m raifed his eyes from
the monument of leg^todaty, totbofe of claflic,
fuperftition (5), I. Befides a bildgc,^n arch>
a fepulchVe, ^nd the pyr^taid of Ocftkis, he
could difcem, of thre age tff the fej^blic^ a
dotbfe row 6f vatihfi in the falt-offite of the Ca-
pitol, which Xi^cte infcribed With th^ name and
manificence of Catulu^. 2. EkV^n temples
were vlfibte in ioYM degree, frOmthe pferfeft form
of the Panthtofi, to the thtee arches and a ihar-
Ible column of the temple of peace, whidi Vef-
"]p^fian ercd^ed aftet the civil wars aiu) t^e Jewiiii
kriumph. 3, Of fhc number, \;t^fch he rafiily
defiiies, of feven theYmet or )publ?c batfcs, none
were fufficiently entire to repitfent the ufe and
diftribulion of the feVeral p^tt^ j bdt thoft of
Diocletian and Antoninus Gaf^ealla ftill rt^rain-
ed the titles of the foundere, and ^ftonifhed the
curioiis fpe6iatof, Avho, in obfetvJng thek foli-
dity and extent, the vii'riety of 'maA^tes, the fizc
and multitude ot the Columns, c&m^red the la-
bour and e^tpence w5th the ufe and im\)6rtatice.
Of the baths ol Conftanttne, 6^" Alej^aiidet;, of
Domitikn, or rather jof Titite, fotne veftige
might yet be found. 4, The tritimphal arches
of Titus^ Severus, and ConlVantme, were cii-
1fire, both the ftru^ure andtlje tnfcriptions;'3
failing ffiagment was honoured \rfth the name
of Trajan ; and two arches, then esetaint, . iti the
iFlamihian way, have bee^nafcriyedlo the bafcr
memory of Fautlina and "Galti^flus. 5. After
the w^dnder of the Colifeuitt, Poggi\js might
kave overlooked a fmall aniphitheatre of tnSck,
moll prpbably for the ufe of the prd^Orian
CMBp: ^ ^leatres of Marcelkis and Ponipey

were

(s) Sec Poa^uf p.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ♦ 355

were oecu|»ed in a great mea&re by public and
private buildings; and in the Circus, Agonalis
asd Maximus, little more than the fituation
and the form could be invefiigated. 6. Theco-
kimns of Trajan and Antonine were flill ered ;
but the Egyptian obeliiks were broken or bu-
ried. A people of gods and heroes, the work**
manihip of aitj was reduced to one equeftriab
%ure of g\t brafe, and to five marble ftatues,
of whidi the moft confpicuous were the two
borfes of Phidias and Praxiteles, 7. The two
maufoleumsor fepulchres of Augufius and Ha-
drian covldaot totally be loft ; but the former
wasonlv vifibleasamouajdof earth; and the
latter, the caftle of St. AQgelo> had acquif e4
the name and appearance oi a modem fprtce&.
With the addition of fome fqparate and name-
lefs columns^ fuch were the i*emains of the an^
cient city : for the marksof a more recent ftruc*
ture might be detected in the walls, which form*
eda circumference of ten miles, included three
hundred and feventy-nine turrets, and opened
into Uie country by thitteen gales.

This mdaneholy pi^ure vfzs drawn above andaai
nine hundred years after the fall ctf the Weftern^^J^
empire, and even of the Gothic kingdom of
Italy, A long period of diftrefs and anarchy,
in which empire, and arts, and riches, had mi-
grated from the banks of the Tvber, was inca-
pable of reftoring or adorning the city ; and, as
all that is human muft retrograde if it do not
advance, every fuccefliye age muft have haften*
ed the ruin of the works of antiquity. To
meafure the progrefs of decay, and to afcertain
at each sera the ftate of each edifice, would be
an endlefs and a ufelefs labour, and I Ihall con-
tent myfelf with two obforvations which will
introduce a ihort enquiry into the general caiifes
A a z and

i56 THE DECLINE AND PALL

and effeds. *i. Two hundred yeard before the
eloquent complaint of Poggius, an anonymous
writer compofcd a defcription of Rome (6)-
His ignorance may repeat the fame objefis under
ftrange and fabnlous names. Yet tbia barbarous
topographer had eyes and ears. Be could obfci-ve
the vifible rernams, he could liften to the tradi-
tion of the people, and he diftindly enumerates
feven theatres, eleven baths, twelve arches, and
eighteen palaces, of which many had difap.
peared before the time of Poggius. It is appav
rent, that many ftately monuments of antiquity
farvived till a late period (7), and.that the prin-
ciples of deftruAion aAed with vigorous and
encreafing energy in the thirteenth and four*
teenth centuries. 2. The fame reflexion muft
be applied to the three laft ages; and we ihould
vainly feek the Septizonium of Severus (8),
which is celebrated by Petrarch and the anti-
quarians of the fixteenth century. While the
Roman edifices were ftill entire, the 6i*ft blows,
howevef wrighty and impetuous, were refifted
by the folidity of the mafsandthe harmony of
parts ; but the llighteft touch would precipitate
the fragments of arches and columns, that al-
ready nodded to their fall.

After

(i) Liber 4« MIrabUibiu Ronft, ac Rc^ftro Nicotai Cardlnalis de
Arnigooil, in Bibliotheca St. Ifidori Amwrio IV. N^ ^9. This trem-
tUe, with fomc (hort but pcitineiit notei» ha$ been pubKflied br
MontfMtcon (Diuiom Ittlicum, p. t63— |oi.}, who thne deKven h»
own critical opinion : Scriptor liiimi circiter faeouli, ut ibidon nota-
tnrs anti^irifle rei im|>erit«ta et, uf ab illo xvo, nttris et anilibos fa-
bcllti rt&itus : fed, quia monumenta qiui iistemporibua Roam fvpt*
rcrant pro modulo recenfet, non pamm inde luds mutttabitur qui Ro-
madii antiqaitatibttt indagandi* operam navabit (p. atj.).

(7) The Pere Mabillon (AnalcAa, torn. lY. p. ^ot.) hat poUiihei
an anonxmout pilgrim of the txth oentnrf, who, in his Tiot round
the churches and hotf places of Rome, touches on leT^al buildingi,
cfpedally porticoes, which had difappeared before the aitith century.

(I) On the Septisontum, fee the MImoires fur Petrarque (torn. i.
P* M*X Doaatus (p. 33^.)! »nd Nardini (p. 1 17. 414.).

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 357

After a diligent enquiry, I can d^ra fo^^^Te^?
priadpal caufes of the ruin of Rome, which two: ™'
continued to operate in a period of more than
a thouiand years. L The iojuriee of time and
nature. IL The%oftile attacks of the Barba-
rians and Cbriftians. III. The ufe and abufe of
the materials. And, IV. T|}e domeftic quarrels
of the Romans.

L The art of man is able to conftrud monu-i.Tiwinju-
ments &rniore permanent than the narrow fpanj^"? **'
of his own exiftence : yet thefe monuments, like
bimfelf, are perifhable and firail; and in the
boundlefs annals of time, his li& and his la-
hours mud equally be meafured as a fleeting
mfoment. Of a fimple and folid ediBce, it is not
eafy however to circumfcribe the duration. As
the wonders of ancienc days, the pyramids (9)
attradied the curioiity of the ancients : an huU'-
dred generations, the leaves of auitumn (10),
have diopt irvto the grave; and after the fall of
the Pharaohs and Ptol^^mies, the Casfars and ca-
liphs, the fame pyramids itand ereA and un<r
ihaken above the noods of the Kile. A com-
plex figure of various knd minute parts is more
acceflible to injury and decay; and the lilentiiomcanet
lapfe of time is often accelerated by hurricanes j^J^.^
aad earthquakes, by &res and inundations^ The
air and earth have doubtlefs been ihaken ; an4
the lofty turrets of Rome have tottered froix^
their foundations : but the feven hills do not ap?
pear to be placed on the great cavities of the
globe; nor has the city, in any age, been ex-

pbfed

(9) The age of the pyramids is remote and unknown, fince Diodo*
ms Siculus (torn. i. 1. i. c. 44. p. 71.) is unable to decide whether ther
were conlbii&ed iooo> or |4oo, years before the clxzxth Olympiad.
Sir Tobn Mariham's contraded fcale of the Egyptian dynaiUes would
fix them about looo Tears before Chrift (Canon. Chronicus, p. 47.).

(mo) See ihe fpeecb of Glaucus in the Iliad (Z. 146.}. This lutii-
ral hut melaacholy imzgc is familiar to Homer.

359 THE DECLINE AND FALL

pofed to the convxilfions of nature, which, in
the climate of Antioch, Lifbon, or Lima, have
crumbled in a few moments the works of ages
fires ; ioto duft. Firc is the mofi powerful agent of life
and death : the rapid miichiflF may be kindled
and propagated by the induflry or negligence
of mankind ; and every period of the Roman
annals is marked by the repetition of fimilar ca-
lamities. A memorable conflagration, the guilt
or misfortune of Nero^s reign, continued, though
with unequal &ry, either fix, or nine days (i i).
Innumerable buildings, crowded in dofe and .
crooked ftreets, fupplied perpetual fewel for the
flames ; and when they ceafed, four only of the
fourteen regions were left entire ; three were to-
tally deftroyed, and feven were deformed by the
relics of fmoking and lacerated edifices (12).
In the fiill meridian of empire, the metropolis
arofewith frefh beauty from her afhes; yet the
memory of the old deplored their irreparable
lofles, the arts of Greece, the trophies of vic«
tory, the monuments of primitive or Bibulous
antiquity. In the days of diftrefs and anarchy,
every woupdis mortal, every &11 irretrievable;
nor can the d^image be reftorcd either by the
public care of government or the a&ivity of
private intereft. Yet two caufes may be al-
leged,

(11) The learning and criticifm of M. des Vignoles (Hlftotre Cri>
tique de la Republique des Lcttres, torn. viii. p. 74— ii8. ix. p. 171
.^187.) dates tkc fire of Rome from A. D. (4, July 19, and die fub* '
fequcnt pcrfecution of the Chrifiiana from November 15, of the lame
year.

(it) Quippe in regiones qr.atuordecim Roma diTiditnr, quanim
quatuor integrat manebant, tres folo tenos dcit&x : feptem reliquis
pauca tedomm veiligia fupererant, lacera et lemiufta. Among the
old relict that were ineparably loft, Tacitus ennmerates the temple of
the moon of Servins Tollius; the fane and altar confecrsted by Evan-
der pnefenti Herculi ; the temple of Jupiter Stttor, a vow of Ro-
flinlnt; the palace of Noma; the temple of Vefta cum Fenatibus po-
puli Riomau. He then deplores the opes tot viAoriis qnaefitas ct
OMeaaram artivm decora . . . .multa qu9 fcniofts meminerant, qux
fcparari nequibut (AAnal« jrv. 40, 4i.)«

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 359

Icged, wl^ch render the a^am^ty of fire more
deftruftive to a flourifhing t^an a d«:ayed city,

1. The more combyftiWe materials of bricK,
timber, and metals, ai-e firft melted or con-
fimied; but the flaqies may play without injury
or effedl on the naked wajls, and maffy archer,
that have been defiled of their ornaments.

2. It is among the compion an4 plebeian habi-
tations, that a mifchievous fpark is moft eafily
blown to a conflagration j but as fix>n as they
are devoured, the greater edifices which have
refilled or efcaped, are left as (b many iflands

in a ilate of folitude ^nd fa&ty. From herimmd*.
iitqalion, Rome is expofed to the danger of fre-***^"**
quent inundations. Without excepting the Ty-
toer, the rivers that defcend from either fide of
the Apeniiine have a fliort and irregular courfe:
9 fhallow ftream in the fummer heats ; an ioipe-
tuous torrent, when it is fwelled in tlie fpring or
winter, by the fell of rain, and the melting of
the fnows. When the current is repelled from
the fea by adverfe winds, when the ordinary bed
is inadequate to the weight of waters, they rife
above the banks, and overfpread, without, li*
mits or control, the plains and cities of the ad-
jacent country. Soon after the triumph of the
firft Punic war, the Tyber was encreafed by un-
ufual rains; and the mundation, furpaffing all
former meafure of time and place, deftroycd all
the buildings that were fituate below the hills of
Rome. According to the variety of ground,
the fame mifchief was produced by different
means; and the edifices were either fwept ^way
by the fudden impulfe, or diffolvcd and underw
mined by the long continuance, pf the flood (13).

Under

(13) A. U. C. $C7^ repcntjoa {vhvttCio ipfius Romic praKwenit tri^
oinphum Romaoorum .... diverfx ionium aguanun^ue cla4c« pctie

abfuapflM

36o THE DECLINE AND FA^^L

Voder the reign of Auguftus, tl)e fame calamity
was renewed ; the lawlefs river overturned the
palaces and temples pn its banks (14) ; and, a&
ter the labours of the emperor in deanfing and
widening the bed that was incumbered with
ruins (15), the vigilance of his fucceflbrs was
exercifed by fimilar dangers and defigns. The

?roje^ of diverting into new channels the Ty-..
er itielf, or fome of the dependent fbeams,
was long oppofed by fupcrftition^md local ic-
terefts (16); nor did the ufe cpmpenfatc the
toil and coft of the tardy find in^perfed execu-
tion. ^ The fervitude of rivers is tl^ nobleft and
moil important vidlory which man E^ obtained
over the Ucentioufiiefs of pature (17); and if
fuch were the ravages of the Tyber under a
firm and aflive government, what oouW oppofe,
or who can enumerate, the injuries of the city

after

abfumpCere crbem. Nam Tiberit infoUtit auAns imbribiu et okn opi-
bioneidi Tel^inniitate vd mampuIiBe redundaiUy immtm RonuB'xdi*
ficia Id plaoo [^fita delrvit. DivcHk qualttates locorum ad unam
cooTen^ Mrmdon : qaoniam et quae fcgnior inundatio tenuit ma-
?r^ ;?T , ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ tPCtentii inwait impulfr dcjecit (Oro*
Sol, Hift, 1. iv. c. 1 1 . p. 444. edit. Havtrcainp). Vet we may oU
fitfve, that tt trtht plan andftady of the ChriiUaa apologift, to mag,
oifT tkecaliaiities of thewtgao world. ' " **'

(14) Vidimus fianun Tiberim, retortls
JLittore EtntfcovioIenteriMidis
Ire dejedum monumcnu Regia
,. ^ , TempJaqueVeftjB, (Horat. Carm, 1. 1.)

If tbe palace of Kuma, and temple of Vcft«, were thrown doWn in
nonce • time, what was confnmcd of thofe buildings by Nero's fire
coald hardly defenre the epithets of TctuftiOima or incorrupta.

(is) A4 coercendaslnnndationes alveum Tiberis lazant, ac repvr-
gtirxt, completum olim raderibus, et aedificiorum prolap£onibus co-
ardatnm (Suetonins in Angufto, c. 3o.>

(i«> Tadtna (Annal. i. 79.) reports the petitaona of the different
towns of luly to the fenate againft the meafure; and we may ap-
pland the pragrels of realbn. On a. fimihr occafion, local intetefts
wovid nndonbtedly be coafulted : but an Englifli houfe of #w*yiB i*> n a
w^uld rejea with contCMt the arguments of fuperiHtioOy « that na-
•* tore had affigned to tb/riven their proper ccnrfe, &c"
^Sjf) See the Epoqoes de b Nature of the eloquent and philofophie
«««•. His piaure of Guyana in South Amenca, ia that of a new

Slfl!*!*- ""*^* "^ ^*l'^ **** ^•**" *" abandoned to themfelves»
J22IJ** ^g regnlttcd by hunan induftry (p. &u, 5^1. quarto

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 3^1

after the fitll of the Weftern empire ? A remedy
w^s at length produced by the evilitfelf : the ac-
cumulation of rubbiih and the earth, that has v
been waihed down from the hills> is fuppofed to
have elevated the plain of Rome, fourteen or
£fteen feet, perhaps, above the ancient level (18);
and the modem city is lefs acceffible to the at-
tacks of the river ( 19).

11. The crowd of writers of every nation,ii. Tfce
who impute the deflruAion of the Rdman toio^^J^
numents to the Goths and the Chriftians, haveB^buiaas
neglected to enquire how far they were anima-*^^**'*^
ted by an hoftile principle, and how far they""'
poCfeffed the means and the leifure to fatiate their
enmity. In the preceding volumes of this Hit
tory, I have dcfcribed the triumph of barbarifm
and religiob j and I can only relume, in a &w
words, their real or imaginary connexion with
the ruin of ancient Rome. Our fancy may
create, or adopt, a pleafing romance, that the'
Goths and Vandals fallied from Scandinavia, ar-
dent to avenge the flight of Odin (20), to break
the chains, and to chaftife the oppreffors, of
mankind ; that they wi(hed to bum the records
of claiSc literature, and to found their national
architedure on the broken members of the Tuf-
can and Corinthian orders. But in fimple
truth, the northern conquerors were neither luf-
fidently favage, nor fufficiently refined, to en-
tertain

(18) In his TraTekin Italy, Mr. Addiibo(hit works, ▼ol. ii.p.o8.
BaJkerrille's edition) has obferrcd this curious and unqudtiooable

&a.

(19) Yet in modern times, thcTyber has fometimes damaged the
city; aadinthe yeartf 1530, 15579 1598, the Annals of Muratori re-
cord three mifthievous and memorable inundations (tom. xiv. p. t6t»
429. tom. XT. p. 09, &c.y.

(10) I uke this oppprtunity of declaring, that in the courfe of
twelTe years I have for^tten, or renounced, the flight of Odin from
Aaoph to Sw«den, which I never very ferioufly bdieved (voL i. p.
347.2. The Goths are apparently Germans : but all beyond C«lw
aiid Tacitus, isdtfkDcfsor fabJe, 10 the antiquities of Germany.

36i THE PEQI^INE AND PAU

tertaia fuch afpiqng i^ea^o^ dellnvHon and re-
veDge. The mepherds of Scj^bia aivd Germany
had been educated in the armies of the empire,
vhofe difcipline they 2Loqmvedy and whofe weak-
nefs they invaded : with the familiar ufe of the
Latin tongue, they had learned to reverence the
Dame and titles of Rome ; aad, though incap^i-
bleof emulatmg, they were more inclined to ad-
mire, than to abolj^i, the arts and ftudies of a
brighter period. In the traniient polfeflion of a
rich and unrefifting capital, the foldiers of Ala-
ric and Genferic were ftimulated by the paffions
of a vidorious army; amidft the wanton indul- *
gence of luft or cruelty, portable wealth* was
the objeft of their fearch ; nor could they derive
either pride or pleafure from the unprofitable te-
jle£lion, that they had battered to the ground
the works of the confuls and Caefars. Their
moments were indeed precious; the Goths eva-
cuated Rome on the fixth (21), the Vandals on
the fifteenth, day (22); and, though it be far
more difficult to build thati to deftroy, their
ba(ly aflault would have made a flight impreflion
on the folid piles of antiquity. We may re-
member, that both Alaric and Genferic affe^ed
to fpare the buildings of the city; that they fub-
iifled in flrength and beauty under the aufpici-
ous government of Theodoric (23); and that
the momentary refentment of Totila (24) was
difarmed by his own teinper and the advice of
his friends and enemies. From thefe innocent
Barbarians, the reproach may be transferred to
the Catholics of Rome. The ftatues, altars^
and hpufes, of the dsemons were an abomina-

tioa

I

Hiftory of the Decline, &^. toI. v.p. rpp.
^ ,2^ I vol. vi.p. 134,

^»3) ■ .. I vol. vii. p, ly^^^i.

>M) . I ■■■ " M Tol. vii. p. 359. 354,

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 3«3

tion id their ty^ ; ami in the abfolute command
of the city, thty might labour with zeal and
perfeveranceto craze the idcdatry of their ancef-
tors. The deaiolitioa of the temples in the
Eaft (25) slSotAs to ibem an examjrie of condu^
and to us za argument of belief; and it is pro*
bable, that a portion of guilt or merit may be
imputed with jullice to the Roman profelytes.
Yet their aUiorrence was confined to the monu*
ments of heathen fuperflition; and the civil
ftrudiures that were dedicated to the buiineis or
pleafure of fociety might be preferved without
injury or fcandal. The change of religion was
accompliihed, not by a popular tumult, but by
the deciees of the emperors, of the fenate, and
of time. Of the Chriftian hierarchy, the hi-
(hops of Rome were commonly the moft pru-
dent and leaft fanatic: nor can any pofitive
charge be oppofed to the meritorious a& of
faving and converting the majeftic firudlure of
the Pantheon (26).

III. The value of any objedl that fupplies thein Th«afc
wants or pleafures of mankind, is compounded "^the*^
c£ its fubftance and its form, of the materials twiais-
and the manufaSure. Its pricfe muft depend on - -
the number of perfons by whom it may be ac-
quired and ufed; on the extent of the market;
and confequcntiy on the eafe or difficulty of re-
mote exportation, according to the nature of the
commodity, its local fituation, and the tempo.

rary

(15) Hiftory of the Decline, &c. vol. ▼. c. ixviii. p. 9$.

(26) Eodem teoipore petiit a Phocate jprincipc texnpluin, quod ap*
peUatur Paathtm, in quo fecit ecdefiam Sandae Maris fempcr Virgi*
nxs, ct omnium suutTnim ; in qua eccleiix princepa multa bona obtu-
lit (Anaftafiua vel potius JLIber Pontiiicalis in Bonifacio IV. in Mura-
tori. Script. Rerum Italicarum, tom.iii. P.i.p. i3$0* According to
the anoofmous writer in Montfaucon, tljie Pantheon had been vowed
by Agrippa to Cybele and Neptune^ and was dedicated by Bonifa^A
IV. on the calends of Noveaaber to the Virgin, qa9 eft nuiter omiuwa
iandonun (p. 297, i^8«>

3^ THE DECLINE AND FALL

rary circumftanoes of the worlds The Barba*
lian conquerors of Rome ufurped in a moment
the toil and treafure of fucod&ve ages; but»
ezoept the luxuries of immediate coniumptioa»
they muft view without defireall that could not
be removed fix>m the city in the Gothic waggons
or the fleet of the Vandals (27). Gold and fil-
ver were the firft objeds of their avarice; as in
every country, and in the fmalleft compafi, they
reprefent the moft ample command of the in-
duftry and pofleflions of mankind. A vafe or a
fiatue of thofe precbus metals might tempt the
vanity of fome Barbarian chief; but the groller
multitude, regardlefs of the form, was tenacious
only of the fubftance; and the melted ingots
might be readily divided and ftamped into the
current coin ot the empire. The lefs a£Uve or
lefs fortunate robbers were reduced to the bafer
plunder of brafs, lead, iron, and copper : what-
ever had efcaped the Goths and Vandals was
pillaged by the Greek tyrants ; and the empe-
ror Gonftans, in his rapacious viiit, firipped the
bronze tiles from the roof of the Pantheon f 28).
The edifices of Rome might be confidered as a
vaft and various mine ; the firft labour of es-
traAing the materials was already perfi>rmed ;
the metals were purified and caft ; the marbles
were hewn and poliihed ; and after foreign and
domeftic rapine had been latiated, the remains

of

(17) FUminiot Vtcct (apudMontfaucoD, p. i$$, i$6. HU Me-
moir it like wife printed, pp. ii. at the endottlie Roma Aotica of
NardiniV and feveM Romans, dodtrinS ^avet, were perfoaded that
the Gotna hnricd their treaforet at Rome, and bequeatned the fecret
BMrha filits nepotibofque. He relates fome anecdotes to prore, that
> in hit own time, thefe pUces were vifited and rifled by the Tranial-
pine oilgrim^ the heirs of the Gothic conquerors.

(%i) Omnia att« erant in ere ad omatnm dvitatis d^ofuit : fed et
eccieuam B. Marian ad martyrcs quae dc tegnlis «reu cooperta dif-
coopemit (Anaft. in Vitalian. p. 141.). The bafe and facrilegioiu
Greek had not even the poor pretence of plundering an heathen tern-
pk; the Pantheon was already a Catholic church.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 365

of the city, could a purchafer have been found,
were ftill venaL The monuments of antiquity
had been left naked of their precious orna-
ments, but the Romans would demolifli Mrilh
their own hands the arches and walls, if the
hope of profit could furpafs the coft of the la-
bour and exportation. If Charlemagne had
fixed in Italy the feat of the Weftem empire,
his genius would have afpired to reftore^ rather
than to violate, the works of the Csefars : but
policy confined^ the French monarch to the fo*\.> ''
lefts of Germany ; his tafle could be gratified
only by deftruoion; and the new palace <^
Aix la Chapelle was decorated with the marbles
of Ravenna (Z9) and Rome (50). five hun-
dred years after Charlemagne, a king of Sicily^
Robert, the wifeft and moft liberal fovereigQ
of the age, was fupplied with the fame materials
by the eafy navigation of the Tyber and the
fea ; and Petrarch fighs an indignant complaint,
that the ancient capital of the world Ihould
adorn from her own bowels the ik>thful luxury
of Naples (31). But thefe examples of plunder

or

(29) For the fpoib of Ravenna (muiiva tt^ue marmora) fotf die-
original erant m pope Adrian I. to Charlemagne (Codes Carolin.
e|>ift.lxvii. in Mnratori, Script. Ital. torn. iii. P. ii. p. 113.)'

(50) I fliall quote the authentic teftimony of the Saxon poet (A.
D. 887-^899), de Rebos gefiis Caroli magni, 1..T. 437-— 440. In the
Hii>ori4n» of France (torn. ▼. p. 1 80.) :

Ad qam mannoreas praftahat Row a eolnxnaat^

Qaafdam jvaedjpuas pulchra Ravenna dedit.
De tarn longinqna poterit regione vetnftaa

Illint omatam Francxa ferre tibt. «

And I ihall add, £rom the Chronicle of Sig|ebert (Hiftoriani of FrancCi
torn. T.p. 378.) » extmxit etiam Aqnifgrani bafilicam plurims pulchri-
tndinit, ad coiiu ftruteram a Roma ct Ravenna columnas et mar-
mon. devehi fecit.

(31} I cannot refvle to tiwifcribe a long pafla^e of Petrarch (0pp.
p. 53^, 337. in Epiildt hortatorifi ad Nic&om Lattrentinm) ; it is 10
wong and loll to the point : Nee pudor aut pietat continiiit quominus -
ifl^iboCata J>ei tenipIa,occnpatat areet, opea publicas,re^onesiu-bla.
•tqoe oosotci iiiagiftrati«m ipter fe divifos ; ^AtfArAt/f^ qnani luil in
re, tarhaleata ac foditioii bominci •! tutiiit reliqu« yltm confiliiset

ratxonibM

36S THE DECLINE AND FALL

^r purckaie were, raie in the dadoer ages ; and
the Romans, alone and unenvied, might have
a}]7)lied to their private or public ufe the re-
maining ftra&uDes of antiqaity, if in their pre-
fent form and fitaation they had not been ufekfe
«n a great roealaite to the city and its iohafai-
tants. The walls fiill deferibed the old circusi-
feience, but the city had deficended' from the
fev^n hills into the Campus Marthis ; and fome
of the nobleft monuments which had braved
the injuries of time were left in a defert^ far
remote from the faafaitationt of manJuod. The
palaces of the fenators were no IcHOger adapted
to the manners to fortunes of their indigent
fooceflbrs: the ufe of badia(3C) and porticoes
was forgott^ : in die £zth century; the games
of the dieatte, amphitheatre^, aiid drcue^ had '
been interrupted: fome temples ivere ducted
to the prevailing Hvorihip; but the Christian
dmrches poeferr^ the holy figuiie of the cro&;
and fafliion, or oreafon, had diibdbutBd after a
peculiar mixlel - the cells and offices of the
doyfter. Under the eccleftaftical idgn, ihc
number of thefe pious foundations was enor-
mouily multiplied ; and the city was crowded
with forty monaftcries of men, twenty of wo-

men»

rattonibut difcordet, inhumani (icBderis ftupcnda fodetate convcoenuit,
in pontes et moenim atque immeritos lapidn defaBvireiit. Peniquc poft
▼i vel fcniocoDapiapalatia, quae quondam iagentes tenuerunt Tiri,
poft diniptot aims tnumphales (undc majores noroin ibrfitan ^orrnc-
mat), ^e ipfius vetoftatit ac propria implsutis fira£;inxnibus tUcbi

3tteftfim turpi mercnnQnio captare non puduit. luqac nunc, hcu
lolor ! beu iceliu indignnm ! de veilHs marmoreUcolunuiis, de limi-
nihus tetnplorum (ad qiub miper ex orbe toto coDcurfus dcrotifiimus
fiebat), dc imaginious fcpulcbronim fnb quibus patniin yeftronxm ve-
nerabxlis d^ (cimis f) «tat, ut retiquas filcam, delidiofa Neapolis
adornatur. Sic paullatim mime ipls dcfidnnt. Tctkiqg Rmtt
was the friend of Petrardi.

(«a) Tet Cbarlemagne wafhed and fwam at AU la Chapelle
witaan hundred o£ bis courtiei:s (Eginbart, c. zz. p. idS, to^.}, and
Muratori defcribes as late as the yax 614, the poblic batlit which
wpae built at Spoleto in Italy (Annali. torn. vi. p. 41^.}'

of THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 367

men, and fizty chapters and coHeges of canons
and prt^ft^<33), who aggravated^ inflead of
relieving, the depopulation of the tenth century.
But if the forms of ancient ar chite£tnre wicre
diftegarded by a people ihfenfible of their yik
and beauty, the plebtifal materials were applktt
to every call 64' nccdflky or ftiperftition ; tiH
the faircft colitmns of the Ionic and Corintffian
orders, tht richeft marbles of Paros and Nn-
midia, were degraded, perl>aps to the ferppoft
of a convent or a liable. The daily havock
which is peipetrated by the Tnrks in ttie cities
of Greece and Alia, may aftbid a m^ancholy
trample ; and in tbs -^adual dteftmflibn <)f tfie
moiiuments^of Rotee, Sixttfs the fiftfe^may »lowj
be eicufed for employing the ftones of the Sep-
tizonium tri the glorious taffifce of/Sf. Pe-
fcPs (34). - A fragment^ • a -• ruin, h<iwfeev.^
tnangted Of profaned, may be viewed wi A
pleafure and regret ; buft- {he' jgre^ter ^a:W of
the raiirble was deprived' *f fnbftaWcfej '^ well
las of plkc^ and proportion' ^ 'it Was ttorat to
Kme for' the pifttpofe of cetii^irf. ' Sitice the at^-
r^al of Poggfas, the tdmpfe ^-GoniiWd^ssX
tvA matty capital ftrttdlures, had vattiftied from
his eyes J ana iin epigram- «ff the Tame a^-e*-
preffes a juft and pious fear, that the continu-
ance of this pradice would finally annihilate all

the

(33) See the Annals of luly, A. D.968. 'For this^nd the pre-
ceding fa^, Muratori himTelf is indebted to 'the fienedi&ine hiitory
of Pere Mabillon.

(34) Vita di Sifto Quinto, da Grcgorio Leti, torn. iii. p. 50.
.(35) Porticus sdit Concordis, quam cum ^ritntim ad urbem acceffi

'vidi fcreintegram opere marmoreo admodum fpeciofo : lUuuani poft-
modum ad calcem jedem totam et porticSs partem disjedlis columnis
funt demoliti (p. 1 1.). The teknple of CoHcoYd wat therefore «« dc-
ftroyedby a Edition in the 1 3th century, a» I have read in a-MS. t»e»*
tife del' GoverQo civile di Rome, lent me forlHerVy at Rome, and a^
cribed (f believe falfcly)tb the celebrated Gravhm. -Pog^ius likiswire
^tfiums, thattbe-fepalchre-of CtecIHa Mtfiellk walk bomt for lime (p.
19, 40.).

368 THE DECLINE AMD FAIIt

the monuments of amiqoity (36). The fiEnall-
neft c{ their numbers was the fole check on
the demands and depredations of the Roooans.
The imaginatiosi of Petrarch might create the
prelence of a mighty people (37) ; and I hefi-
tate to believe, that» even in the fourteemh
century^, they could be reduced to a ccmtemp-
tible hft of thirty-three thoufand inhabitants.
From that period to the re^ of Leo the tenth,
if they multijdied to the amount of eighty-five
thoufand (38), the encreafe of citizens was in
ibme degree pernicious to the ancient city.
j[^23;«^ IV. I have i^ferved for the laft, the mofi
TCisoftbcpoteut and forcible caufe of deftru£Uon» the
domeftic hoftilities of the Romans themfdves.
Under the dominion of the Greek and French
emperors, the peace of the city was dtfturbed
by accidental, though frequent^ iedidons: it
is from the decline of the latter, fix>m the be-
ginning of the tenth century, that we may date
die licentioufiiers of private war, which violated
with impunity the b ws of the Code ai^d the Gof^
pel ; without refpe&ing the majefty of the ab-
fent fovereign, or the prefence and perfoii of
the vicar of Chrift. In a dark period of five
hundred years, Rome was perpetually afflided

by

(t6) Compofed by JEneas Sylviot, afterw«rdi pope Piiifr It. mad

EttbUlhed hj MabilloD from a MS. of the ^ueen of Sweden (Mu»
earn Italiciim, torn. i. p. 97.).

Obledbt me, Roma, toas foeftare ndnat ;

El cujut Upafl gloria priica patet.
Sed tmis hie populut muris detofla TetiiiBa

Calcu in tbfifumm marmora dnra-coquit.
Impia tercentum fi fie gent e^erit awiot

Nullum hinc indirittm nobilitatitertt.

(}7) Vagabamur pariter in iUa urbe tarn magna; fis, com propter
Cpatium vacua videretur, popnlum habet k nmenf a m (Opp. p. 60^
£pift* Familiaret, ii» I4<)>

(3S) Thefe ftatet of the population of Rome at daferent periods,
are derived from an ingenious treatiie of the phyfician fiancifi, de
Romani Coeli Qnalitatibtts (p. tia.).

THE DECLINE AND FALL 369

by the fanguiaaty quarrels of the nobles ami
the people, the Guelphs and Ghibelines, the
Colonna and Urfini ; and if much has elbaped .
the kno^vledgc, and much h unworthy of the
notice, of hiftory, I have expofed in the two
4>receding chapters^ thecaufesand efieds ci the
public diforders. At fuch a time, when 'every
quarrel was decided by the fword ; and none
could truft their lives or properties to the im-
potence of law ; the powerful citizens were
armed for iiafety or ofifence, againft the domeftic
enemies, whom they fear^ or hated« Except
Venice alone, the fame dangers and defigns
were common to all the free republics of Italy;
and the nobles ufurped the prerogative of fori-
tifying their houfes, apd. ereifUng ilrong tow^
ers (39) that were capable of refiftiug a fudden
attack. The. dities w^i^ filkd with thefe hoflik
edifices ; and the ea^ampl^ of Lucca, which con-
tained three hundred lowers ; her law, which
confined their height to the meafure of four*-
fcore feet, may be extended with fuitable lati-
tude to the moFe opulent and populous Aates.
The firft ftep of the fenator Brancaleone in the,
cftabliftunent of peace and juftice, was to de-
inolifh (as we have already feen) one hundred
and forty of the towers of Rome ; and, in the
laft days of anarchy and difcord, as late as the
reign of Martin the fifth, forty-four ftill flood
in one of the thirteen or fourteen regions of the
city. To this mifchievous purpofe, the remains
of antiquity were mofl readily adapted : the tem-
ples and arches afibrded a broad and folid bafis
V0L.XIL Bb for

(3P) All rhe fads that cdlate Xo the tow«n at Rome, and In othee
free cities of Italy, may be found in the laborious and entertaining
compilation 4>f Muratori, Antiquitates Iuli» medii ^vi, diifertat.
lESVt. (tom.ii. p. 49Z'^4^> of the Lacio» torn. i. p*446. of the lit*
iim woilt.

390 THE. DECtlNE AND FALL

for the new ftruAures of brick and fteoe ; asd
we can luunelhe moden^ turrets that were r^iM
GSX the triumphal monuments of Julius Csefar,
Titusj and the Antonines (40), With fome
fi^ht alterations, a theatre, an amphitheatre,
a maufokumi, y/sk% tr^sJbrraed into a (trong
and fpadou^ citadel. I need not repeat, that
the mole qf Adrian ha$ affum^d the title and
ibrm df the caftki of St. Angelo (41) ; the Sep-
fisonium of Styerus was caJDable of ftanding
againfl a royal army (42) ; the fepukhre of
MeteUa has funic under it^ outworks (43) i the
theatres of Pompey and Martyllus were occu-
ped by the S^velli and Urfini families (44) ;
and the rough fottrefs has bewi^adually fof-
tened to the fplendour gnd elegance of an^ Ita«
Uanpalacf. Even the cburchea were exKX>m-
pafifed vi|h arms^and bulwarks, and the military
engines on the roof of 8t. Peter's were the ter-
ror 4>i the Vatican and the fcandal qf the Chrif.

tiai^

(40) A* iPT ioiUnoe^ Tcni|^lu|EL Jani npiic ^cltur, tnnis Ceiitti
Fnvigipaiut ; ^t fane J«d« inij^UB turrU l^e^^ cpf^p^ua h«die-
<lueTeitigxaib|jeribnt(Moil^iucoii Ditrium Ita^Iicum^ p. iSq> IUp
ffit^njpa^W wrHfr (j, ^^sO^'^^^ni'^* ^^^^ ^^> uirrit CaituUria ;
^cttaToIii Cxfaris e( Scn«tor)^« tUft^s 4^ 6(|ktv|^ ar^«» A^|Q«i|^,
tvntdi Cofe<^i«, &c«

(41^ Qadfv^tmokBi • . . magna c](pait< Itom^jiotuin injiicU ....
diuurSavit : qyod cert^ fuDditus cvertiiTent^ ii coruip i|ianihy^ P?<'^3
«liAimplw graadibva fatia^ reliqoa moles exftitilTet (^oggiua de Varie*
t^t^Fortufii^, p. I a.).

(44^ Agalnft the emperor Henry IV. (Mi|TS|t9d, Aflf^^ii d*lta^%
f9RV.uup. 147,).

. (43) 1 aw»^ ^Qpy* W. wipPFUnt P9%e 5^ M»?*ht«M ' Tojrris
ifigenv rotonda .... Cs^alix MetelUe .... Icpulchpim^ tn% cuji^
Inwi tfm MiA ul l|^tls«n9 pcvquMa mimmora int^s Tacvum in-
vcrSt: e^ 9«rfy 4^ Br»t dicifu^^ a hpuitgi ^luhv^ xpujQo uiTqipei^.
Hole feqnlori «to, tempore i^tefj^inornm bcUorum, ecu urbetala ^.
jonda fuit, cujua moenia et Mnroi etiamnum yifuntaa | ita ut fepul-
chrum Mctells qnafi an oppiduli fuerit. Ferrentibus in urbe parti-
bus, cum Urlini atque Colomnenfes matuis cIadibus.Mrnicicm infer*
^ rmcchritati, in vtriufYe putis ditionem ceddr^ magni n^mtnti mt

(p. i4a.>

(44) See the tcftimoMCs of Donatnf, Kafdini, and Montfaacpn.
In theSavcyi p^bc;e, the remaiatof the theatre of Marcellus are fliU
fptat aad conTplciKnis.

OF TH£ ROaiAN EBit^lkE.^ 371

tian worW. Whatever is fortified will be at- \
tacked; ahd whiitever is .at^cked mav l^e de- :
ftroyed. Could the Romios have wrefred from
the popes the caflle of St. Angelo^ thfey had
Tcfolved by a public degree to annihilate that
monutrietit of fctvitude. Every building of
•defence was expofed to a/liege ;^;and in every ,
fiegfe the arts and engines .of deftrudJion were
labdrioiifly employed. After the death of Ni- ,
cholas the fourth, Romq, without a fovereign
or a fenale, was abandoned iijr months to the.,
fiiry of civil war. ^ Tl^ehoufes,'* fays a car.\
dinal and poet of the times (45), ^^ wiere criiffied.
" by the " weight and Velocity of ehorinbu^
" Itoncs (463; tKe walls were peifpraied. by the ^
" ftrokes of the battering-raih ; the towers were. '.
« involved iafire and fmokej and the aflaalaq^
" w'ene ftirtnilated by rapine aiid reveag^^^ -

wort was cOnfummated W the; t vranqv . Qi tfe ]
laws; afctd the fadions of Ttalv alterriater^
ercifed a blind and thdughUeU* vengeancp '6h'[
their advierferies, whofe houfes arid caltles they
razed , to the ground (47). Tii comparing* the
days of foreign, with the ages of domeftic, hos-
tility, we mull pronounGe^.tUajtthe lattjBv.haye

B b I been

'^£) Tames ocrdinal olT St. Georgv, ad velum aur
ricaf Life of pope Celeftiti V. (M^jfiratdn, Sd-ipt.

elum aureum, in fiis me-
tricaTLiife of pope Celeftiti V. (Nlijnratdn, Sd-ipt. ItaU t^^.' i. P.
iii. p. 611. 1. i.e. i.ver/l 31; ^c.)

Hoc dUifle fit Mb, Romaitt carilit^ StenWft

Menfibw exstdh iMfu fex ; b^Ito^e tdcatufnf^vKtfttr^

In fcelu9> in fodoc-freteriiaqil^*^Aeht patreiii

TormemW wdfl« ytrM ^itmkfeA fiutM

Perfodifle domm trabibnv; feciffe niinaa

Igftibu*.; iocenikf tiirree^ ohfi^rat9(2ii.e fwmo

Lunina Yicino^ quo fit fpoUata lu^trez.
(46) Murato,i>(jDiiiIertacione foprale AqtlcHka Italiano,, torn. i. p.
417-^31.) fijidst. tK^ ftone bullets of two or three hundred pounds
weight were net uncommon ; and they are fometinies c€A\)piited' at
xii or xviit fSfiJari of, Genoa^ each caataro weighingp.i 50 pouAds.

([47) The tfth law of the VUjcQnti j)rohibits thts con-mioii ah(f mif-
chievont pradllce ; and ftriAly enjoins, tliai thfe houfes o^ banifhed
citizens Ihould he preferved pro communi utilitate (GuaWJtne'us dc la
Flamma, in Muratori, Script. Rerum Italicarum, torn. xii. p. io4t)-

372 THE DECLINE AND FALL

been fa^ more ruinous to the city, and Qur opi^
nion is confirmed by the evidence of Petrarch-
" Behold, fays the laureat, " the relics of
" Rome,, the image of her priftine greatnefs [
^^ neither time nor the Barbarian can boaft the
" merit of this ftupendous deftmdion : it was.
" perpetrated by her own citizens, by the mol^
** illurtrious of her fons ; and your anceftors (he
" v/rites to a noble Annibaldi) have done with
" the batterilig-ram, what the Punic hero could
I' not accomplifli with the fword (48).'' The
infliience of the two laft principles; of decay
muft in fome degree be multiplied % each
other • fince the houfes and towers, which we|^
fubvertcd by civil war, required a new and
perpetual fupply. from the monucnents pf an*
ti^uity^ ■'
The Coii- Xheie general obfervations may be feparately
JhS«??>PpUed to the amphitheatre of Titus, which has
jif T-itus. obtained the name of the Coliseum (49), dther
frpiii its magnitude or fron[i Nero's coloffal fta-
tue: an edifice, had it been left to time anc(
natufe, which might perhaps have claimed an
: eternal

{jfi) ^etilrch thiita4<IreficshMTrTeDd who, with fliame and tears,
hao flinUm hffn the m'oenia, Ucets fpecimen niiferabile Romx, and
declared hit own intention of reftoriaj^ them (Cannina Latina, 1. ii.
bpift. Paulo Annibalenfi, zii. p. 97, 98.) :

Ncc %t panra mapet fervatif fama minis
Quanta quod intcgrge fuit olim eloria Ronv^
Reliquix teftantur adhvc-; quat longior »taB
Frai^ere non valuit ; non vis aut ira cruenti
Hoftis, ab egregiu fracffumur civibus heu I heu !
— — — Qh**3 iUf liequiTie (Ha^mkslJ
Perficit \ac aries. — — — •*— .

(40) The fourth part of the Verona Illuftrata of the Marquis
Maffei, nrofcffedly treats of amphitheatres, particularly thofc o(
R6me and Verona, of their dimeouons, \voodcn galleries, &c. It is
from magnitude that he derives tJic naunc oT Cofop^m, or CoUfnm : fiijcc
the faftie appellatioh was applied to the amphitheatre of Canua, with-
out the aid of a cololTal ftatue ; fince that of Hero was cT»Aed in the
court (m 0tria) of his palace, and not iti the Cqlifeum (P. iv. p. 15—
i9.l.i.c,4.). '

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 373

etercal duration. The curious antiquaries, who
have computed the numbers aud feals, are dif-
pofed to believe, that above the upper row of
ftone fteps, the amphitheatre was encircled
and elevated with feveral ftages of wooden gal-
leries, which were repeatedly confumed by-
fire, and reftored by the emperors. Whatever
was precious, or portable, or profane, the fta-
tues of gods and heroes, and the coftly orna-
ments of fculpture, which v/ere caft in brafs, or
overfpread with leaves of lilver and gold, be-
came the firft prey of conqueft 01: fanaticifm,
of the avarice of the Barbarians or the Chrif-
tians. In the maffy ftones of the Colifeum, many
holes are; difcerned ; and the two moft proba-
ble coBgeftures reprefent the various accidents of
itsdecaj. Thefe ftones were connecled by folid
links of brafs or iron, nor had the eye of rapine
overlooiced the value of the bafcr metals (50) :
the vacant fpace was converted into a fair or
market ; the artifans of the Colifeum are menti-
oned in an ancient furvey ; and the c^haffw
were perforated or enlarged to receive the poles'
that fupported the (hops or tents of the me-
chanic trades (51). Reduced to its naked ma-
jefty, the Flavian amphitheatre was contem-^
plated with awe and admiration by the pilgrims
of the North ; and their rude enthufiafm broke
forth in a fublime proverbial eipreflion, which
is recorded in the eighth century, in the frag-
ments of the venerable Bede: "As long as
^' the Colifeum ftands, Rome ihall ftand ; when

" the'

($0) Jofeph Maria Snares, a learned bifliop, and the author of an
hmory of Praesefte, has compofcd a feparate diffcrtation on the fcveQ
or eight probable caufes of thefe boles, which has been fince reprinted
m the Roman Thefaaros of Sallengre. Montfaucon (Diahum, p.
233.) pronounces the rapine of the Barbarians to be the unatn gtttn^^
namquc caufam foraminum.

($1) Donatus, Roma Vetut et Nova, p. «<$.

Rome.

374 THE DECLINE AND FALt

'^ the Golifeum falb, Rooie M'iU fall ; ivfacp
« Rome falls, the world will falI(5Z)" In
the modern fyftem of war, a fituaiion com-
manded by the three bills wenid not be chofen
for a fortrefs; but the ftrength ^iH&e waliis and
archers could refifl the engines of aflault ; a
numerous garrifon might be lodged in the en-
clofure; and while one fadbi^ occupied the
Vatican and the Capitol^ the other was in^
trenched in the Lateran and the Cojifeum (53).
Garnet of The abolitlon at Rome of the ancient games
muft be underftood with fome latitude ; and
tilt carnival fports, of the Teftaceau mount
and the Circus Agonalis (54), were regulated
by the law (55) or cuftom of the city. The fe-
nator ]prelided with dignity and pomp to adjudge
and diilribute the prizes, the gold ring,..or the
pallium (56), as it was flyled, ef cloth or £ik.

A tribute

(si), Quamdia ftabit CoiyCem, ftabit et Roma ; quango cadet Co«
l]ffeus» caHct Roma ; qnando cadet Roma, cafekt •Mmiodbs (Bcda iiL
Ezccrptit feu CoUodaveis apiid Ducan jre Gloflar. med^ et isfim« Lati*
iHtatis, torn. ii. p. 407. edit. Bafil). This laying muft be afcribcd to
*tfac Aaglo-Sazon pilgrtma ivl^p viiited Rome before the yeat 739-,
the zra of Bede's death; for I do not bcJieve thaJs our venerabk
monk ever paffed the fea.

(5^) I cannot recoTcr in M«ritori*s otigioxd LiTiCi o£ tfie Bope»
(Scnpt. Rcrum Italicaniin, t9m. iii. P. i.)the pafiagf that attefts nus^
hoftuc partition, which muft^ applied to the end of the'i ithor the
beffinmnit of th« i tth century.

^$4) Although the ftru<fh:re of the Circus Agonalis be dcftroyoi,
it lUJl retains its form and name ( Agona, Nagona^ I^a^ona) : and tJie
interior ipace affords a fufficieut IcTeT for the faurpcfc of ndiig.
But the Monte Teflaceo, that ftrange pile of l)rck en, pottery, fccms
onlf adapted for the aturaal pmdice ot hurling fpora top to bottom
fome wa?ron>loads of liTe hogt for the diveraon of the popuhc*
(Sutnta Urbis Romx, p. r8tf.)-

($S) See th« Stttuta Urbia BmaAvI. iii. C 8^Bt, e^ p. tS$, r8^.
\ have already given an idea of this municipal code. The traces of Na-
(ona and Morte Teftaceo are likewife mentioned '\n the Diarr of Pe^
ter Antonius from 1404 to 1417 (Muratori, Script. Rexaim Itancanuny,
^om«xxiv.n, 11x4.).

(S^) PaOium, which Menage fa fooliihly derives from. / *n/ i »r< j r > i ,
is an ody extenfion of tr«c idea and the wordfs ^''op^ ^ ^^'^ ^^
t\6»kt to the materials, and from thecce to their ai^kaiioaaya.
^Ixc (Muratori* diflert. uziii.)^

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRR 375

A tribute oa the Jews iup|>lidi the aanbal ei«
p^ticc (57) ; and the races^ mi foot, on horfe^
back, or in chariots, wtere ennobled by a tilt
and tCRirnament of fevenl)r*-tw6 of the Rbmaii
youth. In the year one thoufand three hun^AbuU-fcatft
dred and thirty-two, a bull-feaft, aftdr the Mi* JP^*^ ^"^^
ion of the Moors and Spaniards^ was tele^A^D.iuti.
bratcd ifl the Colifeum itfelf ; ajid the living 5^'^"^'^«
manners ire painted in* a diaiy tif the tirtaei '
(j8). A contenieiit order of benched was
refbred ; ind a general proclamation^ as fat
as Rimini and Ravenna, invited the nobles to
eiEercife their ikill and coutage in this perilous
adventure. The Roman ladies were «iarihal^
led in three fi^uadrons, and feated in three,
balconies, . which on this day, the thini of Sep^
teiifae^, were lined with Harlct eldth- The
fair Jacova di Rovere ted the matrons ftotii
beyrad the Tyber, a pure and native race,
who iHll repi^dfent the features and charader
of antiquity. The reAiainder of the dty was
divided as ufual betill^eed the Colonna and
Urfini: the two fatftibns were proud of the
number and beauty of their female bands : the
charms of Sicivella Urfini atd mentioned with
iniie ; and the Colonna regretted the abfeiace
of the youngeft of their houfe, who had fprain-
ed her ancle in the garden of Nero's tower.
, The lots of the champions were drawn by an'

old

($7) For tbeft etbencei, the Jews of RoiRc paid eacH f^ t i%o
florins, of whick the odd thirty repfeTcnted the piece of CItrer for
Which JiMa had betrJiyfld hit ntafter to their itnc^ors: There was
'A foot-race of Jcwii^, av well ai of ClH-ilUan youths (Stattt^ Urbis^
ibidedi).

(^0) Th» extraor&ary VuU^feafl iir the tSohlHnn, ii deftribcd
from tradition^ rather than inemory« by ..Ludovico ' Buoncome Mo-
ijl^ddco, intheiftoft ancient fk'agmctitt of Romsli^^nalt (^Miii^torl,
foipt. Rerum Italicarum, toni. xii. p. 535^ 93^)1 ttid hiBwerer
iancifu^l they may feem, they are deeply marked with the colours of
»Tith and natifre.

i^6 THE DECLINE AND. FALL

old and refpeflabl^ ckizen; and ttiey defcendcd
into the arena, or pit, to encounter the wild-
bulls, on foot as it fliould feeni, with a tin-
gle fpear. Amidft the crowd, our annaltft has
felcftcd the names, colours, and devices, of
twenty of the moft confpicuous kniglits^ Se«
vera! of the names are the moft illuftrions of
Rome and the ecclefiailical ftate; Malatefta^
Polenta, della V^llc, Cafarello, Savelli, Capoc-
cio, Ck>nti, Annibaldi, Altieii, Corfi; the co-
lours were adapted to their tafte and fituiation ;
the devices are expreffive of hope or defpair,
and breathe the fpirit of gallantry and arms.
'^ I am alone, like the youngeft of the Horatii,"
the confidence of an intrepid ftranger : " I live
^* diftronfolate,'* a weeping widower ; " I burn
** under the aflies,'* a difcreet lover : " I adore
" Lavinia, or Lucretia," the ambiguous decla«
ration of a modern paflion : ** My £tith is as
" pure," the motto of a white livery : *• Who
•* is ftronger than myfelf ?** of a lion's bide :
'< If I am drowned in blodd, what a pleafant
*' death,*' the wifti of ferocious courage. The

{)ride or prudence of the Urfini reftrained them
rom the fidd, which was occupied by three of
their hereditary rivals, whofe infcriptions de-
noted the lofty greatncfs of the Golonna name :
^ Though fad, I am ftrong:'* « Strong as I
'^ am great:" f' If I fall,'* addreffing himfelf
to the fpeflators, " you fall with me :'' — ^inti-
mating (fays the contemporary writer) that
wliile the other families were the fubjedls of the
Vatican, thev alone were the fupporters of the
Capitol. Tne combats of the amphitheatre
were dangerous and bloody. Every champ-
on fucceffively encountered a wild bull; and
the viflory may be afcribed to the quadru-
pedes, fince no more than eleven were left on

the

OJ* THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 377

the field, wMi the lofs of nbe wounded and
eighteen killed on the fide of their advcrfaries.
Some of the nobleft families might mourn, but
the pomp of the fimerals, in the churches of
St. John Lateran and St. Maria Maggiore, af-
forded a fecond holiday to the people. Doubt-
lefs it was not in fuch conflidls that the blood
of the Romans ftiould have been Ihed ; yet
in blaming their raftinefs, we are compelled to
applaud their gallantry j and the noble volun-
tcers, who difplay their magnificence, and rifle
their lives, under the balconies of the fair,
excite a more generous fympathy than the
thoufands of captives and malefaflors who
were reludlantly dragged to the fcene of
fl^ughter (59).

This ufe of the amphitheatre was a rare^ injuries
perhap a fingular, feftival : the demand for
the ttiaterials was a d^ily and continual want,
which the citizens could gratify without ref-
traint or remorfe. In the fi^urteenth century,
a fcandalous aft of concord fecured to both
fadions the privilege of extra6ling flones froni
the free and common quarry of the Colife-
um (60) ; and Poggius laments that the grea-
ter part of thefe ftones had been burnt to limei
by the folly of the Romans (61). To check*
this abufe, and to prevent the noftumal crimes
that might be perpetrated in the vaft and gloo-
my

(59) Muratori hat given a feparate diflmatioa (the nutth) to
the games of the Italians in the middle a^es.

(60) In a concife but inftru^ive memoir, the abbe Banhelcmr
(Memoires de TAcadeniie des Infcriptioas,. torn, zxviii. p. -585.)^
has mentioned this agreement of the UAioat of the xivth century, de
Tiburtino faciendo m the Colifeum, from an original z6t in the
archives of Rome.

(61) Colifeum .... ob ftultitiam komaoorum maJ9fi ese parte td*:
cakem deietum, fays the indignant Foggius (p. 17.): bat 2iis ezprd^
lion, too ftrong for the prefent age, muft be very tendprjj aj^cd:
10 the xyth ccntnry.

3'j8 THE DECi»INE AND FALL

my recels, Engeoius tbe fourth fiirronoded it
Vi^kh a wall ; and^ hy a charter loog extant^
granted both the ground and edifice to the
monks of an adjacent convent {62). After his
death, tbe wall was overthrown in a tumult of
the people ; and had they themfelves refpefled
■the nobleft monument of their fiithers, they
might have juftified the refolve that it fhould
never be degraded to private property. The
inilde was damaged; but in the middle of the
fixteenth century, an sera of tafte and learnmg,
the exterior circumference of one thouTand fix
hundred and twelve feet was flill entire and in-
violate ; a triple elevation of foutfcore arches,
which rofe to the height of one hundred and
eight feet. Of the prefent ruin» the nephew$
of Paul the third are the guilty agents ; and
every traveller who views tne Farnefe palace
may curfe the {acrilege and luxury of thefe up-
«a4coiife- fiart prluccs (63). A fimilar reproach is ap-
2;^**g^^ plied to the Barberini; and the repetition of in-
tun. jury might be dreaded from every reign, till
the G^lUieum was placed under the Safeguard of
Religion, by the moft liberal of the pontiffs,
Benedift the fourteenth, who confecrated a fpot
which perfeoution and fable had llained with
the blood of lb many Chriftian martyrs (64).

Wheti

(#x) Of the OliYctan' montci, Montfai^con (p. 141.) aflirmd this
lilArfrom the memorsals of Flamintus Vacca (N^ 72.). They ftill
hoped, on fome future occafion, to revive amd vindicate their
grant.
-(«3> Aflef me^fifrin^ theprifcnsamphftlrcatri gytiii, Mcmtfimcon
(p. I4».) only adds, that it was cntirif under Paul ITl,; tlcendd'
ciaaatt. Muratorl (Annafi d'ltalia, t«m. zir. p. 3^1) mat% firedy
IfppMtt Che i^iitlt of the Ttrxtete nope; and the indi|^atJioli of lit
Aomo ^ople. Ajuinft tie ireprrews of Urban VXII. I hav<; no
other cvidenee than the vnlpir faying, *** Qnod nbh Sttttvtit
*< Barbari, fer€re Barbarini,'* vrhich was perhaps fug^Std by th€
rfefenibfatoce of the words.

(^4) At an amiotttrtan and a prieft, ^ontfant6ntlrQ<dif{ta%crirft^
tVe zyia «f tiM Cotoum : Q«dd fi tntc fiM>prtf noMto at^ixtf nul-

OF TUE ROMAN EMPIRE. 379

Whea PetrarQh firft gratified hi& eyes with a ignonnce
i?iew of thoCe monument^ whofe f<i^tteradj|^^"^^
fragments fo fai^ furpafs the moft eloqueotRonuiu.
defcriptions^ he wa$ ailoxiiihcd at the fupine
kdiffercace {6$) of th6, Romans thcmfelves
(66) ; he was bucobled father tfaao dated by the
difcovery, that, except his fuend Rienzi and
00c of the Colonna^ a ftiaager of the Rhone
was more coqyerCant with thefe antiqiiities^
than the nobles and natives bf the metropolis
(67). The ignorance and credulity of the Ro«-
mans are elaborately difplayed in the old furvey
of the city which was compofed about the be*
ginning of the thirteenth century ; and» with*
out dwelling on the ma^nkbld errors of name
and place, the legend of the Capitol (68) may^
provoke a fmile of contempt and indignation.
" The Capitol," fays the anociymous wrker,

*' is

^chrituditte dignnm fuifiet ^uod itDprobas arceret nanus, indigna re»
vtique in looim. tot ' afettyrttXD crtt)»rc fachua taatopcrA ftM-
tom effc.

(65) Yet the Statutet of Roine 4^. iii. c. 81. p. 1 81.). impofe %
£ne 01 500 iiirei oawh«lbeTcr AaU demoSiJb tsioy aacicnt cdime^ &«
minis civitas dclometttr^ ct vt aot^na sdificia decorexn ucbis- p«r^
petuo reprefentem.

(66) la hU firft iriBt to RoqiC;(A» Ht* t3}7. S(o Mlliioires for
Pctrarque, torn. i. p. 322, &c.), Petrarch is Aruck nmto txnracuki
renim tantarum, et-fttiporis mole olytitus . « . . Fneientia vefo, ml*
nimdiAii, n3yl inouaiiit t "aoromftiav fui^ Robmi niajorffipr.raii9
•eliquiz ouam rehar. Jam oon orbcai ab bac urbe domitufn^ fed
lam foo^donkam, iairoF^Opp. p« (05.. FamiHares; it. 14. Joantis

(67) He excepts «nd praifes the rare knowledge of John CoIonna«
Qai citiQi hodic magis. ignati renii» Ilofiiaiisnim^ ^mm A<V
nuAi civcs ? I&,vittts <Ucii nuiq|aai:v^ siitii^ floqea oog^ifotHr fUilB^
Romx.

(69) After thed<^]fitia6of l3ie Capitol^ hA adds, (Ut^Mfc-^ailt^
quot funt mundi provincis ; et habebat qu.'elibet tintinnabulum ad
colhim. £t eraot ita |>er mancam actem difpofitae, ut quando aliqaa
. regio Romano Imperio vcbeUis erat, ftatim imago iUius provincis
nrtebat fe contra ;}Uni4 under tinsumabukua refiaaabat qu^d pemhr*
dat ad collujq; tUDcqpc Tates CapitoUi^erant. cu(lodaa< £iBacid«j
&c. He nemioos an eaaiBpU oi xhjt Sm^m asd Saavi, rtho^ aftir:
they had beeQiabdued hy Agripja, agaiiy rebeUed : tiitlnn^iikiflSv
fonuit; faccrdos qui emt Jq fpecuia4a,biQbdoviiadfbf0natorib|]9(niuO^
tiavit: Agrippa marched, back and reducedi the •-^-r^pjecflMv 4 ^aa
nym. in Montfaucofi, p. 297, 2^8.}.

380 THE DECLINE AND FALL

" is fo named as being the head of the world ;
" where the confuls and fenators formerly re-
** fided for the gorvernment of the city and the
" globe. The ftrong and lofty trails were co-
•' vered with glafs and gold, and crowned with
" a roof of the richcft and moft curious carv-
" ing. Below the citadel flood a palace, of
** gold for the greateff part, decorated with
*' precious ftoucs, and whofe value might be
^ efteemed at one third of the world itfelf
** The ftatues of all the provinces were ar-
" ranged in order, each with a fmall bell fuf-
*' pended from its neck ; and fuch was the con-
** trivance of art magic (69), that if the pro-
** vince rebelled againft Rome, the flatue tum-
** ed round to that quarter of the heavens,
" the bell rang, the prophet of the Capitol re-
" ported the prodigy, and the fenate was ad-
" monilhed of the impending daijger/* A
fecond example of lefs importance, though of
equal abfurdicy, may be drawn from the two
marble horfes, led by two naked youths, which
have fince been tranfported from the baths of
' Conftantine to the C^irinal hill. The giound-
kfs application of the names of Phidias and
Praxiteles may perhaps be excufed ; but thefe
Grecian fculptors fliould not have been remo-
ved above four hundred years from the age of
Pericles to that of Tiberius : they (hould not
have been transformed into two philofophers
or magicians, whofe nakednefs was the fymbol
of truth and knowledge who revealed to the

emperor

^^9) The fame writer alfirms, that Vir^l captus a Romanh iavU
fiVf liter exijt, ivitque Neapoltm. A Roman magician, in the xith

ctntory, it introduced by WiUiam of MalmAury (dc Geflis Regum
An^lornm, 1. ii. p. 8^.)$ and in the time of Fhrniniut Vacca
'^ . 103.^ it wa« the vulffar belief that the ftrangeri (the Ofiit)
I the4smom for ibit difcoTery of hidden trcafurea.

([No. 81
iavoked

OF THE;.R.OMAN^AMPIR:E. 381

emperor his moft fecret adions ; and, after re-.
filling all pecuniary reconipcnfe, folicited thct
honour of leavixig this eternal monument of
themfelves (70). Thus awake to the povfer of
magic, the Romans were infeniible to the
beauties of art: no more than five Aatues
were vilible to the eves of Poggius; an^J of
the multitudes which chance or defign had by*
ried under the ruins, the refurredion was fortu-..
nately delayed till a fafer and more enlighte- .
n(e4 3g^ (71)' The Nile, which now adoma
the Vatican, had been explored by fome laboiu,
rers in digging a vineyard near the temple, or
convent, of th^ Minerva ; but the impatient
proprietor, who wfis tornaented by fome vi-.
fits of curiofity, rcftored the nnprotitable mat-t
bie to its fornjer grgvc (72).. The difcovery*
of a ftatue of Pompey, ten feet in length, 'was
the occafipn of a law-fuit. It had been £bund';
undey a partition-wall : the equitable juc^ge had[!
pronounced^ that the^head ihould, be fepacatea^,
from the body to fatisfy the claims of the con^:
tiguous owners ; and tho fente«ce' ^ would have'
been executed, if the. interceflion of a, fiarai-,
jaal, and the liberality of a pope, had ndtnef-.;

, ., ,CU^dj

(Vo) Anonym, p. afp/ Montfaucon* (p.^ipi.) juftljr obfcrve»^
that it Akxander m yeprefentod, thgfe ftatuetf taiindt be thb work -
of Phidisf (Oljcipiad Ixxxiii.) or Praxitele^^ ^OSympiMl civ.)^ wbo ^^
Kvcd before thic eonquefor (Plin. H«* Nator. xxxiv. ip.). '

(71) WiUiamof IMmflnry (1. ii. p* 969^17. y>el«beft a nnf»eIlot% '
dtfcovery (A. D. 1044). of PaUas, tlief<moj^J^vinder» w^o badl^eca
flain byTnniQt; the ^erpctyallij^ht ift'fiis'ffjf^t^ldhre, a Latin 'epi-
upb, tbcconie, 7e^'«mitt, of a yooQC ghnt, the caomidiU'
wound in his Fresift Q)e^U5perforat ingcnt), &^ -If this fable ?;ciiU '
00 the fliebteft fooBdatwn^ we mtj ipity ih^ bodied, as well ks the

dam ad plantandos arbbres fcrobes faciens detexit. Ad hoc yifen-
dbm cum plures in dies magis concurrerent, ftrepitum adenntitun
faftidiam^ue perts^fus, horti patropus coogefU humo tcxit (Pog;gitir
do Va^ietace Borputftf p.*i2.). ....

381 THFUECLlNf AND tALt

cued tlie Roman hero from tht Mantis of his bar-
barotts comitrymcn (73).
Reftontkm Bat tbc clouds of barbarilieti iKttft j^adually
andorna. difpelled I aud tbc peaccfiil authority of Mar^
city. tin the fifth and hts facceUbrs, reftored the
A.^D. i44o,Q,^ajnent8 of the city as well as the order of
the ecclefiaftical ftate. The .imj^ovements of
Rome^ fince the fifteenth century, have not
been the spontaneous prodtXNs df. freedom and
induftry. The firft and moft natural toot of
a great city, is the labour and populoufnefs
of the adjacent couiitry, which flif)f>lies the
materi^s of fubfifVence, of mantifsi^ures, dndof
foreign trade. But the greater part of the Cam-
pagna of Rome is reduced to a dreary and de-
folate wildernefs: the overgrown eftates of the
princes and the clergy arc cultivated by the lazy
h^uids, of indigent and hopelefs vaiTals; and the
f<;ahty harvtra are confined Or exported for the
l^nrat <)f a monopoly. A iecond and more
artificial caufer of the growth of a tnetropolis,
is the; refidence of a monarch, the expence of
a lo^uHous court, and the tributes of depen-
d^jQt provinces. Thofe provincies and tributes
had been loft in the feB of the eiiiplre : and if
feme ftreams of the filver of Peru and the gold
of Brafil have been attra£led by the Vatican ;
tbc revenues of the cardinals, the fees of of-
fice, the oblatibns of fnlgrims and dients, and
th^ remnant of coclefii&cal taa^ atibrd a
poor and precarmtis fupply, wfiT<;h maintains
however the idleaefs of tbe'com-t and city.
The populatiaijt of Rome, Qlv b^w the mea-
fure of the great capkah of Etrrd^, does not
e^Eoeed one hundred and feventy thou&nd in-
habitants

the end of the Roma Aotica of Mtfdiiii (1704, in 4to).

OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

habitants {74.); and withui the fpacious in-
clofiire of the walls, the largeft portion of the
feven hflls is ovferfpread vith vineyards and
ruins. The beauty and fplencjour of the mo-
dem city may be afcribed to tfce abufes of the
government, to the influence of fpperftition.
Each reign (the exceptions arc rare) has been
marked bv the rapid elevation of a new family,
enriched by the childlefs pontiff at the expencc
of th^ church and country. The palaces of
thefe fortunate nephews are the moft coiUy mo-
numents of elegance and fervitgde ; the per^
arts of architeai^e, painting, aad faUmure,
have been^ prpftituted in their ferviqe, and
their galleries and gardens ar^ decQr^t<jd with
the moft precious wock« of antiquity, whicl^.
tafte or vanitv has prpippt^d them ta cpU.
Ie6l. The ecclefiaftical reven.u?^ were moi'^ ^Jcr
ceatly employed by the popes ibemfelves ifl tip •
pomp of the Catholic worfiiip^ but it is
fuperfluous to enumerate their pious foundati-
ons of altars, chapels, and churches, fince thefe >
leffer ftars are eclipfed by the fim qf i^ Vali-
can, by the doiw of g, JPetf i> th^ ipofi; gjbii^,.
ous ftrud^ure that ever has been applied to the
ufe of religion. The fame of Julius the fe-
cond» Leo the tenth, axid Sixtus the filih, is
accompanied by the Juperior. merit of Braman^
te and Fontana, of Raphael and MkrhaeU
Angelo : and the fame muaificeqc^ whfck h^
been difplayed in palaces and temples, was
direfled with equal ze4 tQ revive aod emulate

.. 1.' . "the

(74> Utbe r«M 1709, tV: inh«taa«tt.of'»«me..(witlimit iijclu-
**>« Cigilt or Uix Uu}ufaD4 Jtw»> amountet^t^ 1 3«',5^ fovls (i^abat
VoyaM «tt Sfpa^ ec en Itaiie, tarn, iii. p. a,;., uH.}, In 1740'
tficj h^ wcrcakd to i^ii^oftD (.and if 176^, I feft them, without
th€ J^w% i#i«89p» I 9m, igooisaA ynk^Acr tW hwvr fincc cpntK
pued in a p«pgrefliv ibil^

583

384 THE DECLINE AND FALL

tBc labours of antiquity. Proftrate obeUiks
were raifed from the ground, and eredted in
the moft confpicuous places ; of the eleven
aqueduAs of the Caefars and^confule, three
were reftored; the artificial rivers were con-
duAed over a 16'ng feries of old, or of new,
arches, to difcharge into marble bafins a flood
of falubrious and refreftiing waters : and the
fpeftator, impatient to afcend the fteps of St.
Peter\ is detained by. a column of Egyptian
granite, which rifes between two lofty and per-
petual fountains, to the height of one hundred
and twenty feet. The map, the defcription,
the monuments of ancient Rome, have been
ducidated by the diligence of the antiquarian
and the ftudent (75) : and the fix)tfteps of he-
roes, the relics, hot of fuperftition, but of em-
pire, are devoutly vifited by a new race of pil-
grims from the remote, and once favage, coun-
tries of the North.

Fnd coo- ^^ ^^^^ pilgrims, and of every reader, tTae
civfioaT attention will be excited by an hiftory.of the

decline

(ts) The Pere Montfkucon dUlributes Im own oVervatioiu into '
twenty days, he (hoirid have ikjled them weeks,, of aionths, of his
Tifits to the different ]:(arts'of the city (Biarium ttallcum, c. 8 — lo.
'p. <04-->3ci.)» That levpcd Benedidine reWewis the t6pogra|»herB
of ancient Rome ; the firft eiforts of Blondus, FuWius, Martianus,
and Faunus, the fiiperior labours of Pyrrhus I.%orftts, had his
learning been equal to hit labours ; the. writinfs qf Oiniphrius Panvi-
nibs, qui omnes obfcuravit, and the recent but iinperfe<% books
of DonatOB and Nardini. Yet Montfaucon fHIl fif^h^ for a more
complete plan and defcription of the old ci^r, which muft be
attained by the three following methods : i*. The meafuremcht of
the fpace and intervals of the ruins. 2. The ftody of tafcriptions,
and the places where thef were found. j.vThe inwftigation of all
the ads, cfnrters, diaries of the middle ages, which name any fpot '
or building of Rome. The laborious work, itich as Montfaucon dc-
fired, muft be promoted by orineely or jnhiic mnnificence t. but
the great modem plan of ifolU^^4* !>• >749-) would fortitii a fo-
lid and accurate baus for the aocie&t topography of Ron»e.

OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 385

diedine and fidl of the Roman empire ; the
greateft, perhaps, and moft awful fcene, in the
hiftory of mankind. The various caufes and
progreffive eSe&s are conneded with many
of die events moft interefting in human an-
nals : the artful policy of the Casfars, virho long
maintained the name and image of a firee re-
public; the diforders of military defpotifm;
the rife, eftablifhment, and fe^s of Chriftiani-
ty ; the fi>undation of Gonflantinople ; the di-
vifion of the monarchy ; the invafion and fet-
tlements of the Barbarians of Germany and
Scythia ; the ioititutions of the civil law ;
the character and religion of Mahomet; the
temporal fovere^[nty of the popes ; the reftor '
ration and decay of the Weftern empire of
Charlemagne ; the crufades of the Latins in the
Eaft ; the conquefts of the Saracens ^nd Turks ;
the ruin of the Greek empire ; the ftate and
revolutions of KotnH in the middle age. The
hiftorian may applaud the importance and va«
liety of his fubjed ; but, whik he is confdous
of his own imperfeAions, he muft often accufe
the deficiency of his materials. It was among
the ruins of the Capitol, that I firft conceived^ ^
the idea of a work which has amufed and
ezercifed near twenty years of my life,^ and-^ '
which, however inadequate to my own wilhes,
I finally deliver to the curiofity and candour
of the Public.

Lavsammx,

Jum %% 1787-

Vox. XII. G c

/ .

^ 1 !:'^ .;

:V T )

' . . r ;,. ,, . ^ ...ij u:!; iv''^- . • * t

. . ../ .■ .• .;.v-^-" -■ *• • / ' '•; •

._:,,;; ... ... ,-,■. ■.:. ;» v--;; /;■

. . i • I i-M.# -1»4JJ ^ .* ^-

desfB

" • '• 1 1 HI II ■ <

rmui-

GENERAL IN t) EX.

^. A The Roman Numerals refer t6 the Yolutxibi
And tbe Figures to the Pa^e.

'^BAif^ tkt Sancdi, iier6irin ^

^Mmffidn^ dewkm oC Jie'liottfe of, to
the office of cmli^ of the Sancein,

Mirnkmh^ the Saracdi, his ekctvfioD tb
pltituier thtf fair of AbyU, «; 34^*
Hk African eacpeditton, ik. 388.

-'fiifiAwArfr «lipH of thd Sanceiu, refit-
fes tribute to the empenor of Coil-
l^antinopie, and eftahliihn a natio*
na) Biint^ 1. tf .

AM^Urmhtiam^ the 'SaTaeen, etlabliihes
hb throne kt Cordova hi Spam,
g i>i ^ Spleudour of his court, 33*
Hweftimateorhiihtppinefsi 34.

AUthauz^ the Sanceil, & titatf with
Theodcmir the Gothic prince of
Snain, ix. 4,5. Hisd<jath, 4I9.

jSbdtrame^ his eneditiofl to France,
and vidories theft, t. to. Hii
«Uath, SI.

Ahitl MaaHey^ the gtafidfath^r of th«
prophet Mahomet, his hiftorr, 1x4

Ahgmrms^ inquiry bto th6 alithentieitT
of his correAiondence with Jefua
Chrift, iz. 91. *

Ahfortty the kft king iff Eddlk, fenc
» chainato Rome, 1. 199.

Jtlanmu, the confidently prefeft nti«
te Cooteicine the Great, a con-
ffutuj formed agaisft him «o that

«hiwJfy)r*s<lcathi iii:;iyi Is put t^
death, iap. ^

Ahu Ajuhy his hiftorj, and the teiSera^
-tioo'paid to his Ittertidry "by the
MahoBietans, t. 4. xii* ii;.

AhAei^^ the frietld of Mahomet, it
boe df his firft ^pnyetts, X. a 4 c.
Flies from Medea with liim, 24i«
Socceeds Mahomet -as caliph of tite
»»racen4, 285. His charader, 300.

Abm l^ab commands the Andalufian
Moors who fubdued the iihmd of
Crcte,*x< 50.

Aht Sg^tUtH^ t>r]nce 0^ Mecca, con<«
fpires fitt death of Mahoihet, it.
a4>* BattSet of Beder and Ohad«
I57, 259. Befieges Medina t^th*
oatfthccdb^ adi. Surrenders Mecea
€0 Mahomet, and receives hiu as a
prophet, atf5«

Aht Titlmri the CanHlathlaxii piUages
Mec», X. 67.

AbdMa^ his account of the fplencbitl^
of the caliph Modadcr, x. Ji.

Abmlpbnrapiuy primate of the £aftem
Jacobites, fome account of, viii. 31^
His encominm on wifdom and leam*
ing, X. 3I).

Alndantms, general lof the Saft, and
^ttoii of the eunuch Eutropius, ia
difjfraced and exiled by blm, y ^ t<4.
«»•'- the feir of, {plundered I7 t£|

tha inlubitanta of, dtfojbed,
% 314- 1^^ alliance with the
% emperor

GENERAL INDEX.

emperor Juftintan, 316. Ecdefia^

tftal hiftocy of, viii. 331.
'^tdciui, bifiiop of Amida, an Qfic«m.

men infiance of epifcopal benevo-

len ce^ v. 4^« - - - :-

Jehaia, its extent, i. 34.

jicrt, the memorable uege of, bj the

crvfadera, zi ; 1 1 9. Final lofs of , 1 $ i .
ASittff infiitutet of Jnftinian refpec-

ting, viii. 74. *

jtOimm, a review of Roman affairs after

tiK>attle of, /. ^4. ■" T
4^^l^*J^t o%ly* martyr ofldiAinc-^

don during the perfecution under

Diocletian, ii. tpj.
JJflthm/p the brother of Alaric, brings

him a reinforcement of troops, ▼.

Ji7|. ' Ir made 'covti of. tlkedomef-

tics to thi new emperor Att^Ios, aS 1 .

Succeeds his bnMAier as king of the

Goths, and concludes a peace with

Honorins, 304.
jtJ^thH^ the rwo kinds of, under the

Greek empire, zi. 4$. m9ff.
4J»rati9a of the Roman emperor, ctif-

tom of, and derivation of the tera»

X. 108. .
JiUm'$^ the Genbeft governor of Pho-

csa,- conveys. Amurath II, firoiK

Aii^ to' Europe, zii. 47.
MrUu \, pope, his alliance witli Qiar-

lemagne againftths LomV^V'ds, i|c.

1x7. His reception of Charlemagne

at Rome, 1 35. AfTerts the fiditious

|l2onation of Gonftantinc the Greati

•39- ' ,

Adultery f diftindions of, and how po-
niihed by Auguftus* yiii. 89. By
the Chriuian emperori, pft.

^Um CapittVma founded pn mount Si-
on by Hadrian, ii. t30,

.^timi P^tujt his Tripartiti^ the oldeft
work of Roman jurifprudencci vilk
\i.

^mibamu, governor of pannonia and
M«fia, fonts the barbarous invadera
of the empire, and is declared empe*
ror by his troops, i. 3^a.

Mwrms of Gaxa, his attefiation of the
iniractilous gift of foeech to the C»>
thobc confeflors ot Tipaia, whofe
tongues had been cut out, vi. %6t,

Mmms yi^t hia account of the im«
praAicabilitr of an European cru-
Ude. againft (ho Turks, xii. 21$.
Hb epigram on the deftruAion of
MeicBt buitdfngs Sn Rome, 368.

JSrm of the world, remarkable epochaa
in, pointed out, vii. 146. m§te,

-*— GelaUean, of the Turks* when
fettled. X. 311.

.^Ibbm/ tribute, in the EtSketntmpire,
what, via. 100.

JBthtty furnamed the Atheift, his cha-
rader and adventures, iti. 318.
341.36$. •#/*.

— — , The Ronum general under Va-
lentintan III. hu chvader, vi. g.

\ Hia treKheroos ficheme to ruin count
. ^ Boniface, p. Is forced to retire Into
Pannonia, it. Hisinvitatioaof the
Huns into the empire, 34. Seizes
the adminiftration of the Wefteni
empire, 79. His chara^er as given
by Renatna x coCenmrary hiftwrian,
80. Employs the Huns and Alani
in the dmnce of Oaul, St. Con-
cludes a peace with Theodoric, 85.
Raifes the fiege of Orleans, 99.
Battle of Chalons, 103. His pru-
dence on the invaiion of Italy by At-
tila, 114. Is mncdered by Valen-
tinian, iti.

^rit^t >te fit«atioB and fevolntiona, I:
36. Great rcvea«e raifed from, by
the Romans, 118, PNfrefrof Chri£>
tianity th»rt, ii. 301.

— ^-, Is diftra^d with rel^ious dtf-
,cord in the tftr^. of Conftaattne the
Great, iii. 199. Chandler and re-
volt of the CircumceUiona, jf 6.
Opprefliona of,, tnider the govcra-
ment of count Romanus, tr. 170.^
.General (bite of Africa, 177.

^— — , ReTolt of count Bonifue there
vi. 9. Arrival of Gcuferic kinjr of
the Vandala, 1 1 . Perfecntion of the
Donatifts, 14. DevafbtioQ of, by
the Vandala, 18. Carthage forpn-
fed by Gciifcnc> a$. PerfecniioQ
of the Catholics, 84^

•— i— , Expedition of Belifarioa ta» vii.
159. Is recovered by the Romans,
176. The govcmittfnt of, fettled
by Juftinian, 177. Revok of the
troopsthere, under St^a, 331. 0e>
vacation of the war, 3)6.

ji/ricm^ invafionof, by the Saracens, iz.
387. Conqueft. of, by Akbah, 391*
l)ecline and extio^doo of Chfiflianf
ty there. 417. Revolt andindqien^
dence ot the Straoetts there, x. 69.

j^kUei, the Siiracen dynafty of, z.
69.

^zUlf a Roman lady, pacronifei 8c,

OElf E R AL' index.

86MMCC9 ita 39T*

Jiirittfm^ review of hit oondad in Bri-
tain, t. 6.

^iricukmrt, great imRDTement of, in
tlie w«Aem eottntnet of tbe RomAA
empire, i. 74. . State of, in the Eaf-
tcm empire, under Juftintan, yH:
83.

Jjs*, .the fepnlchre of, how diflin.
gniihed, iii. lo*

^MM^, hattk of, between the Sa*
raceni and the Greek*, iz. 33$.

Mkab^ the Saracen, his exploits itl*

Africa, ix. 99 ».
ftf «', occaiioB of d
Afia, ii. $tf. Con^oeft'of, by the'

AUni^ occafioB of thefe people invading

Huos, iv. 334. Join the Goths who

- had emigrated, mto Thrace, 358.
See Gabtj and FtmdaU,

Alaric, the Goth, learns the ait of war
under Theodo&us the Great, v. 74.
Becomes the leader of the Gothic
revolt, «nd ravages Greece, 164. '
Efeapes from StiCcho, 171. Is ap-
pointed mailer general of the Eaftern
lUyricum, 173. Hii invafion of lu-
^,175. Is defeated by itificho at
Pollentia, lU. Is driven out of
Icalj, 18 c. Is, bj treaty vrith Ho-
nonuB, declared mafier-general of
the Roman armies throughout the
prasfe&ure of lllyricum, lie. His
pleas and motives for marching to
Rome, itft- Encamps under the
walls of that city, 21$. Accepts a
ranfom, and raifes the fiege, a;6.
His negocistions ^^rith the emperor
fionorius, 173. His fecond fiege of
Rome, 179. Places Attains on the
Imperial throne, a8f. Degrades
him, 183. Seises the city of Rome,
48$. His fack of Rome compared
with that by the emperor Charles
V. a^y. Retires from Rome, and
ravages Italy, 299. Hiv death and
burial, 303.

jf!ari( II. king of the Goths, his over-
throw by Clovis king of the Franks,
vi. 199.

jihtr'uky the fon of Marosia, his re-
volt, and government of Rome, ix.
173.

A^l*M of France, perfccution of, x.
163.

^A#r«, kin^ of th9 Lombard, his hil^
tory, viii. lotfi His alliance vrith
the Avars againft the Gepidje, 108.
flcduccs the Gepidse, 109. Hi un^

'^.4crti4tes the coiu|Dcft of ItaLv* iiO'

' Overruns what is now called X^om*
bardv, 1 14. AlEbmes' the regal ti-
lie there, 115. Takes Pavia, and
makes it his capital city, nd. Is
murdered at the inftigatioQ of his
mieap. RoiiMDond, it8,

jffciimjf the books, o^ in Egypt* dc-
ftioyed by Diocletian, iL iij.

^/r/^, ficj^ and capture of, by the Sa-
racens, IX. 3 $8- Is recovered by (he

" Greeks, xi 78.' Is taken andfacked
by lamerlane, xii. 19.

Atexauder III. pope, eiUbUfhes the pa-
4>al ele^on in the college of cardi-
nals, xii. ^€^,

AUx0tJer archbiihop of Alexandria,
excommunitates Ariusforhisherefy,
iii. 317.

JJtxamdtr Severut^ is declared Cciar
by the emperor Elagabalus, i. an..
\ Is raifed to the throne. 113. . Exa-
mination into his pr^ended viAory
over .Artaxerxes, 301. Shewed a.
regard for the Chriitian religion, ii.
'370. .

Alexandria^ a general maflacre there,
by order of the emperor Caracaila,
i. 194. The city defcribed, 399.
Is ruined by ridiculous intefUne com*,
motionsr 400* By famine and .pef-
tilence, 40a. Is befieged aAd taken
by Diocletian, ii. 1 1 1 . The ClirifU- '
an theology reduced to a fyftemacical
form in the fchool of, &99. Num-
ber of martyrs who fufiered there in
the peifecution by Decius, 351 .

, The tlieoloeical fyftem oX Plato

taught in th«^ fchool of, and received ^
by the Jews there, iii. 305. Que^ *
tions concerning the nature of the
trinity, agitated in the philofophical
and Chfmian fchools of, 310. 318.
HiAory of the archbiihop St. Atha«*
nafius, 344. Outrages attending his '
expulfion and the ctlablUhment of
his fucceflbr, George of Cappadocia,
|68. The city diurat^edoy pious
jadions, 377. Difgrace/ul hfe and
tragical <lcath of George of Cappar
docia» iv. III. Reiloratjon of Atna-
nafius, 116. Athanalius b^Jhed by
JuBan, 11 8. Suffers gready by an
earth^akei 304.

*"^ , HiAory of the temple. of Serapiii
there, v. 98. This tcfnpjie, andtW
famous library, deftroyfd by^biihop
Theophiltts, 100.

Gi;N£&AL INPSX.

^'•m U taktfi hj Amxoa the S»k^»

fa. 37$- ' Thb funoQS libn^ ^

ftf^tA, 379.
JBimmt AwftUi^ bli Vfufsdott 6f'dke

^fliiek Mipife, and charader, u.

if^ • ¥tics bdbre die crufaderib

• »9»- ^ <

jitixms f. CMrnrtw, emperor of CoQ^
Ibotiooplc, is. 7$. NeV tkl<t ,df
digaityiiiTeiitedDf him, 104. Bat-
tle of Dorazzo, 15S. Solicits the
aid of the emperor Henry VL

•^— Solicit! the aid of die ChliiUaB
vrJBces a^ainft the Turks, tu 5.
Hit fnipiaoas policy on the arri^
of the cniiaders, 4%, Ezadi ho*
mage from them, 44. Profiu b j the
fticcefs of the cmiaders, 91.

<Alemat If. Cmatmmr, emperor of Coo^
ftantinople, is. 81.

Atexm Strateit^hu^ the Greek gdie-
ral, retakes Conftantinople from the
Latins, xi.i^p.

UUjrtmr^ the fofi of liaac Angelps, his
eieape from his unclci who had de-
pofjpid his father, xi. 170. Histreaty
with the cnifaders for his reftorati-
on, 183. Reftoration of his father.
T98. His death, toj.

Alfrti fends an embany to the fhriae
of St. Thomas in India, txiI. 313.

Ja^rs^ by whom invented, 1. 41. ^

^A, joins Mahomet in his prophetical
mifiion, ix. 143. His hcfoifm, 46p.
263. His charader, 184. Is
choien caliph of e|ie Saracens, 290.
Devotion paid at his tombt 194.
His pofteritv, ibid.

Jtlrern^ defend^ Cumx, for his brother
Teias, king of ^he Oothi, yii 37 i,
Is reduced. 374.' •

A^tUht murders Cvauiius, aod ufurps
hisftation, ii. jo^.

jilUfttannit the origin end warlike fpirit
of, '• 370. ' A^ driven out of Italy
by the fenate and people, 371.
Invade the empire under Aurelian,
ii. 10. Are totally routed. %u
Oaul delivered from their dcpredatlp
omby. Cpnftantius Chiorus,, 101.

*»^ Invade and eftablf(h thmfclvea
In Oatil, iii; 108^. Afc d^eated at
'Strdhorgh by Julian, 7.14. Arc
reduced by Julian in his expeditions
beyond* the IRhine, aaa. In vide
%anl imder the emperor Valentiiiian,
it. 149* Mt reduced by Jovijius,

iSi. Are fhaflifind.hy'^

Hy

— ^— Are fubdned by Clovia king o(
. the Cranka, vi. &8i •

4f^ JrfaB^ fiiltaa of the Twks» his
raig».x.a^,

JP^p^t govomor. of Bntaia* u com"
miffioood fay the emperor Julian to
rehujld the tfoiqfh of JenlalaB^
«v. 94.

Mmia^^ king of the Gotbsa hia high
credit among them, «. jso^

4maUfmtU^ oneen of U^y. her hifi*
tory and cnaraAer, vii. 19$. (ief
death, 199.

Amdpti^ defbiption of tl^e cjty^ ao4
iu commerce, x; ^4^.

AmanMs^ improb^i]tty q( any fociety
of» it. 38. ntte,

jMffiimt refle^iona 09 the violence^,
and various operatioaa of that paP>
iion« ix. 9^.

jtmkr$fc^ St. con^toied 4 treatife on the
triniqr, lor toe uie of the empcyor
Grattan, v. 4. m§te. His birth» and
Dpomotion to the archbiihopric of
Milan, 35. 0|^K)ies the Ariao, wor?
fliipof theempreCs TuAsoa, |&. Re-
fuKs obedience to tne Imperial pow-
er, 41 . Controls the emperor Tlio-
odofius, Cx. Impoics penance on
Theodofius for hxa cruel treatment
of Theflalonica, 64* ^ployed his
influence over Gratian and Theodon
ittts, to infpire them with maxims
of perfecution, 83. Oppofes Sym-
machus, the advocate for the old Pai-
jipm religion, 90. Coraforta the ci-
tizens of Florence with a dream,
when befiegcd by Radagaifus, aoo.

jimUa^ fie^e of, by Sapor king of
Perfia, ui. 199. Receives the fu-
gitive inhabitants of Nifibisy iv. 197.
IS beCeged and taken by Cabades king
of Perna, vii. 1 30.

jtmir^ prince of Ionia, his chara<9er,
and paflace into £ttrope, xi. 399.

AmmUmmt the hiflorian, his religious
charader of the emperor Confj^nti-
tts, iiifc 341. vHis remark on the
enmity of Chrifiians toward each
other, 390. • His account of the
fiery obiimAions to reftoring th^
temple of Jenifalem, iv. 96. His
account of the hoftik conteil of Da-
piaf^s and Urfinus for the bi<i
mopric of Rome, 44$. TeiUmony
in far cur of his hiilorial merits
3% Hia

fsl

G j:.ne3i-^a e i'n d'e x/

IJlV Hit<ehaniAerof t1teMblef6f

fmmmittt^ the inatheiiuitidaBy liU mea-
toeacnt of' tlie drcnit of Rome,

A mmtM i t a ^ th« monk of Aksmdria, hit
lorn, TBi; 254.
ficM *lid deftroAion of, by

die criifik Motaflcn, s. tfo.
AmUilKUtf bilhdt» of lootthm, ntins

the favoor of the emperor ThcMMi-

us by mtf orthodox bm mt^ y. 1 $.
AmfUntki^tre at Rome, a deftriteion of,

ii. 84. »i*37i.
Amfvtr hit birth andcharaAer. h. 307.

Hisiii«»fion and conqneft ot Egypt,

369^ His adminifiration thett> 38a.

Hb delanptioB of the toontrr, 38^
Amarath h Adttn of the TorKS, hu

reign, xL 404-
Amraib il. fultail, hit reign and dia-

nider, zii. 133.
AtMeburetff in monkiih faiftory, de-

Icribed, ▼!. 134.
Atmrkfutf pope, hit Jewilh eztn^dxon,

xii« a8o.
Aaafia/im$ I. marriet the empreit Ari-

Mhie, irii. tf. Ifis war with Theo-

doric, the Oftrogoth king of Inly,

Ai. His oeconomy celewated, pe.

Hit long wull from the Proponus

to Che £incine, 1 sa. Is bnmbled by

the Catholic dergy, Tiii. 26«. * ^
Atmfiafms II. em|ieror of ConftantiuD*

pie, iz. II. Hit preparations of de -

fence againft the Saracens; x. H* '•
Aitafimjimi^ St. his' brief hiftory and

maftyrdDm, ▼iii. 201. luft,
AmmA*^ the citT of, on the banks of the

Em^lratet, defcribed, it. 147.
AmdaUjiaf deritation of the name of

that province, is. 40^. utte*
JmdrmH»u prefidcttt of Lybia, ezcom-

municatcd by Synefiut biibop of

Ptolemais, iii. 289.
Andmkmi OrmninMr^ his charaAer, and

hrtt adventures, ix. 8a. Seiaes the

empire of Conftantinople, 90. His

unhappy fate, 94.
AmdHmtut the Elder, empo^r of Con-^

Hantinople, his fuperftition, xi. 325.

His yfft with his grandfon, add ab- *

dication, 33 1»
Andrmitttf the Younger, emperof 6f

Conftantinople, his licentious cha-

rader,' xi. 319. His civil waf"

againft hit grandfadier, 331. I^s

reign* 335* • li vanquUhed* and'

woimdkd bj^'fiiltan Orchan, 395.
His nrivate apnUcation to pope Be-
nediA Xlt. 9t Rome, xii. 59.

Am^«^ battle of, between Tamerlane
and Bajaxet, xii. 23.

Akianui^ biihop of Orleans, his pious
anxiety iot th& relief of that city
when bellegedby Attila the. Hun,

▼>• 9^ . , ■ w

AnicUm family at Rome, brief hiftory
of, V. 238,

Akn* Cimmeua^ chara^er of her hiftpry

, of l>cr father*. Alexius I. emperor

* of* Conftantiiioplc, ix. 7 a. Her con-

fpiraty againft her brother John, 75.

Attthtmiut^ emperor of the Weft, luf^
deicent, and inveftiture by X«eo the^
Great, vi. 172. His ele^on coo-
firmed at Rome, 173. Is killed in
the iack of Rome by Ricimer, 104.

Amtbenuus^ praefed of the Eaft,^ ctaa*
rader of his admiaiftration, m the
minority of the emperor Theodoftuf .
theyouneer, v- 386*

AMthtmtus uie archited, inftances of
his great knowledge in mechanics,
viL 108. Forms the defign of the
church of :St. Sophia at Conftantino-,

pic. III.

Amtbmj^ St. father of the Egyptian
monks, hisliiftory, vi. aiii.

AMtbr9pom»rftit<s^ .iunong the early
Chriftiaxti, perfonifiers of the Dtity,
Yiii« 24J^

AntUch, tsucen and deftroyed by Sapor
king of Perfia, i. 387. Flouriihmg
ftate of the Cbriftiain church there,,
in the reign of Theodoiius, ii»
297.

, Hiftory of the body of St. Ba*

byias, bilhopof, iv. io8. The car
thedral of, ihut up, and iu wealth
confifcated, by the emperor Julian,.
1 1 o. Ificentiont manners of the ci
tizens, 128. l^opular difcootents
during the xeftdeqce of Juhan ih^<»:
130.

— i^— , Sedition there, againft thp cm«
peror Theodoftus, v. 55. The city .
pardoned, $8. 1 > ■ ■

— - It taken and rpiped, by Chofro*
es kin|^ of Perfta,viL 297. Gr^at ^^
ftrudion there by an earthquake,

r, ^ It agwn feixed by ^Choiroea^
viii. 199. ■ ; . I .

i»-», Is rcifuced by the S^^-aponK uid*
ranfomed, ix. |6k Itr^covese^ ^]K^
the Greeks, x.78';

*-«— , Befieged

GENERAL IHDEX.

— «-^ Beficged and takctt by the fiift

cnifrden, si. ^9.
iCHfsM, die Wife of BdilSmiis»'Iicr
cbaraAer, Tii. tt$. Ezamiaet and
convidt pope S^rWerinaof treacherf,
%%7, HeradiTitT daring the fiege
of Rome, ttp. Her fecret hiftory,
«4S. Founoa a conyent for her
fctrcatf 3^9*
Jhtmnut^ a Roman refagec at the comt
of Sapor king of Perfia, ftimulatca
htm to an infafion of the Rimian
proTinceh iii. iptf.
Jntmumut Timt^ hia charader, and that
of Hadrian, compared, i. 11. b
adopted by Hadrian, 108.
Jhtmuiifs AimrctUf his dehniire wart, 1.
IS. It adopted by Pius at the in-
fiance of Hadrian, 10^. His cha-
rader, 119. Hit war. againft the
muted Ocrmans, 319. Safpidoua
llor^ of his edid in fa^ronr of the
Chnftians, ii. 3^5.
J^9 Arrhu^ prxtorian praefod, and
ftthcr-iiwlaw to the emp^r Nu-
mcrian, it killed by Dio&letian at
the prdnrnptire murderer of that
prince, ti. 91.
A^fm4€M^ the Perfian, hit embafly
from Narfet king of Perfla, to the
emperor Oalerint, ii. 113.
Jpttmljfft^ why now admitted into the
canon of the Scripttiret, ii. a 59,

jip»€mut^ admiral of Conftantinople,

hit confederacy againft John C!an-

tamaene, xL 3 40. His death, 345.

JptiBmttrit^ biiho^ of Laodicem, his hy-

■ pothefis of the diTiae incarnation of

jefot thrift, viii. 147.
j^Mmmrit^ patriarch of Alexandria/

bntehers his flock in defence of the

Catholic dodrine of the incarnation,

viii. 3tT.
AftHmms of Tyana, hit donbtfol cha-

rader, ii. 31. »if#.
J ft htf f t of the Roman emperom, how

this cullom was introduced, i. 98.
dymmt dethrones Leontius emperor of

Conftantinople, and nfuq)t hit place,

ix« 17'
Af mH k^ it conquered by the Vormans, '

s. ftt9. h confirmed to them by

pnl «raAt, 136.
Af^kt^^ Defieged by the emptor Max-

imin, i. s6^. b taken and dcftroyed

by Attila kmg of the Huns, ti. 109.
jfiatHdb, ia fcttkd by the Goths, under

thtir khv WaOia, v« ^ b
qnered by doriakinf ei the Fn

▼1. 199.
Af^S^t ita fttuation, foil, and efinaBte,
' ix. 189^ Its divifton into the 4«4f«
the Arim, andthell^jfup. i9»- The.
paftoraT Arabs,- 193. Their hoKea
and camelt, i94» I9S' Citiea of,
19^. Mannert .and cnftena of the
Arabt, aoo. Their bngvage, a*?-.
Their benevolence, to9« xiiftery
and defcription of the Caaba of
Mecca, ait. Religiom, ai«. Ufe.
and dodrine of Mahomet, ait.
Conqueft of, by Mahomet, a^..
Chamder of the calipha, 3ifl^» Ra-
pid conqueftt of, 31a. Lunita of
their conqoefit, a. i. Three calipha
eftabliftien, 30. Introdndaon of learn-
ing among the Arabia|it» 3$. Their
progvp(t in the icioMet, '38. Their
literarr deficienctca, 43. Decline
aad^bll of the calipht, 68.
Arhetit, a ▼eteran nnder Co o fta m i n a
the Great, leaves hit retiremcat to.
oppofe the nfiirper Procopint, iv.

jtrhtgmflts^ the Frank, htsmilkarypro-.
motion nnder Theodofius in Gavl,
and confpiracy againft Valeatinian
the Younger, ▼. 7 1 • b defeated by
Theodofius and kills himfelf, 77.

Arcmdmt^ fon of the emperor Theodo-
fius. &cceed8 to the empire of the .
Eaft, V. 11$. Hit mumificence,
347* Extent of hia domtaiona,
348. Adminiftration of hisfavoo-.
rite euiiuc|i ^utropius, 349. Hia
cruel law againfl treafan« 357 •
Signs the condemnation of fintropi-
ut, 354. His interview with the.
revolcers Tribigild and Gaioas,
367. His death, and fnppofed tefta- .
fucnt, 3^3, 3'5* ^

Arehtudmrt^ Roman, the general ma|r-
• nificence of, indicated by the cxif-
ting ruins, i. €%,

ArJmJmrau, his expedition to Ittly, to
reduce the ttfurper John, vi. 4.

M^mmmtu the objed of their expedi-
tion to Colchos, vii. 306.

Ariaimt^ daughter of the emperor Leo,
and wife of Zeno, her charader,
and marrii^ afterward wkh Anafla^
fiut, vfi^^tf.

Arii^ a tribe of the Lygiana, their
terrific mode of waging war, ii.65.

Atkth^tmt^ is appointed general of tb«^

horfie

G^ENERAL INDEX.

Inrfe by the' emperor Jvtiin on hU
Pedba cxpodStion, ti. 144, Diftin-.
jrniAet himftif agftinft the ufiuper
nmcopnM, %ty
Jtrwmfim feisct tw»4hird» of the luids
oC-the 8e(|iMni is Gaul, for him-
fetf and hit Oerman foIh>wen, ti.

^ri/ftMu^ jprmc^ tnhiifter of the
hovft of Carat, k received into con-
fidence hy the emperor Diocletian,

JrUkuty hit bgic better adapted to the
decc^on of error, than for the dif-
corery of tmth, x. 40.

Arimi^ U exoondnnnicated for heretical
DOtioat concemiBff the Trinity, iii.
317. Strength 01 his party, ibid,

. Hit mfaiiona examined in the coun-
cil of Nice, 5ti. Account of Ari-
an fcAt, 537. Conncil of, Rimini,
3J1. Hisbanifliment and recall 336.
His fnfpicioot death, 337.

— -*, the Arians peHecnte the Catho-
lics in Africa, Ti.'a49.

Anmma^ tt fiBiztd by 8i^or kinjt of Per*
fia,t 365. /nri<taeetreftored,ii.ii5.
Me is fffaln cxprlled by the Ptrfians,
119. 'h refigned to Tiridatet by
ti^ty between the Romans and Per-
fians, 117.

— , Is rendered tributar7 to Perfia,
on the death of Tiridatcs, iii. ^35.
Charafter of Arfaces Tiranus king
of« and bis condnd towaid the
emperor Julian, iv. 140 Is reduc-
ed by Sapor to a Periian pro-nnce,
s«a

■ — » lu diftraAions and divtfion be-
tween the Perfians and the Romans,
▼. 400.

•*— , Hiftory of Chriftianity there, viii.
333.

Arwdtt of the Eaftem empire, ftate of,
under the emperor Maorice, viii.
•S3.

Jrmfriea, theproriaccs of, form a free
go vernmen t independent on the Ro-
mans, ▼. 337. Submits to Clovis
king of the mnks, ti. cft^. Settle-
ment of Britons in, 347.

jirmmr^ dcfenfive, is laid afide by the
RMnans, and adopted by the Barba-
rians, ▼. Si.

^tffmJVofBrefciayhisherdj, and hifto-
ry, xti.ft4i.

^trapm^ derivation of the name of that

Artimi, his Tifit to, and dcfcriptlon of,
Celchos, vii. 311*

ArfaciM^Ttramusy king of Armenia, his
charader, and di^edlton to the em-
peror JuKan, tv 140* Withdrawa.
his troops treacheroufly fr^m the
Roman fervice, 165. His diftib-ous
end, aSo.

drfntut^ patriarch of Conftanttnople,
excommunicates the emperor Mi-
chael Pal«olos:os, xi. 1^7. Fadion
of the Arfcnites, sp8.

JriahsMf king of Partliia, is defeated
and flain by Artaxerxes king of Per-
fia, i. 3S3.

— -, His cnnfpiracy againft the em- .
peror Tnftinian, Tii. 3^6. Isintntft-
ed with the condud of the armament
feAt to Italy. 361.

drtafirti^ king of Armenia, is depofed
bj the Perfians at the inftigadoa of.

. his own XubjedUy t.4ox.

Art9Taf^t^ his revolt againft the Greek
emperor Confiantine V. at Confian*v
tinople, ix. lit.

Aftaxtrxest rcftores the Perfian monar--
chy, i. 183. Prohibits every wor-
fiiip but that of Zoroafter, 293. His.
war with the Romans, 299. His
charader and maxims, 30 ^

Arteudmst duke of Egypt under Con-
ftantius, is condemnea to death under
Joiian, for cruelty and corruption,
IV. 44

Arthur, king of the Britons^ hit hiftory
obfcnred by the monkiih fi^iont, vi. ;
34«-

Arvaudat, praetorian prasfed 4>f Ganl,
his trial and condemnation by the
Ronjan ienate, ▼! 1S5.

AfcaUH, battle of, between Godfrey king

. of Jernfalcm, and the fuhan «f £gypt» .
xl 79.

Afeetki^ in ecdefiaftical hiftory, account
of, vi.ai3.

j^cUMatMM reduces and kills the Bri-
tifli ufiirper Alledns, ii. 106.

Afia^ fummary view of the revolutions
in that quarter of the world, i. aSt.

Afia MSmt defcribed, i. 34. Amount
of Its tribute to Rome,. aaS. Is con.u
quered by the Turks, x. 31 $.

Afmnt^, the nature of this office amosy -
the ancient Panns, ii. 191. iMr#.

Afpsrn commifiooed by Theodofins

the Younger to condud ValentiiHan

111. to Italy, vL 4. Places his ftew- .

ard Leo on the throne of the Eafter«

empire.

GENERAL INDEX.

rmpire, 171. He lad hie font mnN
dcred by Leo, vii. 4.
jiJpiftMs^ the priDci|)«Uty of, defiroyed

by the Moguls, xi. 379.
Afftmhliet of the people abolilhed under
the Roman emperors, i. ^;. The
nature of, among the ancient Ger-
mans, 313.
jflj^a^ the province of, defcribed, ir<
148. Is invaded by the emperor
Jalian, 151. His retreat, 173.
j/fisru, her image brought from Ckr-
thage to Rome, as a fpoufe for KU-
gabolus, i. ao8.
JfiUftbtu^ king of the Lombards, takes the
crty of Ravenna, and attacks Rome, <
ix. f a6. IsrepeUed by Pepin king of
France, iiS.
Aflr0l9gy^ why cultivated liy the Ara-
bian aftronomcra, x. 41.
JthsUru^ the Ion of Amalafonf fan queen
of luly, his education and ekaradler,
vii. 197.
JUhmrnmric the Gothic chief, his war
aeainft the em]>eror Vaiens, iv. 19a.
His alliance with Theodofius, hia
death and funeral, 389.
Jf/^M«/f«f, St. conrelEea hiaUDderftand-
ing bewildered by meditating on the
divinity of the Logos, iii. 311. Ge-
neral view of his opinions, 323. Is •
bantihed 337. His charad<er and ad-
ventmca, 344. iv. 116. 104. 137.
Was not the author of the fiunous
creed under his name, vi. (59.
^hawafra^ patriarch of ConSantino-
pic, his contefts virith the Gieek
emperor Andranicna the £Uer, xi.

325*
jiihfMoii, daughter of the pkilolbphcr

Leontitts. See SaAaa,
^Ums, the libraries in that dtv, why .

faid to have been fpared by the

Goths, i. 3i4« Naval ftre&wrth of

the republic of, during its prolperity,

ii.2ix. M/r.
jiu'ens is laid under contribution byA«r

Uric the Goth, v. 166.
-^->, Review of the philoibphical hif-

tory of, vii. 135. The fchools of,

filenced by the emperor Jnfbnian,

140.
^-— , Revolutions of, after the crulades,

and its prcfent fkaU^ ^* 3*^*
jithiy mount, beatific viuont of the

monks of < xi. 3$a.
jiiUnuc (keaftf derivation of its name,

i-37.

jittactiti^ a Cdddooia* tde off iiiiai»

bals, account of, iv. atfy.
jittmhtif prefeA of Rome* is dsofen
emperorby the fenafie, under cliein-
fluence of Alniic, v. $Si. In pob*
licly degraded, 18$. Hif fnaarc for-
tune, 310.
— -— , A noble youth of Anvef^g:nc» his

advtnturet, vi. 3%^.
Jttila^ the Hun« vi. 33. Defcripdon
of hisperfon and chara<fter, 37. His
conquefts, 40. His treatmcst of
his captives, $0. Impofea terms of
peace on Theodofins the Yoongcr,
54. Opprcfles 'J'heodofina by his
ambal&dors, 58. Defcription of hia
royal refidenee, ^. His recepuoo
of the ambafladors of Theodofios.
67. His behaviour on difoovcfin^
the fcheme of Theodofiua Co get him
aflaflinated, '73. His haughty md^
fages to the emperocaof the EaiH and
Weft, 7 8. His invafion of GmI, 93.
His oration to his troops on the ap*
. proach of JBtins and Theodoric, 1 ot .
Battle of ChnWns, 103. Hia invnikui
of Italy, 108. His retreat pnrchaied
by Valentinian, 115. Hia death,
118.
A/^t and Cj^lt, the fable of, allegorifod

Dy the pen of Julian,, iv. tft.
Avart^ are difcoiinfited by the Turks,
vii. ay 5. Their embany to the em-
peror Juftinian, 177. Their con-
quefts m Poland and Germany, 278.
Their embafly to Juftin If. viii. 103.
The^ join the Lombards againft the
Gepidx, 108. Pride, policyi^ and
power, of their chagan Baian, 17s,
Their conquefta, 179. Inveft Con-
ftantinople, 219.
Averrter^ his religiout infidelity, how

far jnftifiable, x. 45. m»e.
Aver/a^ a town near. Naples, built as a
fettlement for the Normans, x. %i€.
Augmrt^ Roman, their number and pe-

culisir office, v. 64.
Aagmfiim^ his account of the miracles
wrought by the body of St. Stephen,
V. 118. Celebrates the piety of the
Goths in the lacking of Rome, 188.
Approves the periiectttion of the Do*
natifts oi Africa, Tt. 1 $. Hisdealh,
ch^rader, and writings, 20. Hif-
tory of his fehes, viL 1 76. ajf^.
A-igtiJliilus^ fonof the patrician Oreftcs:,
is chofrn emperor of the Weil, vj.
iti). ts dq.ol'cd by Odoacet) 200.

G EN E R AX. I N D E X.

|]m baiu&ment to the Lncunaa vilU
in Campania, 201.

Jmpfim^ emperor, hU moderate exer«
cife of power» L t. Is imitated by
hit fucceflors, 4. His Baval reguU-
tioitft* stf. His diviiionof Gao1}%8.
His fituatioa aftef the battle of Ac-
tium, 84. He reforms the fenate»
S$. Pkocnres a fenatorial grant oT
the Imperial dignity, 86. pivifion
of the provinces between him and the
fcoate, 90. hallowed his military
command and siuards in the city of
Rome> 91. Ootains the conl'olar*
and tribonitian offices for life, 92.
His charaifter and policy, 100. A-
dopts Tiberius, 104. Formed an ac-
■ curate regifter of the revenues and
qcpences of the empire, 117. Taxett
in&ituced by him, 130. His naval
eAabliflmients at Ravenna, v. 191.

ArngmftuM and C^f^r^ thole titles explain-
ed and difcnminated, i. 100.

JvteMuSy hischaraderandenibafly from
Valcntinian ill. toAttilakingof the
Huns, vi.^ 115.

Jvigmsmy the holy iee how transferred
from Rome to that city, xii. 273.
Retiin^ pf pope Urban V. 10 Rome,

3»5f '
dvitaM^ his embalTjr from iEtins to l%eo-

doric king of the Vifigoths, vi. 97.

^\irumes the empire, 1 38. His de-

pofition and deaui, 1 46.
AgreluiM, emperor, )iis birth and f«r-

vicesy ii. 13. His expedition sgainil

Palmyra, 17. His triumph, 37.

His cruelty, 44. and death, 46.
Anrenffube^ account of his immenfe

camp, i. 197- note.
A»rt9Ls is inveiled with the purple on

the Upper Danube, ii. a.
A»(Mii»Sy tne tutor of the emperor Gra-

cian, his promotions, v. 3. Mte.
A%tk<ttii^ king of the JLombards in Ita-
ly, his wars with the Franks, viii.

130- His adventurous gallantry,

139.
Aitttmy the city of, ftormed and plun-
dered by the legions in Gaul, ii.

%6.
Amvergnt^ province and city of, in Gaul^

revolutions of, vi. i%%,
i^ajeidtfrw/yBarbarianffatalconfequences

of their admiffion imo the Roman

armies, iii. 6tf.
4xu€h^ a Turkifh flave^ his generous

friendlhip to the pr^cefs Anne Com-

ix. 76. And to Manuel Com-
nenus, 78, 79.

VMMtMfiim, the citizens of, defend their
privileges againft Peter, brother of
the Kaftem emperor Maurice, viii.
182.

', remarkable fbirit fhewn bv the
citizens of, againft Attila and his
Huns, vi. 56.

B

Baa&ee, defcription of the ruins of, ix.

349-

Batylatf St. biibop of Antioch, hispoft-
humotts hifiory, iv. 108.

BagamJ^^ in Gaul, revolt of, its occa-
fion, and fnppreflion by Maximian, L
-100.

Bagdad becomes the royal refidence of
tke Abbaffidee, x. 30. Derivation ot.
the name, 31 . rnvti. The fallen ftate
of the cafiph9 of, 72. The city of,
ftormed and kicked by the Moguls^
xi. 380.

BabroM^ the Perfian general, his cha-
rader and exploits, viii; 1 63. Is pro-
voked to rebellion, itf$. Dethrones '
Chofroes, 169. His uf^rpation and
death, 171, 172.

Baian, chagan of the Avars, his pride,
policy, and power, viii. 175. Tiis
perfidious feizure of Sirmium and
Singidunnm, 178. His conquefls,
179. His treacherous attempt to
feize the emperor HeracHus, 2o5.
Invefts Conftanttnople in conjundioA
with the Periians, 2 1 9. Retires, 221.

Bafaatt 1. fultan-of the Turks, his rei^n,
xi. 407< His correfpopdence with
Tamerlane, zti. 1 7. Is defeated and
captured by Tamerlane, 25. Inqui-
ry into the ftory of the iron cage, 27.
Hisfons, 42.

BaAimu ele^ed joint emperor with Max-
imns, by the fenate, on the deaths of '
th'e two Gordians, i. 258.

BaUvttMt count of Flanders, engages in
die fonrth crufade, xi. 1^3. Is cho-
len emperbr of Conftantmople, 221.
Is taken prifoner by Calo-John, king
of the Bnlgarians, 23d. His death,

«3«-

Baldwm II. emjperor of Conftantinople,
zi. 248. His diftreiles and expedi-
ents, 2$t. His expnlJlon from that
city, 25i.

B^UvttMy brother of Godfrey of Bouil-

lon^ accompanies him on the firft

crufade.

(

GENERAL INDEX,

crnfade, xi i^ Fomub the priscl-
pality'of Edefia, c8

ta'tic 9tm^ prmeffiye fubfidcnce of
the water ol7 i* 300 mte. How
the Romani acquired a knowledge
of the naTal powers of, iT.aeS. mT/.

Mapufm, theory and praAice of» among
the primitive ChnAiant, iii. wSy

Mirhaiy^ the name of that country,
whence derived, iz. 400. ««/#. The
Kloors of, converted to the Maho-
metan faith, 49a.

Uarhatu^ ]Breneral of infantry in Gaul
under Julian^ hit mifcoodudb, iH. 1 1 '^^

Barehtebebv, hit rebellion againft the
emperor Hadrian, it. 317.

Bardt^ Cekic, their powerof eadtinfr a
a martial enthoiiaim in the people, i.

pecnliar office

'?t

BsrJt, Britiih, their

' anddutiet, vi. 3S$*

B»rdat\ Cxfar, one of the refioren ef
learning, z* 137.

B^rt it taken from the Saracens hy the
)oint e0oru of the Latin and Greek .
empires,!. 11 7.

Barimam^ a Caubrian monk, his dil^
pute with the Greek theologians
about the light of mount Thabor,
li 3$ 3. Hiaembaffy to Rome, from
Androotnia the Younger, zik $9.
His literary chara6(er, 107.

BsJSl I, the Macedonian, cmneror of
Conftantinople, iz. 4a. Reduces the
Paulkians, z. 158

B^/i 11. emperor of Conftantinople, is.
^9. His great wealth, z. 99. His
snhuman ticatme^t ot the Bu^gari-
«na, *77-

*— , Archbilbop of Csiarea, no erf-
dcnee of his having been pofecuted
\y the enfMcror Vakns, iv. a4i. In*
fiilts his friend Gregorv Nttianscn,
andrr the appcaruoce ot promotion,
V 18. The father of the monks of
VfKau vi. ttS.

Sa/ihfcmif brother of the emprcis Veri-
na, is entruftcd with the cnmmand
of the armament fent againft the
Vandals in Africa, vi. tto His fleet
deftroyed by Genferic, 181. His pro*
motion !• the empire, and death,
vii. ^

JI^Mf, high prieft of <£ht fun, his
parentage, i. loa. U proclaimed
emperor at Emclh, 103. 8ce JEAigic-

, Brother-ia-hw to Confbminc,
revolu againft him, ii. «e&*

BsftM^ its ImmdntioB and fitnuoB,
1Z.318.

Bsih, public, of Rome defioibed, v. i^o.

Bmtmm, reception of the emperor Julian
there, iv. 138.

J<M^/, wild, the variety of, i n ftrodn ced
in the circus, far the poUic games at
Rome, ii. 84.

Bi^fiirtt M. de, charader of his m/-
ttireCntiftit dm MamebrifwH^ viii. 134.
m$te.

BtJUr^ battle of, between Mabomet and
the Koreifli of Mecca, iz. as 7.

BtdMotfHs of Arabia, their mode of life,
iz. 193. •

Bm^ remarks on the ftrudure of their
combs and cells, z. 37. matg.

Bfifarhu^ his birdi and miistary pro-
motion, vii I $3* Is appointed by
Jaftinian to oondnA the ^ African
vrar.istf. Embaikatton of his troops,
IS9. Lands in Africa, i6a. De-
feauOelimer, 16$. It received into
Carthage, i6%» Second defeat of
Gclimer, 171- Reduftioii of Afrka,
1 76. Surrender of Gdimer, t8&.
His triumphant return to Confran*
tioople, »83. Is dc c h rt pd Ibie con-
ful, 18$. (^e menaces the Oftrogoths
of Italy, 193. . He fetzes Sicily, zcq.
Invades Italy, to6. Takes Naplea,
109. He entets Rome, 113. He ie
beiiceed in Rome by the Gotha, Aid.
The iiege raifed, t3f. Canfics Con-
(lantine, one of his ffenerals, to be
killed, 1)4. Siege Ot Ravenna, 140.
Takes Rayenna by fkratagcm, 243.
Returns to Conftantinople, 14$.
Hischara&er and behaviour, a47.
Scandalous life of his wifr Antoniaa,
a4S'. His di%raoe and fuhmiffion,
t$4. Is lient into the Baft to op-
pofo Chofroes king of Ptff6a, 199.
His p^tic reccptidki of the Pcrnaa
ambafladors, 301. Hiafecodd cam-
paign in Italy, 343. His incftcAual
attempt to nifc the fiege of Rome,
347 . Diffuades Tot iU from deftroy-
iug Rouae, 3$i. Recovers the citY.
ikfd. His final recai from Italy, 3SS-
RricnesConftantinople from the Bui-
g.iriatts, 38$. Hiadii^^race and death,

3*7-
5' mtjue^ in feudal language, ezpbincd,

Vi.3i8-
BfMwmtt^ battle of, between Charles

of Anjou, and Mainfroy die Stci-
ufurr

I ufurpcr, ZJ. io8.

B-tt-

GENERAL INDEX.

Senevnfmmy aDccdotct relating to the
fiege of ix. tio.

BtmUmm of Tudela, hit account of
the riches of CooiUntiiioplet z.
98.

Bir4t^% or Aleppo, reception of the em-
peror Julian there, iv. 1 37.

Mcm^d^ St. his charader and influence
in promoting the fecond cniiadct zi.
io6« His charader of the HUMuns,
xiLa40.

Berytuif account of thelawfchool e{bi«
bliihed there, iii. sj. Is deftroyed
by an earth<iuake, Tii. 338.

BermteTf his account of the camp. of Au-
rengscbe, i. 197. ntte.

Btfiritm^ cardinal, his charader^ xii.
H5.

^(^9 governor of Rome for Juftintan,
nis nmacitf daring the iiege of that
city by Totila the Goth, vii. 34s •
Occafionsthe loisof Rome, 348.

BcbaMe, is taken and g;arriibned by Sa-
por king of Perfia, lii. ao3. Isinef-
tedually beileged by ConiUntius,
•05.

Bindtety a Saflanisn prince,^ depofes
Hormouc king of Perfia, viiL \€f»

Birthriiht the leaft invidious of all hu-
man difUndions, i«a4|i.

Bijho^, amone the primitive Chridians,
the office o^ explained, ii* 273. Pro-
grefs of «pifcopal authority, 17^.
Aifiimed dignity of epiicopal govern-
ment, 399.

^-— , Number of, at the time of Con-
ftantine the Great, iii. 273. Mode
cS their eledion, 27$. Tneir pow-
er of ordination, 277. The ecclefi-
aftical revenue of each diocefe how
<livided, 184. Their civil jurifdic-
tion, ibiJ. Thtir fpiritual cenfures,
%Zy. Their legifiative aflemblies,

Bjfbtpt^ rural, Uieir rank and duties,

iii. 174.
Biff<xtiUy fuperftitious regard rto this

year by the Romans, iv. 1 1 3.
Bitfymiay the cities of, plunderal by the

• Goths, i 378.
BUmmjet^ their revolt againd the em*

peror Diocletian,, ii; 111.
Biccate, his liteiary charader, xii. 1 io«
B»etbnu^ the* leauied ienator of Rome,

hishtftorv, vii. 40. His, imprifoo-

ment and death, 46. .
B*hmndy thefonof Robert Gufi^d,

his charader and military ezploitSy ¥.

%C%. xL 31. His route to Conftatiti-
nople on the crufade, 38. His flat-
tering; reception by the emperor
Alexius Comoenus, 4a. Takes An-
tioch, and obtains the principality of
it, tft. His fubfequent tranfadiont,
and death, 93.

Bwf^tty St. his Hiftory, ii. 39^

Btaffa<t% count, the Roman general nn-
ia Valentinian III. his charader, vi.
8 ■ Is betrayed into a revolt by J&t i-
tts, 9. His repentance, itf. Is be-
fieged in Hippo Regius by Genferic
king of the VandaU, 19. Returns
to Italy, and is killed by iEtius, ii.

BtrnifM III. pope, his vicUent conteft
with Philip the Fair king of France,
and his charader, xii. 17 x. In(K-
ttttes the jubilee, %7$.

BiMtfue, marquis of Montferrat, is
chofen general of the fourth crufade

. to the Holy Land, xi. 1 80. Is made
king of Macedonia, 117. Is killed
by the Bulcarians, ft4o.

BsHtfiUt his rebellion againft Probas,'in
GauU ii.7A«

BT/j^hoTHu revolutions of that kingdom^
i. 371. le fmed by the Goths, 37$*
The Arait of, defcribed, iii. 4.

JB/rtf,fieffc of, by the Saracens, ix. 330.

Bithrkttnt Imperial general in Tllefia-
lonica, murdered ina fedition, v. 66.

Bwciramir, -marCbal, defends Conftanti-
nople againft Bajaxet, xi. 417.

i7M%s/, UkA port oU recovered from
Caraufius, by Conftaatius Chioms,
ii. (0$.

BnmJtis the Perfiui djnafty of, x.7a.

BramcalimM^ fbpsUr of Rome, his cha-
rader, xii. i;$.

Bretarne^ the province of, in F^-adce,
fetued by£ntons, vi. 347.

Britam, renedions on the conquei of,
by the Romans, t. 4. Defcription
of, 29. Coltfnies planted in, $n. Vf/e.
A colony of Vandals fettled there by
Probus, ii. 69^ Revolt of Caraufius,
.lot*

■ ■ » How flrft peopled, iv. itf 1 . In-
vafions of, by the . Scots and PIds,
%€$, Is reftored to peace by Theo-
dofios, a^8.

«— -, Revolt of Maximus there, v. 6^
Revolt of the tronps there againft
Hovorins, 339. Is abandoned by the
Romans, 338. State of, until the ar-
rival of the SatMtts, 339. Defotnt
of the Satona on, vi. 1339. Rftablifli-

GENERAL INDEX.

' mttit of the Sozon heptarchy, 341 .
Wan in, 344. Saxon ocvaftation of
the country, 350. Manners of the
independent Britons, 35$. Defcrip-
tion of, by Procopiat, 357*

— ->, ConveriioaoC the Britons by a
miflion from pope Gre^^orjr the
Great, Tiit. 151. The dodnne of
the incarnation received there, 301.

Br»tm the Trojan, his colonization of
Briuin now given up by intelligent
hiilonans, iv. 161. nmt*

Bufint M. his extraordinary buimng
mirrors, vii. 107. nftf.

finifrartnm^ their charader, vii. 1(4.
Their inroads on the Eaflem empire,
ft67. Invafion of, under Zabergan,
3S3. Repulfed by Belitarins, 385.

— , The kingdom of, defbx>yed by
Ba£l II. the Greek emperor, ix. 60.
X- 177.

«— ^, Revolt of, from the Greek em-
pire, and fubmiflioii to the pope of
Rome, xl. 167. War vrith the
Greeks sndcr Calo*John, 134.

SuU'feafi^ in the Colifeum at RomOyde*
feribedy xii. 379*

Annru4M»/, their fettlemciit on the
£n>e, and maxims of government,
iv.i$5. Their iettlement in GauU
▼. 134. Limits of the kingdom of,
ander Gundobatd, vi. ^89. Are fub*
daed by the Eranks, %ft,

Bmmtt^ charaAcr of his Sacred Tlieory
of the Earth, ik a$a. mtti.

Bwrrmmpstttr^ iburce of ^at river, xii.
i4.Mfr.

BUrt in EgTpt, four ieveral pbces
.known under thisBune, x. t8. mtt:

Brnzmrg^ the philofophjctl preceptor of
Harmons kinji m Peiiia, has high
reputation, via* itfo. 9§it.

Sj^antme historians, lift and charaAer '
oft xii. %%7' 99te.

iB>M«(m, fiege of, bv the emperor Se-
nenis, i. 171; la taken by Maximia,
ii. 1 97 > Siege «f»by Cofiftamine the
Great, 114. lu fituation defcribed,
iii. 4. By wbomlbnndedf AiJ. nttr.

Cm^, or temple of Mecca, defcribed,
ix. ait. Theidolsiii, defttoyedby
Mahomet, t94.

CtUJtt^ kin^ of Perfia, beficges and
takes Amida^ vii. 130. Seiaes the

ftraits of Cancafus, 133. Viciffi-
tudes of his reign, 283.
Cajt^a, battle of, between the Sara-

• cens and the Pcflians, iz. 31$.
Csdtjah^ her marriage with Mahnmetr

- «. 9ao. \* coirverted by him to his
new religion, 1^$. Her death, 348
Mahomet's veneration for her me-
mory, 183.

C^eifhn^ the peace oF the church in
Africa diAurbed by him and his par-

- ty, iii. sjpp.

dtcffhtfy the authority oF hzs account of
the famous vifion of Cooftantine the
' Great, in<inired intd, iii.a^T.
Cp/^mm, feaator of CBathaee, his di^

• ftreft on the taking of Sat city by
Genferic, vi. 17.

C^tfar^ Jmhuu his indnccTnent to the
eonqueftof Britain, i.'t^. Degrades
the Matorial dignity, S^.mr/. A£-
fumes a place avtohg the tutelar dei«

- ties of Rome, in his !?fetiKne, 98.
His addrefs in appeafing a military fe-
dition, 113. M/r. His 'pradent ap-
plication of the coronary gold pre-
fented to him, in. 04.

Cip/^raad Amx^fitt thofe dtles explain*

• ed «nddifcriminated, i. 100.
C^fmrs^ of the emperor Julian, the phi-

lofophical fable of that wofk deli-
nemted, ir. 114.

Ofartay capita! of Cappadoci'a, taken
by Sapor king of Perba, i. 388. Is
reduced by the Saracens, ix. x6$.

Cafmta, queen of the Moors of Africa,
h«T policy to drive the Arabs out of
the country, a . -401 .

CW#rM«, the* city of; founded in the
kingdom of Tunis, ix. 396.

CbW, deferts from the idontrons Arabs

. to the party of Mahomet, ix. 454.

Hn gallant coftdtid ac the battle of

Muta, S70. His vidorics under the

. caliph Abubekct, 308. Attends the

Saracen army on the Syrian expcdi-

•tion, 330. His valour at the (iege

of DunaTon, 331.' DiOinguiJhes

himfelf at the battle of Atxnadio,

337. His cniei treatment of the re-

-fttgeea from Damafcns, 345. Joioi

in plundering the fan* of Aby la, 347.

Goinmaadame Saracehs at the battle

of Yermuk, 35 r. His death, 3^5.

CiMmm^ and jts aaciebt inhabitants,
defcribed, iv. t$%.

CshSm&m war, under the Emperor Se*
vcrus, an account of, 1. 184.

GENERAL INDEX

Cf i^ of the Sancetit, chancer of,
IX. 309. Their npidcon^uefts, 312.
Extent and power of 432. Triple
diTiiionof the office, X. 30. Theypa-
trooile leaniag, 3$. Decline and
fiill of their em^ixe, 69. xr. 379.

Cattiniam^ the pundhinent of areJigious
fedition in ch«t dty, oppofed hy St.
Amhrafe, ▼. tfa»

CailmieMtoi HeliopoIi8,afn(b an defend^
ing Coofiantinople againft the Sara-
ccat, hj his < cliTmical inflammable
coauMfitions, X. 13.

Calmmclu^ black, recent emk;ration of,
£rom the confinet of Ruflia to thole
of China, it. 933.

Cak-J^bu^ the Bulnrian duef, his war
wtth Baldwin, ttie Latin emperor of
the Greeka, xi. ^34. Defeau, and
t«keahimpriibner,s3tf« * His£»vage
ehara^r and death, 241..

Cflt/SpMnm, a camel-driver, excite* an in-
iurredftion in the iiland of Cyprus,
iii. it^«

CalplmnttMt^ the tnacfainerj^ of his
ue on theaoceffion of the empe*

ror Cams, 12. 77.

Caiwit the refiormer« hisdo^rine of
the Ettcharift« z. j 6$» Bxaminatson
of his condn^ to Servettts, 167. m/r.

Cmr/, of Arabia, de(cribed, tx. 19$.

Ctfj»i/^ifof lian^goedoc, their enthnii-
aun compared with that of the Cir«
cnmeeUions of Namidia, iii. 389.

Cm^tfM, theprdrince of, delblatedby
the iUjjMlicf of the Roman empc^
rors, ill. 94. Befcrxptaon of the Ln-
oiUan TilUin, vi. to$.

CoMadtf the prefimt clinuiteand cimim-
fiances of, compared with thoie of
aaniatt Genrndiy, i. 310;

CoMnam^ enormous one of the fnkan

. Mnbdmet U. defctibed^ xih 17$.
Burfis, 188.

Cawtett Ruffian, a defcriptiontif, z.ftoo.

CaafmAaoeae^ jVibr, charaifter of hit
Greek HxftorjTv »• 3^8. His good
fortune under the younger Androffi-
cne, 338. Is driven to affbme the
puspie, 341.^ His lively diftin^ion
between foreign and civil war, 344.
His entry into Oooftantinople, and
reign, 347. Abdicates, and tuxlu
• monk, 35 1. His war with^e'Ge*
Qoefefa^otj at Pera, 358. .Hiane-
goeiation with pope Clement VI. zii.

Cai$itm»*x Hiftory of the Ottoman Em-

pire, a chancer of, xi. 395. wrr.

Csftekanns^ governor of Mauritania, de-
eats the younger Qordian,and takes
Carthage, i. 157.

Gapitaihm^tax, under the Roman empe-
rors, an account ei, iii. 8tf.

Capito, Ateius, the civilian, his charac-
ter,* viii. 17.

Capiut ot Rome, bumihg and reftora-
ttort of, H. 33a.

Ci/i^MYa, famous for its 'fine bre'ed of
nories, iii. 75.

Cmpraria, ifle of,' character of the
monks there, v. isf4'.

Captnffi^ how tieated by the Barba-
rians, vi. 50- 3 so.

'Caracalla, Ton of the emperor Sevenit,

, his fixed antipathy to his brother Ge-
ta, i. 183. Succeeds to the empire

- jointly with him, 187. Tendency
of his ediA to extend the privileges of
Roman citizens to all the free inha-
bitimts of his empire, 116. His view

* m this tt^nla^on, %^6, Doubles
the tax on legacies and inheriniices,
437.

CarMnwa, the Tartv Icttlemettt of,

• - defcribed, xi. 38^.

Caravanr, ^gdian, their -route tOlnd
from China, for filk,' to fupply the

<^ Roman empire, vii< 88.

Caratt/iMt^ his revolt in Britain,'!!. i6t.

" U acknowledged by Diocletian and
his colleagues, 104. -

Carheat^ the Paulidan, his revolt from
the Greek emperorto the Saracens, x.

Cardiaahy the eleftion of a pope vefted

in ^m, xii. atftf. tnftitution of the

conclave, ^€9.
Cariuats fitumtion and hiftory of that
' territory, i. 117.

Carimu^ the fon of Cams, ftcceeds his
- father in the empire, jointly with

his brother Numenan, u. 80. ^
Carflusiar*)',' their inVafion of Syria, xi.

14a.
GfrMvriff^veraceof kings, tommence-

mentof, ti| France, ix. 131.
Carmafh, the Arabian reformer, his

nlvsra^er, x. 6$. His military ex-
ploits, Vv*
CarauBtfx, from whom they derive

then* pedigree, vi.ir4. v«rr.
Carpathtaa mountains, their iitiiatioo^

1. 308.
Cartha^t the bifliopric of, bought fbr

Majorinnsi ii. 374. nsfr.

GENERAL INDEX.

»— -, ReljjgiQils difcord generated there
by tlie fadioni of C»ciliao and Do*
natus, ill. 099.

— -, The temple of Venus there, con-
verted into a Chridian church, v. p8.
Is furprifed by Geoferic king of tlie
Vandals, vi.as.

«— ^ The gates of, opened toBelifa-
rius, Tii. itfS, Natural alterations
produced by time in the fitoation of
this city, 1 ^. m§te. The walk of, re-
paired by ^lifarius, 171. Infurrec-
tion of the Romin troops there, tii.

— , Is reduced aiU pTUaged bv Kafian
the Saracen, ix. |y8. Subicquent
htftoryof, 399.

Curtba^u^t an extraordinary rich filver
mine worked there for the Romans,
i. 11.9.

Cmrui^ emperor, hia eledidn and cha-
rader« li. 76*

Cmf^n and Iberian K«tes of moont
Caucafus, diftingui£ed, vii. i^.

Cmfmnt^ the party of, among the Ro*
man civilians, explained, viii. \^,

C-iJ^tUrmt, his Gothic hiftory, i. €4$.
His account of the in&nt iUte of th«
republic of Venice, vi. 11 a. His
long and. profperous Ufie, vii. a/. >

Cifirxit^ Gw^«\ fec&Mirr%.

CataUmt^ thtvt fervicc and war in the
Greek empire, xi. 31$.

Catbeltc church, the doanncs of, how
difcriniinated from the opinions of
the Platonic, fchool, iii. 312. The
authority of, extended to the minds
of mankind, 31$. Faith of the Wcf-
tern or JLattn. chnrcb, 331. Is dji*-
trtttfted by fa^ons in the canTe of
AthanaHus, 347. Thedoxology, how
introduu;d, and how pervertf d, 37^.
The revenue of, transferred to the
heatheajviciU, by Juliaiu iv. 9S. .

*-^, Edia of Theodofius tor the ef-
tabli^ment of the Catholic faith,
.V. II. The progrcffive fteps of ido*
latry in, 115. Pedecution of the
Catholics in Africa, vi. 4$ a. Pious,
frauds of the Catholic clergy, a^9»

-»-,.H9W bewildered by the doc**
trine of the incarnation, viii. ji|^.
Onion of the Greek and X^atin
chi^-ches, 30t.

-*«, StchiAn of the Greek church, xi.

■ S4*

CtU/fitt, pope, efponfes the pvty of
Cfril againft Neftoriis, and pro-

nounces the degradation ol the latter
from his epifconal dignity, vixw a6o.

CJiH langnage, oriven to jthe moun-
tains by the Latin, t..S4. Mt€.

CtM/or, the office of, revived vxider the
Emperor Decins^ i. 3SS< ^' ^^^
out iiScAy 3^(7.

Ceat^ the manubsfture of (ilk, Arik in*
troduced to Europe from thatifiand,
vii.W.

Cerca^ the principal qocen of Attila
king of the Huns, £er reception of
Mazimin the Roman ambmdor, vi.

CcrmrhMtf his opinion of the twofold
nature of Jefus Chriil, viiL 144.

C^/m, ancient names given to that
ifland, and the imtpetfed knowledge
of, by Oxi Romans^ iv* latf. sir<r.

Cbaitedm^ the injn^ciouf fitnatioD of
this city ftigmatifed by proverbial
contempt, ui.6. A tribunal ete&ed
there by the emperor Julian, to try
and puniih the evil mmiften of his
predcceflor Conftamius, iv, 49.

— *— , A (lately chorch bttSt there by
kufinus^ the infianoos oninifter of
the eiiiperorTbeodofins> v. 1^.

— — -, Is taken by Cfaofroct 11. lung of

. Perfia, viii. aot<

CkaUmdfUs^ the Greek hiftorian,kn re-
marks on the fevcral nattona of £n«
rope, xil. 73*

Chaknss battle of, between the Romans
and Attilh king of the Hnns, vi. lOf.

Ghatm^wmu rednoed and generaafly
treated by. Jiiliao, iii. ai7.

CtnncilUr^ the original and modem *p*
plicatiottof this word eonparad, tL

CbaraSers^ national, the diftindioBnnf,
hnw Carmed^ iv. 307«

Ckmmtf. of fi^' RMiians defcribed, v.
A4^. MTr.

CWJ!r«i^|[tf« t:on<]^endie.Hi^gidom of
i-omhardy, tz. 131 . Hia reception
at Rome, \%^ . Elopes folfilHng the
pramiiksof Pepm and himfelf tn the
Roman pontiff, 13d. Hiscoronadon
at Rome by. the pope Leo III. 148.
His reign andcnarader, ici. Ex.
tent of htsjempire, 156. His neigh-
bours and eneaaite, 160. .Hiafnem'-
fort, \6t» Hia negociattons and
treaty with the Eaflem empire, \66.
State ^hii £stoUy and domiiiionsin
the tenth century, x. 1 20.

GE^N EA AL IN J) EX.

Charles the f^^ cmpcrar of thcRomtDt,
ut. 1(4.

Charles of Anjoo foMuet Ntplet and
^ciljr, %u 307. The Sicilian f^efpers^
312. Hr« chaniAer ts t fcaitor of
i(.ome« xii. a$6.

Charles IV. etxiperor of Cerminyy hit
weakoeTt tbo poverty* ix. 184 Hit
public oftentfttioo, 1 86. Cuntnft be-
tween- him and Aogpftttft, 187.

Cb^rUt V. emperor, parallel betwe^
faim aod Diocletiao, ti. 141* And
between the Tack of Rome by hjm«
and iKatby AUcIc the Goth, ▼• 197.

Chajlitjf ,i(« high eftcexD among the, an-
cient Germans, i. 318. And the
primitive Chi idiaot, ii. %66.

CJiems/iry^ the art of,, from whom de-
rived, X. 43.

Ghtrfmfmt^ Thracian, ho^ fortified hy
the emperor Jaftinj an, vii iii

Chrfiniies aflitl Coodantine the Great
sgainft the Goth«, iii. lai. Are
cruTTJly perfacuted by the Greek em-
peror jfuftinian 1 1 ix. 19.

C^ffs^ .the objed of the game of, and
by whom invented, vit. 191.

CkiU^rit^ king of Prance, depofed un-
der pap«l fandion, jx. 13a.

ChiUrea, the expofin^of; a prevailing
vice of aotifjttity, viii» 50. Natural,
according to the Roman Uwc, what,
tfi.

C3/a«, how difttngaiQied in anciepC hif-
tory« li. 117. M/#. Great numbers
of children annually expofed there*
a86. mate.

— , !ti iuuatlon, iv. 311. The high
chronology claimed by the hiftoriant
oi; 311 The great will of, when
eroded, 315. Wasiwice conquered
by the northern tribes, 317.

— ^, The Romans fupplied with iiUc
by the caravans fiora, vii. 88.

, Is conquered by the Moguls, jii.
375. 388. Expulfion of the Moguls, .
389

Chivalry^ origin of the order of, xi. 34.

CbmtJ^mar^ prince of the Alemanni,
taken prifoner by Jnlian at t|)e battle
of Straiburg, iii. 11 7. ^

Chofreesy king of Armenia, aifaiiinsted
by the cmiflaiies of Sapor king of
Petfia, i 385.

Chtfroes^ fon o' TirifJaies, kipg of Ar-
meniSf his character, iii 134.

Cbffroes I. king of Petfia, proteCis the
the lafl i'urviving phiio^'ophcrs of
Athens, in bis treaty with the emper-
VoL. XII. D4

or Juflinian> viii. 143. Review of
his hiftory, 18$. $eiis a peace to
ju^inian, toa. His inviUiuo of Sy«

. ria, 295. HisneiC'clations with Jul-
tinisn, ^li. His prolpeiity, 323.
Bsttie of.Melitene, viii. 158. His
death, 1^0.

Chtfi-M It kipg of Pcrfia, is raifed to
the throne on the depofitioo of his
father Hormoui, vlii 168. Is re-
duced to implore the afiiftaoce of the
^mperor Maurice, 169. His reft Ore-
gon and policy, 17a. Conquers Sy-
ria, 198. PaJeftine, 199. Egypt,
100. and Alia Minor, 101. His reign
and mf gnificence, ihtd* Rejeds the
Mahonpetan religion, 194. Impofes
an irnonsjniojis peace <^° the emper-
or Heracjitts, toB. His flig^ii ,de-
pofiiipn, i^fid death, 217. '

ChsKart^ the hord of, lent, by theT^rks
to the aflidan^e of ti)e erpperpr jHe-
raclivs, viii. i%%,

Cbrlfty the feftival of his birth, why
fixed by the Roma^is at fbe winter
foUtice, iv. ao.. «#/#

CbrifitfiUj primitive, the various (tOM
' ipto ^hich they branched out, ii! i3$.
Afcr'ibed the: Pagan, idojsiry to the
agency of dcnyojss, ' ^40. Relieved
the end of the world to be near at
hand, 148. The miraculous cowers
alcrib^ to the priijiitive chi^rcn, a$4.
Their faith flrooger than |n modern
tin]ie4, i6o. Their fuperior virtue
end anderity, ikid, Repentance «
virtue in hiith efteem among them,
%6 1 . Tbeir notions of ini|rrisge and
chaftit;r» a^5. They difctalm war
and government, 168. Were a^ive
however in the jnterjial governmcot
of their own focivty, 270. Bi(hops,
a 73. .Synods, ay$. ^etropo.iiui^s
,aod primates, 278. Biihop of Rome,
279 Their probsble proportion to
the Psgan lubieds of the empire be*
fore the convcrfion of Conftancne the
Great, 365. E^quiiy into their per •
fecntioos, 314. Why more odious
to the governing powers than the
Jew?, 320. Their religious meet-
ings lufpe^ked, 323. Are perfecuted
by Nero, as the incendiaries of Rqrae,
333. Inftrud^ions of the emperor
Trajan to Plipy the Younger for the
regulation of his condud toward
them, 344. Remained expofed to
popular relentment oa public feftivi«
^*7'SflS* M^*^ <Q^^ of proceed*
' ing

GENERAL INDEX.

ingigaioft them, 347. The trdovr
-with which they cooited rotrtyrdooiy
360. When ftllowed to ercd placet
for pnblic wor(hip» 369. Their pcr-
iectttioo ttoder Diocletian aod hii af-
Ibcittes, 383. An ediflof toleration
for them pabliflied by Golerius jnft
before hii death, 398. Some cooli-
deratioos ncceiTary to be attended to
in reading the fofferiog* of the mar*
tyrs, 401.

— , Edia of Milan publiflied by Con-
ftaotioe the Great, iii. 136. Political
recommendations of the Chrifltan mo-
rality to Comltntine, 138. Theory
and pradife of paflivc obedience, 140.
Their loyalt? and seal, 144. The
facramcnt of baptifm, how adminif-
tered in early timet, 163. Extraor-
dinary propagation of Chri((ianity after
it obtained the Imperial fan^tioo, t6tf .
Becomet the eftabiilhed religion of
the Roman empire, ayo* Spirttoal
and temporal powers diftioguilked,
17 1. Review of the epifcopal order
in the church, 173. T^t ecdeliafti'-
cal revenue of each dtocefe, bow di*
Tided, 184. Their legiflative affemb*
liet, 19 1. Edi£t of CoolUntiae the
Gre«t igainft heretics, 196. ^ Myf-
teiiout dofitrinc of the Trinity, 310.
The doctrines of th< Catholic church,
how difcrimioated from the opinions
of the Platonic fchool, 3 1 a. General
charader of the Chriftian feds, 390..
Chriftian fchoolt prohibited by the
emperor Talian, iv. 99. They are
removed from all offices of tni(l> 101.
Arc obliged to reinftate the Pagan
templet, lot. Their improdent
and irregnlar teal againft idolatry,
no. .

Chr(/fmMt^ diftindlons of, into va/^or
and afcetic, vi. tii. Converfi^n of
the barbaroot nations, 139.

Chrifiiamity^ enquiry into the progreft
and eftablifliment of, ii. 219. Reli-
gion tod char8i5\er of the Jews, 11 1 .
The Jewtfii religion the bafit of Chrif-
tianity, 116. Is offered to all man*
kind, lay. The feds into which the
Chriftians divided, 118. The theo-
logy, of, reduced to a fy ftematicai
. form in the fchool o>( Aleytndria,
I99. Injudicious conduct of its early
advocates, 310. Its p rfecutions,
314. Firft ere)S\ion ot churches, 3I19.
■, The fVftem of, found in Ptato*t
do^rine of the £^f^, iii. 307.

■> Salntary tSh&i refnttbg frem
the converfion of the barbarant na-
tions, vi. 14$.

» lu progreft in the north of Eu-
rope, X. 111.

Chfjjaphims the Ennnch, engages Ede-
coo, to affaffinate his kio^ Attila, vi.
71. Is pat to death by the empreft
Polcheria, 7$. Aflifted at the fecond
ccvncil of Ephefus, viii. tya.

Chtyficbeiry general of the revolted
Panliciaot> over-runs and pillages
Alia Minor, x. i$6. His death, 1^8.

Chrj^Jflaroj^ Manuel, the Qreek envoy,
his character, xii. iii. Hit admi-
ration of Rome and ConlUntinople,
itc.

CbnJ^^Ut^ battle of, between Confhm-
tine the Great and Lidnin$, Ii. 116.

Chrjf^9m^ St. hit account of the pom«>
pout luxury of the emperor Arcadint,
▼• 347* Protedk hit fugitive patron
the eunuch Eutropiut, 364. Hiftory
of his promotion to the archi epifcopal
fee of Conflantinople, 371. Hit cha-
racter and admtniflrattoo, 374. Hit
perfecution, 377. His death, 383.
Hit relict removed to CoolUotfnople,
ihid. Hit encomium nn the mooaAic
lifei vi. tio. n$te.

Churches^ Chriftian, the firft eredion
of> ii. 369. Demolition o^ under
Diocletian, 3901. Splendour of, un-
der Conllantine the Great, iii. a.83.
Seven, of Afia, the fiste o^ xi. 397.

Ciia/r/, battle of, between Conftantine
the Great and Ucioiot, ii. S03.

Ci€er$^ hit view of the philofbphical
opiniont as to the immortality of the
foul, ii* 141.' Hit encomium on the
ftudy of the law, viii. 8. Syllrm of'
his repmbUc^ 14. I

CimwttriM darkoefs, the ezpreffon of,j
whence derived, v. 149, m0rr. |

Cir€umtiOi$ut ni Africa, Donatifl fchii- 1
roatics, hiflory of their revolt, iiiij
385. Their religious fuicidet, 38^
Perfecution of, by the etnperor H<
norius, vi. 14.

Circumttfitm of bOth fexet, a phyfical
cuftom in Ethiopia, Bncoone£^t
with religioo, viii. 337.

Circut^ homan, the four fii6Hons
defcribed, vii. 71. Conftantinoph
and the Eaftern empire, diftraaed b;
thffc fadioo«, 73.

Cifits tn the Roman empite cnnmcrttc^
4. 68.

GENERAL INDEX.

•*— , Commercial, of luly, rife, sod

governmeot of, ix. 177.
Citirunt of Rome, motive of Ctrtcalla
for cxtcoding the privileges of, to
sli the free-iohabItAnc« of the empire,
i. ^^6» %%6. Political ceodeocy of
thia grant, 257.

C/v, the birth of a new one, how ce»
lebrated by the Romans, iii. 14. U9U,

Ctviliams of Rome, origin of the profef-
|2bn, »d the three periods in the hif-
tory of, viiL to.

Chilis^ the B'.tavian, his fuccef&fol re-
volt agaioCl the Romans^ i 53d.

Clamdi4M the poei and pancgyrift of Sti*
licho, bis works fupply the deficien*
cies of hiftory, V* 138. Celebrates the
morder of RoBnus, 145. His death
aivi character, a%6. His chara£\er ot
the eunuch Eutropi m, 3^3.

CUuJiuty emperor, chofen by (he Pre-
toriso guards,' without the coocar-
rence of the fenate, i. 101.

Qamdims^ emperor, luccciTor to Caili*
eoua, his charadler and elevation to
the thronej ii. 4.

CUamier^ mininer of the emperor Com-
modus, his hiftory, i. 128.

CUmenSy Plaviut, and his wife Dom!-
tilla, why diftinguilhed as Chriftian
martyra, ii; 341.

Ciemtnt III. pope, and the emperor
Henry III. mutually confirm each
other's fovcreign chara£ker&, x. 264.

Clement V. pope, transfers the holy fee
frome Rome to Avifcnon^ xii. 273.

CUrgj^ when fii (t dilUnguinied from the
Uicy, ii. i8o. iii. 27%.

—4 the rankh and numbers of, how
multiplied, iii. 178, Their properly,
z8o. Their ofFt:n€es only cogni Table
by their own order, 185. . Vslenti-
niaa% edi^ to reft rain the avarice of,
iv. 141.

CUdi9n^ the firft of the Merovingian
race of kings of the Pranks in CauI,
bis reign, vi. 88.

CUdius AUfimusy governor of Britain, hia
fteady fidelity during the revolotions
at Rome, i 1^5. Declares himfelf
*g^inft Jnlianm, 157.

CUtilday niece of the king of Bnr^un
ny, is married to Clovie king of the
Franks, and converts her Pagan huf-
band, vi. 283 Rxhortc her httfl>^nd
to the Gothic war, 194.

CUvtSy kin^ of the Franks, hi« deleent*
and reign, vi. 176.

CimvertMs, his account of the.objeds of
adoration among the ancient Germans,
i. 330. wote,

CtckineaJy importance of the difcovery
of, in the art of dying, vii. 81^. mott,

C»Je of Jttftinian, how formed, viii. 34.
New edition of, 41.

Cidtciltf how far admitted by the Ro-
man law refpe^ing leftaments, viii.

Cttmohiut, in monkiih hiftory, defcribcd,

vi. 434.
Cnnage^ how regulated by the Romaa

emperors, zii. 250.
C$Ub§s^ the modern Mingrelia, defcribedf

vii. 303. Manners of the natives,

306. Revolt of, from the Romaoa

to the Prrfians, and repentance, 314.

O'lchian war, in confeqaence, 318.
CtUfeum^ of the emperor Titos, oblcr*

vations oti, xii. 372. Exhibition of «

bull feaft in» 3^$.
CpUjriJian heretics, an account of, iv.

Cthmtesy Roman, how planted, t. $|«
CthuMdy hiftory of the Roman family of,

xii a8a.
CfihJI'mi Ql Rhodes, feme account of, ix«

3^7.
Columns of 1

Comama^ the rich temple of, fopprelTed,
. and the reveoaes confiTcated, by the

emperors of the Eaft, iii, 75.
Cemhaty judicial, origin of, in the Salic

laws, vi. 313. The laws of, accord*

ing to the alHzeof Jerufalem, xi. 87.

Apology for the pra^ifc o^ 191, »s/#.
Comets, account of thofe which appeared

in the reign of Juftioian, vii. 393,
Ctmmeutifilujy his . difgraceful warfare

againft the Avars, viii. 182.
CmmtJus, emperor, his education, ch**

ra£ler, and reign, i. 122.
Cemmeniy origin of the family of, 00

the throne of Conftantlnople, ix. 6$.

Its eztin£Uon» xii. 219.
Cenceptiony immaculate, of the Virgin

Mary, the do^rioc of, from whence

derived, ix. A 29.
Cencuhinty according io the Roman ct*

vii law, explained, viii. 60.
CtnfiagrauOHy general, ideas of the pri-
mitive Chriftians, concerning, ii.

250.
Couqutjiy the vanity of, not fojuftifiabic

as the defire of fpoil, iv. 267. Is

rather atchieved by ait, than perfo*

nal valour, vi. 37.
d % Ctnrad

Hercules, their fituation^ i.

general' INDEX-

OnraJm, emperor, engage i" «*«<«-
cood cruftdt, xi. 95. Hli difaftroM

Cntr^ of Montferr»t, defends Tyre
sgmiDftSaUdimxi. 117. Ififft«ii**
ted, 131.

Omftamce^ trcity of, «• «79- . , ^

OmJUmty ibe third fon of Coflfttotln*
tkie Great, it fentio govern the ^eil-
cm provinces of the empire, iii. 115.
Divifioo of the empire imong Wm
and hit brothera, on the death of tbeir
father, 130. U invaded by his br<>^
ther Confttntine, 14*. Is killed, on
the nlnrpation of Mtgnentlua, I43-
Efpouled the caufe of Athanafiiu
A£aio(l his brother Conftantina, 356.

a$$ani II. emperor of Conftanlioople,

Ci^sMtia^ princefs, grand; daughter of
Conftantine the Grea^ is earned by
her mother to the camp of the nforp-
er Piocopias, iv. *ia. Narrowly eT-
capes falling bto the hands of the
QoAdi, 496. Marriea the emperor

Oratitfif S^'*
Cv^ft^ntme, daughter of Conllantint
X Crea^ and widow of ttanflfbah-
anw, pieces the diadem on ihe head
of the general Vetranio, iii. Uy "
married to Oallns, 167. Her charac-
ter,. \6%. Dies, 173.
C^nfinM, widow of the Eaftern enj-
peror Maurtce, the cruel fate o^
snd her daughters, vilu I93- ,
r#./ltf«//»/ the Great, the fevefal opi-
nions as to the place of hi? birth, lu
10. His hiftory, 158 He is fa-
inted emperor by the BntQi legions
on the deaih of his father, 161.
Marries Fautta, the daughter of Max-
imian, i«7. ?ats Maximian to death
I7e. General review of his admiml-
ir«t.on in Gaul, 177. Undertakes to
deliver Rome from the tyranny of
Maafentius, i8a. Defcau Maxen-
tios, and enters R6mc, 191. Hia
»UiancewithLiciniu«, 19^. ^rf^\
Lidnius, 103. 104. Peace concludd
with Licinius, ao6. H.s laws tb,d.
Chaftifes the Goihs, 109. Second ci-
vil war with Licinius, an.

. Motives which induced htm to

make Byxantium the capital of his
empire, iii. J. Declares bis determi-
nation 10 fpring *rom divine command,
1 3. Defpoils other citits ef their or-
namcntu to decorsie his new cspitat,
1 9, Ceremony of dedicating his ntw

city, 18. Form of civil a ndnil Kary
tdmimftration ellmbliihed tliere» 30-
fieparates the civil from the militanr
•dmim'dratiol^ 59. Corrupted mil-
Ury difdpline, 60. Hi« cbartOer,
07. Account of hit family, i©*-
His jealoufy of his Ion rriTpos, 105.
Myfterious deaths of Crifpos and Li-
cinius 107. Hts repentance and
tasof atonement inquired into, 109.
Hisfons and nephews, 11*. *"<*•
them to foperintend the feirewl PJJ-
vinces of the empire, 115- A™
the Samaritans and provoke* tlie
Goths, ito. Reduces the Golhs to
peace, iia. His death, IM- /^r
tempt to afcertain the daw of^!'
converfionto Chrillianity, xjo- H»»
Pagan fuperakion, »33. Pw*«^*°*
Chriftiaos in Gaul, 135. P»bhllica
the edia of Milan, ijtf. Motivea
which recwnmended the Chriftiaoj to
his favour, a3«. fixhorta hia fab*
lefts to embrace the Chriflinn pmfcf-
fion, 144 His famous ftandard the
J^^fm defcrihed, 149- Hts cele-
brated vifion previous to hia battle
with Maxent]ufe,ftsi. Stmj •f the
miraculous crofa in the air, «54. Hit
cooverfion accounted for, from na-
tural and probable caufes, 1(8. His
theological difcourfea, t^o. Hia de-
votion and privilege*, a5i. The de-
lay of his (Mptifm accounted tor, %6^.
la commemorated a* a iaist by the
Greeks, *66. His edia tgaioft be-
reiica, 197. Favour* the caufe of
C«cilian againft Donatus, 301. Hia
feniible letter to the biihop <rf Alex-
andria, 334. How prevailed op to
rail7 the Nicene creed, 335. Hi* le-
vity in religion, 33S. Granted a to-
leration to hi* Pagan Mjeas, 59a.
His reibrm of Pagan abofo>> 39?-
Was affodated with the Heathen Dei-
ties after his death, by u decree of
the fenate, 396. His difcovery of
the holy fepolcre, iv. 89.
— , Pnblicatbn of his 6aitiou» do-
nation to the bi(hop* of Rome, ix.
138. Fabuloo* interdifikioii of mar-
riage with (Irangers, afcribed to hinh
¥. 113. ^ .

CcnftsfHime^ II. the fon of Conftantine
the Great, i* fent to prefide over
' Gaul, iii. i«|, Divifion of the em-
pire among him and hi* brothers, 00
the death of their lather, tj^ lo-
vado

GENERAL INDEX.

Tidet int brother Coo(Uas and it
killed, 141.

C^mjiamtime ilL emperor of CooftAOUBo-
ple, ix. 9b

Oi/iamtsme IV. Pop>nata«y emperor of
CoBtkfe^tiaopIe, ix. 13.

CgtifiamtiHt V, Coprooymat, emperor of
Cooftailtiooplc, ix. 13. Fftiet of hi*
five loos, %6, Revolt of Artavtl'dcty
end tioublet 00 accooac oi image
worikip, ill. Aboiiihes the mookiih
order, 113.

Ca^fia^iim4 Vl« eioperor of Coaftanti-
sople, ix e;.

Cl^^fi^mi%m VII. Porphjrogeoitut, em-
pefor of CooftAotioople, ix. 50. His
cautioDs agtioft diTcoveriog the fe-
crci of the Greek 6re, x. 15. Ac-
count of his works, 8x. Their
imperfe^tiooa poioted out, 84. ,His
•ceoootof the ceremonies of the By-
MStioe Goart, 111. Juftifies the
marriage of his foo with the pnoceis
Benha of France, 1 14.

Ctn/huttMe V|U. emperor of Cooftaoti-
oopW» it. SI-

C9^/U»tt90 IX. emperor of CooiUoti-
nople, ix. $6.

C^nfiMtsMM X. MoQomachuH emperor
of ConftaotinopU, ix. 63.

Ciifimtime XI. Pwcas* empenrof Con-
(taotinople, ix. 67*

Qtmfi^witnt Pakmlqgm, the laft of the
Greek emperor% kit reign, xii. 15$.

CnffitmSiwe ^jhantu^ foaoder of the
PaoUdaM, hit death, x. 153.

Ctn/Untimfy a private foldier in Britain,
cledftd emperor, for the fake of his
aane, v. tio. He reduces Gaol sod
Sfaia, til. ft I a. His redudkioii and
death, 310.

G^m/lamtimif general wder Belifarias Jn
luly, his death, vii. 13^.

CkiO^tUitt^^ iu fiteatioa defcribed,
with (he motives which induced Con-
ftaocine Che Great to make this city
chc c^pitel of his empire, iii* 3* Its
local advantages, 11. Iu extent, 1 $.
Progrclsof the work, 17. Principal
edifices, ao. How fnrniflied with
iolMhitanta, a 3. Privileges granted
to it, atf. Iu dedication, a8. Re-
view of the new form of civil
nnd military admiaiftrauon efta-
blidifd there, 30. Is alkittcd to
Coflfiaatbe the Yomger, in the
divifion of the empire, on the em-
peror's death, 130. Violent contefts
there btiwec^ the rival bilhops, Paol

and Macedonias, 380. Bloody en*
gagcment between the Athaoafuos
and Ariaps on the removal of the bo-
dy of Conftaotioe, 383. Triomphant
entry ot th« emperor Jolian, iv 32.
The fensteof,jil|owtd the fame pow-
ers and hooourt as that at Rome, 48.
Arrival of Valens, as emperor of
the Eaft, at 7. Revolt of Procopius,-
ihid,

, Continued the principal feat of
the Ariau • trtCy^ daring the reigns
of CooA*Btius and Valens, v. i^. Is
parged from Arianilm by the emper-
or Thecdofi us, 21 Council of, 14.
Ir enriched by the bodies or uints sod
martyrs, ii^. Infurredlion agsinft
Gainai and his A nan Gothr, ^66,
Perfecutioo of the archbifhop, St,
Chryfoftdm. 377. Popular tumults
on his account, 379, Earthqtiske
there, vi. 47.

— , The ci:y and eaOerr. empire dif-
tra£led by the fs<^ions of the circus,
vii. 71. Ponndatiop of the chuich of
St. Sophia, 1 10 Other churches
ereded there by JulUniso, 115.
Triumph of Beliiaiins over the Van-
dajs, 183. The walUof, injured by
an ^srihqoakc, 384 Stste of the
armie«, under the emperor Maurice,
vtii. 183 The armies and city re«
volt agatoft him, 187. Deliverance
of the city hrom the Perfisns and
Avars, a 1 9. Religious war about
the Trifagian, 183.

■ » Profpe^kas of the remaining hif-
tory of the Eaftern empire, ix. K
Summary review of the live dynsfties
of the Greek empire, 9$. Tumults
in the city to oppofe the deAro^ion
of images, 111 Abolition of the
monkiih order by Conftantine, 113.
Firft (iege o^ by the Saracens, x. a.
Second fiege by the Saracens, 7,
Review of the provinces of the Greek
empire, in the tenth century, 87.
Riches of the city of Conftaniinople,
98. The imperial palace of, 100.
Officers of fttte, 106. Military cha-
raAer of the Greeks, 1*3. The
name and character of Romans, fop-
ported to the lad, 136. Decline,
and revival of literature, 137. The
city menaced by the Tnrks, i88.
Account of the Varangians, 194.
Naval expeditions of the Ruffians
againft the city, 199.

— — , Origin

GENERAL INDEX.

«-— , Origin of the feptrition of the
Greek and Luio churches, li. i$4.
MaiTacre of the Latins, 164. Inva*
fion of the Greek empire, and con-
queft of Conftantinople by the cru-
fadcrs, 194- The city ukeB, and
Ifiac Angelas reftored, 108. Fart of
the city horned by the Latins, 20a.
Second fiege of the city by the Latins,
fto$. Is pillaged, a to. Accoont of
the tlatues deilroyed, ti6. Partition
of the Greek empire 'by the French
and Venetians, 111. The Greeks
rife againfl their Latin conquerors,

133. The city retak en by the Greeks,
ic8. The fubvrb of Galata, affigo-
ed to the Genoefe, x$$» Hoftilitiea
between the Genoefe and the em-
peror, 3 $8. How the city efcaped
the Moguls, 390. Is bc6eged by the
fultan A rrorath H. xii« $0. h compared
with Rome, it$. Is befieged by
Mahomet II. fultan of the Torks,
178. Is ftormed and uken, tii.
Becomes the capital of the Turkifh
empire, 216.

Ccmftamtius Cbhritt^ gOT^rnor of Dalmt-
tia, wfts intended to be adopted by
the emperor Carus, in the room oif
bis vicious fon Carinas, it 83. Is
aifociated as Ccfar by tifldedan ia
his admlniftratioo, 98. Aflnroes the
title of Anguftus, on the abdication
of Diocletian, rs3. His death, 160.

. .Granted a toleration to the Chriftian&y

393-
Ctijiamtiu*^ the fecond (on of Conftaa-
tine the Great, his education, iii, 1 1 4.
Is feot to govern the Esftem provin-
ces of the empire, 11$.. Seizes Coo*
ftttttinopte on the death of his ^iher,
118. Coafpires the deaths of his
kiofmen, 129. DiTifion of the em-
pire among him and his brothers, t^.
Reftoret Chufroes king of Armenia,

1 34. Battle of Singara with Sapor
king of Perfia, 1 36. RejeQa the of-
fers "f Magnentius and Vctranio, oa
the plea of a vifion^ 148. His ora-
tion to the Itlyrian troops at the in-
terview ifciih Vetranio, 150. Defeats
Magnentius at the battle -of Mnrfa,
ig4. His councilf governed by eu-
nuchs, 1^3* Education of his cottfios
Gallns and Julian, 166. Difgrilce
and death of Gallub, 173. Sends f»r
Julian 10 court, 180. Invef^s him
with the title of Csefar, 183. Vifica
RooEie, i86* Prefenls an obelilk to

that city, 188. The QeaAM aad
Sarmatiao wars, 189. ilis Perfian
negociationa, 194. MtfmattagcoicBt
of afimirs in the EaA, 103. P«voan
the Arians, 338. His reTigiona cha-
rnder by Ammiaans tJse billorian,
341. His reftlefs opdeevoora to ef-
taMiii an uniformity of Cfariftian doc-
trine, 341. Athanafius driven into
exile by the council of Aniioch, 353.
Is inttmidaled by faitbnKherConHai.s,
and invites Athanafius back aga>o,
356. His fevere treatment of thole
bifliops who refnfed to concur in de-
poliug Athanafius, 3^3. His fcmpU'
loos orthodoxy, 365. His caotious
condod in expelKog Aihaoafias from
Alexandria, 366. His ftrenooos ef-
forts to feiae his peribn, 370. Aths-
nafiut writes invedives to expofc his
chara£ler» ^75. is conftrained to re-
(lore Liberins billMip of Rome, 379.
Snppofu Macedoains, biftiop of Con-
ftantinople, and coontenancea his per-
fecotioos of the Catholics and Nova-
tiana, 384. His condua towards his
Pagan fubjeda, 39$. Envies the
fame of Julian, iv. 3. Recals the
legions from Gavl, 4. Negoiiatioos
between him and Julian, 17. His
preparations to oppofe Julian, 18.
His death aad chanaer, 30.

Ctuftautius^ general, relieves the BritHh
emperor CeaAaaane whca befieged
in Aries, ▼. 317. His chiraaer and
viaories, 318. His marriage with
PIscidta, and death, vL %.

Ct^/UMtimr^ fecreUiy to AttiU king of
the Huns, his mxtrimonial negocia-
tion at the court of Conftaotiaople,
vi. C9.

Cnfuiy the olficeof, explained, i. 91. Al-
terations this office undcewenc under
the emperors, and when Conftantl-
nople became the feat of esBphe, iii.
34. The crflice of, fappreObd by the
emperor Jatlinias, vii. 143. Is now
funk to a commercial agent, xii. 249.

CnirsSi^ the Roooao lawa nelpeAing^
iriii. 7$.

Ctfti of Egypt, brief hiOuiy 4( viii.

3*5;

C^riuthf reviving as a Roman colony,
celebrates the Iflhmian games, under
the emperor Julian, iv« 4^ The
ifthmos of, furtificd by th^emperor
Juftinian, via. lai.

C«rvf«M, Matthiaa, king ^ Uangary,
his cbarafter, aii. 146.

GEN E R A L INDEX.

Gptmm/, redoAioa o^ bf th« Saxons,

Ctrmmry gold, sttore of thofe offeriogi
CO the Roman emperor^ iii. 94.

Cmfmas Indtcopleiiftes* accoimt of hit

. Chriftitn topography, vii. 95. note,
viii. 310. ««/#.

C0fm§ of Medicis, his chara^cr^ xil

121.

Csumcils and fynodt of

Antioch, iii. 353.

A'rlee, iii. 359.

Bafii, xii. 83.

Carthage, vLa$8. vii 177.

ChaJccdoo, v. 378. viii. 174.

Clermont, xi. 7.

Conftaacc, xii. 77. 82. 334.

Conftaotinopie, v. 14. viii,
a9$. 300. ix. 109. xi. 159.

Ephefttt, viii. 161. aji.

Ferrara, xii. 91.

Flprence, <^itf.
* Frankfort, ix. 146*

Lyons, vi. 189. xi. a$i. 304.

Milan, iii. 359*

Ni€e> iii. 3x1. ix. 143.

Pifa, xii. 8a 334.

Placcntia, xi. 4.

Rinfiini, 111.331.

Sardica, iii, 3$$*

Toledo, ri. a68. 171. 337.

Tyre, iu. 349-
C^WB/, great difference between the in-
ciem and modem application of ihit
title, iii. $8. By whom firil invented,
aid. Of the facred largefles, under
Conftantioe the Great, his office, 73.
Of the domeitica m t^e Eaftem em-
pirct his office, J6.
Ctmrtency^ hiftory of the family of, xi.

Crtfitutims^ confol of Rome, his viciU
fiCndes, and di%raoefiil death, ix.
17$.

Creie^ the ifle o^ fubdoed by the Sa«
racens, x. 49- Is recovered by Nice*
phonu Phocas, 73. Is pnrcbafed by
the Venetians, xi. it6.

Crimif^ how diftiogoiAed by the penal
laws of the Romans, viii. 89.

Crifyms^ foa of Confiaatine the Great,
is declared Ccfar> ii. 106. Diftin-
fwibes hit valovr againft the Franks
sad Atemaiml, 109. Forces the paf-
iiig« of the Heliefpont, aad dereau
ll^ fleet of Uctnivs,' ii. ai$. His
charaQer, iii. 104. Hi* myfterions
^eath, 107.

Cri/pus^ the Patrician, marries the
daughter of Phocast and contrtbotcs
to depofe him, viii. 193. Is obliged
to mm monk, 197.

Creatim^ atcount of the kingdom of, x.

Crofij the difFercnt fentiments enter*
tair.ed of this inilrument of puoiih-
ment, by the Pagan and Chriftiaa
Romanij iii 247. The famous (land*
ard ot, io ihe st my of Cunftantine the
Great deknbed, 149. His vifiuns of,
2$ I. 154. The holy fepulchre and
ciois of Chrift difcovcred, iv. 90.
The crofs of Chrift undiminilhed by
dinribution to pilgrims, 91.

Crown of thorns, its transfer from Coo«
Aantioople to Paris, xi. 2^3.

Crttomsy mural and obfidiooal, the dif*
tin6iion beiweeo, iv. 157. note,

Crufadey the Hrlt refolved on at the
council of Clermont, xi- 9. ' Enquiry
into the juftice of the holy war, «o.
Examination into the private motives
of the crufaders, 17. Departure of
the crut'aders, 22. Account of the
chiefi', 28. Their march to Con(lan«>
tiooplc, 38. Review of their num*
bers, 49. They take Nice, 52,
BaUleof Doiylseum, 55. They take
Antioch, $9. Their diftreflef, 63.
Are relieved by the difcovery of the
holy lance, 66. Siege and conqueft
of Jemfalem, 74. Godfrey of Bou*
iilon chofen king of Jemralem, 78,
Thejecond crufadc, 95. The cru-
faders ill treated by the Greek em-
perors, 99. The third era fade, lay.
Siege of Acre, 129. Fourth and fifth '
crufades, 138. Sixth crufade, 144.
Seventh cnifade, 148. Recapitulation
of the fourth crufade, 180. General
confcquences of the crnfades, a62«

Cte/ipben^ the city of plundered by the
Romans, i. 296. lis fitoation de-
fcribed, iv. 140. Julian declines the
fiege of that city, 141. Is facked by
the Saracens, ix. 318.

Cnblai^ emperor of China, his charac-
ter, xi. 388.

CmfpalaUy his office under the Greek
emperors, z. 106.

Cufitms^ duties of impofed by Auguftus,
i. 230.

CytU of indidlions, the origin of, traced,
and how now employed, iii. 82. n9te»

Cyprian^ bifhop of Carthage, bis hiflory
«nd mait;irdom, ii. 3ja.

Cyprus

GENERAL IlTD £: X.

^fprm^ tbc laiifsdom of, bcftowtd of^
Ch* hinire of LufigMH, by Ricbard 1.
of BnglAiidt xi- i67«

Cjreue^ tfcw Greek coloaiet cboic fiorfty
extermiaated bf Cfaofroot 11. king of
Perfia, viii. to I.

C^riadet^ an obfcorc fugt(wr«f it fe€ up
bj S^por tht Perfitn moosrch, m em-
peror of Romo» i. 387.

Cjrilf bt(hop of Jerafslcm, his poropooe
reUtioB of the mirmcalow appoftnAce
of a cdefttti croTs i'li. 340. Hio am*
bienoas cfatrtfter, iv. 92.

Cjrii^ patriarch of AleaaAdriOf bts Kfe
aad diara6bert viit. 2$|. CoademDa
the hercfy of Ntftorhit, ttfa. IVo-
curet the decifioo of the oouocH of
Ephefoi agaiiift Nefhoriuii fltfi. Hit
court iatfigaea, i6tf.

Cjnicus^ bow it cCcaped dcftni6kiofl from
the Goths, i. 379. It at length
rained by them, 380. The ifland aad
city of, (eiied by the nfnrper Proco-
piit, »v. ifti.

DtffM, coaqneil of, by the emperor
Trajao, i. 7. Its fitaatioa, 33. la
over-run by the Goths, 353* la re-
figaed to them by Anrelisn, ii. ly.

J>4imf»s^ fuppofed to be authors and ob«
je€la of Hagaa idolatry, by the pri-
mitive Chriftiana, ii. 137.

XW(/fMi, general of the emperor Jufti*
man, befieges Petra,Yii. 31$. Com-
mands the Huna in Italy nmkr Naiw
fes, 365.

Dmimitrt^ archbifliop of Fifa, isftelled
patriarch of Jerufalem, i\. 80.

DahMtim dcfcrihed, i. 31. Produce of
a filver mine there, 119. *#/#•

D^Jmmtims^ nephew of Cooftsntioe the
Great, ia created Cftfar, iii. 113. Is
fent to govern ihe G«>thtc frontier,
ti$. la cruelly deftmytd by Coo*
ftantitts, 119.

D««M/ra#, (iege of, by the Saracens,
\x. 333. The t\ y rtulaeed both by
florte and by tteaiy, 340. Remarks
ea Hcghea^a tragedy of thia fiege,
343. mU* Taken and deftroyed by
Tamerlane, xii 11.

t>Mmafns^ bifliop of Rome, ediA of Va«

lentinian addieiTed to him, to rcftrain

the crafty avarice of the Roman ol«r«

giy, iv. 143* Hit bloody coaleft with

, Urfiana for the epirco|)al dignity^ 145.

Dames^ the Arab, his gallant eater-
prise agaioft the caftie of Aleppo, ix.

lihMefffrc, i# wken by Loda HE. ef

Prance, xi. 14$.
Bsm^htt^ ar<<hbifl>ep of Cobftantinr.
pie, refigot hit fee, rather than fobu
krihe the Nicene cfced, v. ti . ^
Damdmky Henry^ doge of Venice, his
charaAer, xi 177.- It made Aefpof
of Romaota, 115.

Daniti^ firft biihop of Winchefter/ his
ioftruAioat to St. Booifiacc, for the
conveHion of infidels, vi. 243.

IXi«i>&,aGrcciaa matron, Herprelenta
to the emperor Bafil, t, 9$. Hrr
Tifie to him at Cooftaotmbple; 103.
Htrr teflament, ikiJ.

Dsmmht^ courfe of the rfver, and the
proviccet of, dtfcfibed, i« 31.

i>mpkmi^ the facred grove and ttmple
of, at Antioch, ddcribed, iv: ^o$.
Is oooverced to Chriftian porpofea by
Galltts, and reaored to the Pagans by
Jaliac, 108. The temple burned,
109.

Dmra^ the foittfication of, byjallimao,
defcribcd, vil. 131. tlie deowifitioa
of, by the Pcrfiafit, prevented t>y
peace, a93.. It taken by Ohodoea
king of Perfia, viii. 157. ^

Dariuty hit foheme for coao^diflg the
contintnts of Europe and Afia, iii. 6.

Ddf'kmejiy ^ciemaCiiral, at die taat of
the paflion, it unnoticed by the bea*
then philofophert and hiiloriaoi^ tk
311.

00ftag€rdy the Perdaii royal feat of,
plandered by the iteperof HeracUns
viii. %%6.

D»ii0Mnt^ g^iribr «f Spaifl, yiMa
ready obedience to the tiAperiai edlAa
agioft the Chriffians, it. 393.

Datiut^ hifiMp of Milan, iafttgatea the
rev^ ot the Lrguriana to Jufltniaii,
vik e3t. BUcapet to Cboft ant i u o p le
oa the taking of Milan by the Bur-
It aadiana, 137.

Vthtwi iaibtv^m, cfUel puaMhmeat of,
by the law of the twelve tablet,
viii. 83*

Af<f«ro«r*/, review of the law* vK thetl
twelve. tableK^ viiJ. 5. Tbelh lawt

• fuperfede^^by the perpetual edift, 14.
Severity ot, 61.

13i#ria#, hit extltiri«»n eo the «mptras i*
^43- ^t* * perfecutor of the Chrif-
tiaos, il. ^70.

I>#rarrf>*/, id the Roihan empire, are
fe verely trefeted ^ the Imperial laws,
iii. 83

Dfifcmthm of the Roman emperort, how
this fpeciea of idolatry waa intro-
duced, i. 98. Dtkt9n^

GENERAL I ir D E X.

poror CommcMios, u» grtiify hia batred
of tbc feMt«, i. 115, Arc fupprtfl^d
. by Pertimx, 143.

Ptff>bi^ the (acred ora«meaa of the
temple of, removed to CoaOsAiiiiopk
hy CooAMtioe the Cf«at« Hi. xi»

thmtcrmcjy a form of goveromtot 110-
fcvoorabic to frctdem ia a Urge AaCe,
i.4«.

Pem»fibenesy governor of Cefare*, his
gftlUoi defence againft, and hrioic
•fcape from Sapor king of Perfia, i.
388.

i>4*£r«ri4tf, biihop of Ccrtbcgtf bo*
m:!nply faccourt cbe captives brought
6«iD Rofoe. by Genferic biog of (he
VftodaUj vi. 137.

Ptfmr tbc Scraceo, hif cbartder^ ix»
3^6.

T>ffilttitu^ the Jtft king of the Lom-
bards, cooqncred by Charlemagne,

IK. I3I»

IkfptU actnre of that title in the Creek
empire, x, 10$.

Dejptiijm originates io fopcrftition^ i*
34t- MU.

DisJem afiimed by Pioclctiaa, what,
ii. 137.

.SHam^mds^ the art of cutting them, un-
known to the tncienta, i. 131. mte.

X)$diMj Jnlimmms^ porchafes the Imperial
dignky at a pablic aiiak>Qt i. 151.

t>t»c9fet of tb« Romeo enipire^ their

/ nnmber and governroenty iii« 4$.

DinktUn^ the uMnner of hit miliurv
eiedkioo to Che empice, ii«90. His birtn
Mdcbtra£tef« 93. Takes M ax imian
for his eoUeagne* 9^. Aflbciaiea as
Ccfar^, Galeriu(, and Coiiftanlius
Cblorust 9^* His triiim|ib in con*
junAfon with Maximiao, 119. Fixes
his cenrt et the iciey of Nicomedia,
131. Abdicates the empire^ 141.
Purallel between hina and (be emperor
Charles V. ihid. Pafles bis life in
letiremeoi at Ssloaa, 144. His tm-
partiai behaviour toward the Chrifti-
ans, 376. Caufes that produced the
pcriecBiioo of ihe ChriiUans ander
fait reign, \^^.

PuM C^0ni the hiflorian, r4sreened Irom
tbc ittiy of the ioldicrs, by ihe «m*
peror Alexander Scvervs, i. aft I.

Pif/tf«rax, patriarch of AleKandria, bis

. OHtrsgeoas bebavioiir at the fecond

council of Ephefn^ viii. ayg. Is dc-

pofeil by the eooacil ef CbtlceiiUn,

»7 •

Dijabul^ great khan of the Turks, his
reception of the amballsdors of JuOi*
nian, vii. a8o.

Dititrct^ ihe liberty end abate of, by
the ILoman laws, viiu 54. Limita-
tions of* ^6.

Dcteies^ their peculiar tenet 1. iii. 309.
viii. ft40. Derivation of theii natnci
iii. 310. a#//.

V§mimMSy when this epithet was applied
to the Roman emperors, ii. 135.

D«mitia9i .efr.}.eror, bis treatment of
bis kinfmen Flavias Sabiou»9 and
Plaviat Clemens, ii. 341.

2>Mrf/i«», the Oriental prwf^A, is lent
by the empeior ConltanuQs, to re-
form the A ate of the Ea(l, then op«
prefled by Gallus, iii. 1 70. Is put to
death there, 173.

DomatMt^ hiR Co. teft witb Cccilian for

- the fee of Carthage, iii. 199. HiOorl

of the fchifm of die Donatifts 30$.

386. PerfccMtioo of the Donaiifti by

the emperor Honoriu^ vi 14.

Vitylammy battle of, between fuUsn
Soliman and cbe fiift crufaders, xi.

Doxihgj^ how introduced in the church-
tier vice, and how perve>ted, ii> 376.

Dramatic reprelentsiioss at Rome, a
chara^er of, iii. 261.

Dre^mt^ the popular opinion of the pre-
teroaiural origin of, favourable to that
of ronflantine previous to bis baule
with Maxentius, iii. i$z.

Drtmtdmfy^ extraordicaiy fpeed of this
animal, ii 35. M/r.

Dr^mtnei of the Creek eiY>pire, de-
rcrtbcd, X. I to.

Druiii^ their power in Gaut fuppreflfed
by the emperors Tibrriuk and Ciau-

■ dius, i. 46

Drufit of mount Libanu", a charader
Oii x. 32$. mote%

Dmkf^ derivation of that title, and great
ch^tnge in the modern, from ihe sn»
cient application of it, iii. 58.

DuratUM^ firgr of, b> Robert Goifcard,
X. z$i. Battle o», between him and
the Greek emperor Alexius, a 58.

Eartb^uaku m extraordinary one o^'er
great part of the Roman cnnpire, it,
^04. Account of tbofe that happened
in the reign of Jollinian, vii. 396.

Mtf/l hdia^ the Roman commerC'jl in-
tei'courfe

General index.

terconrfe^ wtth thtt regioQ, i. 78.

Commodities of, uied by Alexaodcr

Severat, i3i«
Bhinites, account of thtt fed, ii. 231*
•— — , A coofacatioo of their crrorv,

fuppotcd bjr the primitive fttherft, to

be ft pftrticnitr objed in the writiaga

of St John the Evingclift, iii. 308.
■ , Tneir idtfts of the perko of

Jefus Chrift, viii. 135.
EtfU/iafiet^ ibc book of, why not likelf

to be the proda£kioo of king Solomon,

vK. 1 84. m$t9,
Ecciefinfiifal and civil powera, diftin-

guiflicd, by the fathera of the Chrifti-

an churchy iii. 171
BiJicimjf ion of the emperor Avitus,

hU galkot conduct in Gaul, yi. 184.
Eahi/iM of th« emperor Heraclivt, viii.

Bddm^ of Iceland, the fyftem of mytho*
logy io, i. 347.

EJec9ti^ h Tent from Attila king of the
Huns, as his ambaflador to the em-
peror Theodofius the Younger, yi,
56. Ettgsgcfl in a propofal to aflfafli*
Kate Aitila, 71. His Ion Ortoaccr,
the firft Barbarito king of Italy, too.

EAefg, the pureft diale£k of the Syriac
Isngnage fpuken thcie, i. 199 ««/«•
The property of the Chriftiaas there,
confifcated, h$ the emperor Julian,
for the diforderly conduct of the
Ariana, iv. 11$. Rerolt of the
Roman troops there, viii. 185. Ac-
count j>f the fcbool of, 306. HiAory
of the famous image there, ix. 102.
The city and principality of, feizcd
bf Baldwin the Crufader, xi. $8. Is
retaken by Zenghi, 110. The counts
of, 169

Ei»a of Milsn, pub)i(hed by Confttn-
tine the Great, iti. ij6.

BdiUs of the pra:tor« of Rome, under
the republic, their nature and tenden-
cy, viii. IX.

Ed§m^ why that name was applied to
the Romso empire by the Jews, ii.

319 Wtf,
EArifitn^ the Saracen dynsfty of, x, 69,
Bdmnn-d I. of England, his crulade to

the Holy Land, xi. 1 $0.
Biiitwiy his charader ^uid revolt in

Gaul, vi. 16s. His fon Syagrius,

279.
Bgypt^ general defcription of, i. 36.

The fuperftitions of, with difficulty

tolerated at Rome, 46. Amount of

its revenues, it 8. Pablic works ex-

ecuted there by Frabos, ii. 74. Coa-
du€k of Dioclclian there, 113. Pr»-
grefs of Chrittianity there, 198.
^— , Edi£k of the emperor Valctia, to
reftrain the number of reclufe moaka
there, iv. 142.

■ , The woHhtp of Serapis how in-
troduced there, v. 98. This temple,
and the Alexandrian library deftroyed
by bifliop 1 beophilus, loo- Origin
ot monkiih inftitutioos hi, vi.-ai2.

•^«-, Great foppliea of wheat fon^hcd
by, for the city of Coaftantiaople, ta
the time of' luftinian, vii. 83. £c-
defiaftical hiftory of, viii. 325.

— — r. Reduced by the Saracens, ix.
369. Capture of Alexandria, 37$.
Adminiftration of, 36i. Description
of, by Amrov, 384*

— — , The Egvptiana take Jerufalem
from the Turks, zi. 71. Egypt con-
quered by the Turks* 88. Govern-
ment of the Mamelukes there, 148.

Elagahmhis^ n declared emperor bv the
troopa at Btnefa, i. 103. Wai the
fir ft Romaa who vrore gaimcota of
purefilk, vii. 87.

BUpbautSy enquiry into the Nmbera
of, brought into the field by die an-
cient princca of the Eaft, i. 301. «We.
With what view iniraduced in the
circus at Rome ia the firft Panic war,
ii. 8$.

BleitfiniM myfteriea, why toleraini bj
the emperor Valeatininn, iv. %jfi.

Blmahith^ queen of England, the po-
litical ufc ihe made of the national
pulpits, lit. 291. m$t9.

Bmtgr^iim of the ancient nonbem na-
tions, the nature and motives of,
examined, i. 348.

Empfrtrs of Rome, a review of their
conftitutions, viii. 14. Their iegii^
lative power, t6. Their referipta,

■ , Of Germany, their limited pow-
ers, is. 180. Of Conftaatinople,
their pomp and luxury, x. 99. Officers
of the palace, ftate, and army, 106.
Adoration of the emperor, mode of,
108. Their public appearance, no.
Tbetr defpotic power, 117. Their
navy,' 119. They retain the name
of Romans €0 the left, 136.

Empire^ Roman, divtfion of, into the
Eaji and tV^ empires by.Valentinian,
iv. 21$. Extinaien of the Wcftcm
empire, vi. 199.

Emcampmtnt^ Roman, dcfcribed, i at.

O E N E R A L INDEX.

■Emmiius^ the fcrvile flatterer of Theo-
doric the Oftrogoih king of lialy, is
made biibop of Pa via, viL i $. nctt.

Bfttgmtbus^ leader oC the mutinouk prx*
tnriftns, who murdered their prnfe^l'
Uipian, punifiied by the emperor
Alexaniier Sevarua, i. ifti.

Epbtjttt^ the fanio«i> temple of Dian*
gt» deftroyed by ihc Cotb*, i. 383.
'CoDflcilof, viii- 161. Epiicopal riou
there, 164.

EptcurMJ^ hU legacy to his ph'lofopbicftl
difciplcsat Athens, vii. 138.

Eptrms^ defp«)ts of, on the difmember-
ment of tfaeOieek empire, xi. 151.

Eq9itims^ mftOer general of the Iliyrian
frontier, is defeated by the Sarma-
tians, iv. 197.

Etajmus^ bis merit as a reformer, x.
16B.

Efenians, their diftingatlbing tenets and
fra€lices, ii. iSi 2^8-

BMcbmrifi a knotty fobjea to the firft re-
formers, X. 165.

MtA«i^ doke of Aqotttia, repels the
firft Sarac«n invafion of France, x.
17. Implores the aid of Charles
Martel, %\, Recovers his dukedom,
ihU.

BmJtcioy her birth, chartfter, and mar-
riage,' with the emperor Theodofius
the Younger, v. 395. Her difgrace
and death, 397.

BuJucMy her marriage will) the empeiv
or A reading iii. 1 35> Sttroolates him
to give op his favourite Eutropius,
364. Perlecv.es St. Ch7foftom, 377.
Her Heath and charaAer, 384.

EaJoxia^ the daughter of Tbeodoliua
the Younger, 'm betrothed to the
young emperor Valentinian 111. of the
Weft, ri. 6. Her char aaer, 114. Is
married to the empeior Maxlmus,
133. Invites Geoleric king of the
Vandala to Italy, ihiJ.

EmdtxMiy bifliop <»f Conftantinople, bap-
tifes the emperor Valens, iv. 137.

Eugemini the Rhetorician is made em-

SerOrof the We»> by Arbogaftes the
^rank, v. 7 1. Is defeated and killed
by Tbeodolius 74.
EtgeniMt^ IV. pope, his conteft with the
council of Bali I, xii. 83. Pr.cure«a
re* onion of the Latin and Gre'^k
churches, 99. Forma a league againft
the Tu^ks, 1 \6. Revolt of the Ro-
man citiaens againft him, 337.
Eumenims the Orator, fome account of,

n. 151. n9te
Eunapimt the SophifV, his charader t>f
monks, and oi the objects of their
woribip, V. 112.

EMM9mia9i^ poniihment o^ by the ediA
of (he emperor Tbeodofius againlk
hereticii, v. 30.

Emnuchi^ enurrreiatedin the Uft of Raft,
ern commodilies impoiicd and taxed
in the time ot Akxsnder Severn^, i.
231. They i.tett ihc {yaWsx of ttie
third GorJi;ia, 272,

— , Their akeodency in the court of
ConfUntius, lii 165. Why thty la-
▼o«rcd the Aiiana, 339. nvte. Pro-
cure the bfloiilMncnt ui Liberius bi-
fliop of Rome, 378.

— — , A confpiracy of, difappoint the
fchemes of Ru6nu8, and marry ihe
emperor Arcadiua to Rudoxi^, v 1 35.
They diftraft the couit of the em-
peror Honorius 275. And gorem
that of Arcadius, 3^5. Scheme of
Chryfaphiui. to aflaflinate Atiila king
of the Huns, vi. 71.

— , The biftiopof Seea, and hit «/hole
chapter caftrated, xii. 137. utte. »

£«r/f, king of the Vifigotha in GauI,
hisconquefts in Spain, vi. 183. fa
vtfted with ail the Roman cooquefts
beyond the Alps by Odoacer king of
Italy, 175.

Eur$pe^ evidences that the climate o*;
was much colder in ancient than mo-
dern times, i. 309. This alteration
a( counted for, ihid,

» Final divifion of, between the
Wettern and Ealtem empires v. la^.
Is ravaged by Attiia, kin« of the
Huns, vi. 46. If now, one great re-
public, 366.

E^febia^ emprefs, wife of Conftantius
her fteady friendlhip to Julian, tii
177. 180. Is accufed of arts to de-
piiwe Julian of chil ren, 184.

EmjHtuM^ h<8 charaatr of the followers
of Artert.oo, ii 101. His own cha-
raaer, 403. His ft ry of the miracu-
lous appearance of the crof* in the
Iky to Cooftantine rhe Great, iii xt,^

Eutreptuj the Eunuch, great chamber-
I in to the empemr Arcadius, ^«^n-
cerU his marriage with Eodoxia, in
oppolitlon to the viewfc of Rufinus,
V. 13^. Succeeds Rufinus in the em-
peror's confidtnce, 1445. His cha-
rafter aad adminiflrTition, 349. Pro-
vides for his own iecunty, in a neW
law againft treafon, ^^7. Takes
fanauary with St. Chryfoftoro, xfd.
His death, 366.

Eutycbes^ hiit opirT<^ on the fubfea of

the incarnanbn fnpported by the fe-

cond cooncil at Ephefus, viii. 171.

And

GENEHAL INDEX

Ami

to bf the

•fed ID MivigfltiBg, >• 37S>
MMskmiMM of tlie Cle^^ ori^ of the

snavsl feflival of, viii. 131.
ExmrrS, «»4cr the Greek empire, the

i iUcL sod rmak o^ ix. ijj. Ot' &«•

▼eiMM, the govefnmeat of luff

fettled IB, ami admiaiftcrcd by,

Tii 380. Tfti. 131.
Ejctije dMie* i ip o fe d by A«g«lhu, L

430.
MjetmmwnUstitm from Chnftieii com-

mwMOtt, the origin o^ ii. ity. uL

JjnrXr, vohtau'y, voder accvfttioa ead
coofciont gnilc, ks edvenCeges eaoug
the RomajM, ▼>>•• 9^-

MifA aad it* operatiom defined, ii.
ido.

Fdimudmt^ Hugo, charaAer of iut
BJttris MiemL^ x 187 •«#/. Hit
lanr«iiuiiofi oo the treetfer of the fo-
vcreigBtjr •( the iiead to the emper-
or Henry VI agp.

fmthtrs oi che Chriftieo eharch, canfe
of their aaftere ntoraJifj, ii. 1^3.

fm^0^ emprefs, wife of CaoftaBtine
the Greaty casfea of her hciflg put
to death* iti 109.

fmmjtm^y wife of MarCttt Aotowoua,
her charaaer, i. 11 9,

fm^fiima^ the widow of the emperor
Cooflanttot, coooiroance* the re-
volt of proeopiiM agaiaft the emperor
Valeos, iv. ill.

Wehx^ to African biAop, hit mertTr-
d^iTtf ii 3S9.

f^fipvaU^ V%%%^^ great offroce taken at
by the primitive Chri(l:an-, ii. 141.

ftmdal luvemmeot, the rudiment* of,
to be footid among the Scjibiana, iv.

319

firnrts^ nomeral, occafioa of their
Irft poblic aad f^niiiar ale, x. 7.

FtManttt oF the Roman empire, when
the feat oT it wat removed to Con-
ftaniinople, reviewed, iii. 81.

/im/, hit queflionable hiflory, whe-
iner to be coone£ted w.t||ihe lavaiion
of Caledonia bj the emperor Sevenis
f. .85.

fire^ Greek, the Saraceo fleet deflroyed
by, in the harbonr of ConAaniiaople,
1. 10. la kmg prderved at a Iccret,

14. ItB cflbaa aac t9 ha

with gttipowdcr, 1x3.

Firwms^ aa Kgyptiaa mercfatat, bb re*
vok agaiaft the emperor Avrelia%

Ji 37.

FirmmM the Moor, hitlory of hit re-
volt agaiaft the cmpetor Valcodniaai
•V. *73.

FUgeiLtitm^ itt ciicacy ia penaacck
and bow proportioaed, xi. 15.

FUmfmSy Roman, their aamber and
pecaliar office, ▼. 8$.

Flamnimm way, its ouorfc delcribcd,
vii. 36^ a#/r-

Flavimmy ercbbilhop of Coaftaatiaopk,
it fciited at the fecood coancti of
Bphcfea, viii* ayj.

Fleece^ golden, probable origin of the
fable of, vii. 30$.

FUrnce^ the f«miatioa of that dty,
V. 199. m$i€. It befiegcd by Rada-
gaifua, aad relieved by Scihcba^
200.

Fhremthu^ pnrtoriao pnafeA of Gail
aodcr Coaftaatiaa, hit charader, iii.
ftttf. iv. I s* it coademaad by the
tribanal of Cfaalcedno, bat faiin^
to efcape by J alien, iv. 4^

/VariMs/, brother of the emperor Ta-
citot, hit eager afarpatioa of 6m Im-
perial dignity, ii. $9.

Frnue it )oonfecrated btlhop of Rame,
to fnpeiiedc Liboiav who waa ex-
iled, iii. 378. fie b violeatly te-
pellad, aad hit adb ciema ftaaghter-
ed, 380.

JFtraiM/Mo, a doabtfiil piaa fee di-
vorce, by gofpel authority, viii. $9.
u§te.

Frsmcet modem, compMatlov of tha
number of iu inhebitanta, aad the
average of thdr taiatioay iii.
89.

<■ ■ , The name of, whence derived,
vi. 31ft. Dcrivaiion of the Fkcnch
laagaage, 331. mte,

s Childeric depoled, and Pepin
appointed king, by papal fanOlia,
ix 131. Reign and charaAer of
Cbarlemtgne, 149. Invafion of, by
the Saracent, x- 16.

Frmngipami, Ceofio, hit profeae viola-
lion of the perfoot af pope Gelafiot
II. aad hit college of cardinait, xii.
138. Derivation of bit lamily aamei
18 i.

Frsmh^ their origin and confederacy,

i. 3<S« '^^Y ittvadc Gaul, and

nva|e

GENERAL INDEX.

rtvigt Spmitt, 3^7 Thcf ptft otrer
tmo Africs, 369. Bold tnd foccefc-
fol retarnof a oolooy of, from the
fc«of pontile, by fe*, ii. 70.

»— — » They over-ran «od eftablifh
themfelves it Toxandris 10 Germa-
ny, iii. aoy.

i Their 6delity Co the Roman
governmeoc, v. ao$. Origin of the
Merovingian race of their kings vi.
$7. How converted to Chriftianity,
%4%* Reigii of their king Ctovin,
%j6. Final eftabliihment of the
. French monarchy in Gaul, 39a.

- Their lawt, 306. Give the mme
of Franet to their conqneftt in Gaul,
JM. They degenerate into a ftate of
anarchy, 332.

~— — , They invade luly, vii. 237.

374.
-^— , Their miliary* charafter, x.

«3i-

Frawtta the Goth, hia cbarader, and
deadly quarrel with his countryman
Friulf, iv. 399. Hia operatioot
againft Gainas, v. 3^9.

Fredtric I. emperor ot Germany, hia
I tyranny in Italy, ix. 179. Eagagea
in the third crufade, xi. 96, His dif-
aftroiu expedition, 10$. 118. Sacri-
fices Arnold of Brefcia to the pope,
xii. ^A6. Hit reply to the Roman
ambaiTadors, %Si.

Frtitric K. is driven out of Italy, ix.
180. His difpuies with the pope,
and relndant crufade, xi. 140. Ex-
horts the European princes to unite
in oppofing the Tarurs, 384.

Frederic HI. the lad emperor crowned
at Rome, xii 33S.

Freemen of Lacunia, account of, x.

Fruix

their

among the Romans,
rank io fociety, viii. 4§.

Fritigern^ the Gothic chief, extricates
himfelf from the hands of Lttpicinns,
goveroor of Thrace, iv. 350. De-
teats him, 3$ I. Battle of Salicen
3^8. His ftrength recruited by the
acceffion of new tribes, 359. Ne-
gtKiates with Valens, 365. Bsttic
of Hadrianople, 367. The union of
the Gothic tribes broken by bis death,
388.

Ftnmentiut was the firft Chriftiao mif*
fiooary in Abyffinia,' iii, 269.

i^lk of Neuilty, his ardour in preach-
mg the fborih cmfade, xi. 170,

Oahinims^ king of the Quads >« tccach-
eioufly murdered by MarceUia«io
governor of Valeria, iv. 195.

'GMtllarJ^ M charafterof his Hijur^
de CharUnutgne^ ix. 1 50. note,

Gmimas the Goth is commiiTiooed by
Stilicho to execute his revenge oa
Rufinus, prcfea of the £ait, v.
144. Hia condndk in the war againft
the revoUer Tribigild, 363. Join*
him, 3<(tf. His flight and death,
Hid.

Oakf probable derivation of the term,
X. 1 10. mete.

Ga/ata^ the foburb of, at Conftanti-
oople, affigncd to the Genoele, xL
355.

GedertMt is aflbciated in the admtniftra-
tion, as Ccfar, by the emperor Dio-
cletian, ii. 98. Is defeated by tho
Perfi^ns, 119. Surpriles and over-
throws Narfes, lai. Aflfumes the
title of Augoftus, on the abdication
of Diocletian, IS3. His jealoofy of
ConAantine, 159. Deems it pru-
dent to acknowledge him Ccfar, 1^3.
His nnfuccelsfBl invafion of l%A\y^
168. Invefts Licinios with the
purple on the death of Sevema, 171.
His death, 176. Prom what canfcs
he enteruiocd an averiioa to the
Chriftians, 384. Obuins the coun-
tenance of Diocletian for perrccming
them, 38a. Pttbliflies an edia of
toleration juil before his death, 39$.

Galiieeeuu^ twofold application of that
name in the infancy of Chriftianity,
ii. 339. Why the emperor Juliaa
applied this name to the Chriftians^
iv. 97.

GaUienusf fon of the emperor Valerian,
is afTociated by him in the Imperial
throne, i. 36$. Prohibiu the fena-
tors from excrc'fing mtliury employ*
ipeott, 371. Character of hia ad*
minillration after the captivity of hia
father, 391. Names CIa«di08 for
his fucceflbr, ii. 3. Favoured the
Chriftians, 373

GaUiei of the Greek empire, defcribedf
X lao

Gallmt elected emperor, on the minority
of HoftilianuB, the fon of Decius,
i. 3^0.

Gallus^ nephew of Conftanttne the

Great, his education, iii. 166.- la

inveAed

GiENERAL INDEX.

iMrc|lc«i wttb thciilleof Ccfar, 167.
Hra ctucUy sod impradeoce, 168.
Hi-*> (it((jiftcc and dealis, 173 Em*
braced the dodriae, biK oeKleAed
ibe fMecr|itSf of ChriAiaoitj, iv. 58*
Coovc'ts ?hc grove of Uaphnc at
AouMch to 1 CfariftiAO burial pUce.,
I- 8.

GMirr, public, of the Romtaa, defer ib-
cd, i. €77. ii. 83, w. 161 Accottot of
the fa£tioo8 of the dfciM, vii. 71.

GmB^es^ iburce of ibat river, xii* 14.
m»ie.

Candemtius^ the oourj, \% condemned
to deaib under the emperor Julian,

Caul^ ibe province of, deicribed» i.
l8. The power of the drnids fap*
prcfied tbcre by Tiberini and Clan*
dittty 46. Ciiiea in, 69. Amoaat
of the iribocc paid by that province
10 Rome, \%^. I« de ended againft
Che Franks by Pofthumus, 367.
Succeflion of ufiirperb there, ii. 14.
iovaiion of, by the Lygianc, 65. Re-
volt of the B gaudse JupprefTed bv
Maximisui, too. Pn^refa of Chrii--
tianiiy there, 30ft.

■ , Proportion of the capitation tax
levied thare by ihe Roman emperora,
ill. 86. Is invaded by the GennanR,
106. The guverpmtni o-, aligned
to JoUan, 108 MU civil admmittra-
iion, 224. Is invaded by the Aie-
manni, uod.r ihe •emperor Valcntt-
n'tn, iv. 149. And under Gratian,
351.

— > — , Dedru^tlon of idols and templea
there, by Maitin btfliup of Tours, v.
96 Is over-run by the baibarous
troops of Radjgaifus, alter his de-
feat by Stilicho, ao3. la fettled by
tbe Goihs, Bor^un^lians, and Pranks,
304. Alfembly of the feven pro-
vince^ in« 343. Reign of Theo<k>iic
king of ihe Vifigoihs in, vi. 83. Ori-
gin of the Merovingian race of kinga
of tht Prank^ in, 87. Invafionof, by
Auila king ot the Kuns« 93 Battle
or Chalons, 100. Revolutions ot, on
the death of (he rmpeior Majoriaa,
1(^3. Cooverfiun of, to ChriUiaciiy
by the Franks, 141. Reprcfent .lion
ot ihe advamagth it enjoyed uiulcr
Roman government, 149. ConqueHs
and profpcrity o' Euric king or' the
Viii^oihs, %-j^. CharaAer and reign

of Clovia, aytf. The Alemanoi C0o«
querediaSu SnbmiAoo of iheAr^
moricans, ar.d the Roman troopa, 187.
Fnal eCLabllikiBent of the French mo-
narchy in Caul, 30a. Hiftory of the
Salic laws, 306. The lands of, how
claimed and divided by the Barbarua
cooqaerors of, 3 1 5. Domain aad &-
nefices of the Merovingian priooet«
317. UfiiTpations of the Seuitrt^ 3 1 1.
Privileges of the Romans in, 319.

CelaUau lera of the Turks, when fet-
tled, X. 311.

Gelafiai^ P<>pCt ^>* ^^^ againft the ce-
lebration of the fieaft of Lupercaita,
vi. 177. Deplores the roiferable de-
cay oif Italy, a 10.

Gel/tjiui II. pope, his rough treatiaeoC
by Ceniio Frfngipani, lii. ^38.

Gclimer depol'ea ^ilderic the Vandal
king of Africa, and ufnrps the. go-
vernment, vii. 149. Is defeated bf
Belifariua, 165. HU final defeat, jji.
His din.ri:r«rul flight, 175^ Surren-
ders himfelr' to Belilarius, 1 82 Graces
his triumph, 184. His peacefnl re-
tiicmenit 185.

General of the Roman army, his ez-
lenfive power, i. 8 .

Generofitjy Af abian, ftriking inftancea
of, ix. zov.

Gennadiut^ the monk, his denunciation
againft a Ort ek union witn the Latia
church, xii. 194.

Gennertd^ the Roman general, under
the emperor Hooortu , bis character,
V. 176.

Genoefty their mercantile eftablifliaent
in the fuburb of Pera, at Conftanti-
nopie, xi. 355 Their war wiib the
emperor Caniacuatmus, 358.

Geni'ertc^ king of 'he Vanduis in Spain
his cbaraaer^ vi 11. Goes over k»
Africa on the invitation of count Bo-
niface, It. Hi* lucceiTea there bt
the aftiftance of the Donatifts, i6»
DevalUtion of Africa by his troopa,
18. Befieges Boniface in Hippo Rc-
gittir, 19. His trtachercus fnrpnial
of Carthage, 2$. Sirengther^ him-
felf by an alliance with AttiU kingof
the Huns, 44. Hii> bruial treatment
of hie foii'u wife, daughter of Thro*
dotici 86. Rafc^ a na^al foice, and
invades Italy, 119. .His fack of Ron c,
1 34« Dtttroyik the Aeet of Majorian,
itf U Hi^i naval depredations 00 Italy,
1^6.

GENERAL INDEX.

t66. His citims on the Eaftern em-
pire, 168. Deltroys the Romtn fleet,
under Btfilicus, 181. Wat tn Ariaa,
aad profecuted hh Catholic lubjca^

249.
CintUman^ etymology of the term, xi.

34 «»'*. ^ .

Otiptnies of the emperor Cooftamme
Porphyrogenitus, account of, x. 84.

Otorre of Cappadocia fup«rfede? Atha-
nauat in the lee of Alexandria, iii. 369.
His fcandalous hiftory, and tragical
death, iv. in. Become* the tutelar
faint of England, 1 14.

GepiJa^ their encroachments on the
Eaftern empire checked by the Lom-
bards, vii. 161. Are reduced by
them, Tiii. 108.

Germammsy nephew of the emperor Jof-
linian, his character and promotion to
tbe command of the army feat to
l.aly, vii/361. His death, 361.

Germany^ the rude inftitutions of that
conntry tbe original principles of £a-
ropean Uws and manners, i. 307.
Ita ancient extent, 308. How |>eo-
pled, 311. The natives anacquainted
with letters in the time of Taciias,
314. Had no Cities, 31$. Manners
of the ancient Germans, 318. Popu-
lation, ^ai. State of liberty among
them, ibid. Authority of their ma-
giftrates, 315. Cnnjugal faith and
chaftity, 318. 1 heir religion, 330.
Arms and difciptine, 354. Their
feuds, 337. General idea of the
German tribe*:, 340 Probus carries
the Roman arms into Germany, ii.
66. A fron:ier wall built by Probus,
from the Rhine to the D ^nube, 6j.

■ , Invafions of Gaul by the Ger-
mans, iii. 106. 149.

■ , State of, under the emperor
Charlemagne, ix. 158. The 'Im-
perial crown eftablifhed in the name
and nation of Germany, by tbe firft
Otho, 1 54. Divifion of, among in-
dependent princes, 180. Formation
of the Germanic conftitotion, 183.
State affumed by the emperor, i S6,

Cerontiusy count, fets up Maximus as
emperor in Spain, and iofes his life
in the attempt, ▼. 316.

Gr/4 and CaracaMa, Tons of the em-
peror SeveruF, their fixed antipathy
to each other, ?. 1 83,

tyhebert of P{:rfis, hilt ry of, ix. 414.
1

Gibraltar^ derivation of the name of,
ix. 407.

Gild9 the Moor, his revolt in Africa, r.
148. His defest and death, l^^.

GUAiaterjy del Derate enterprife and
fne of a party of rel'eived f6r the
triumph of Probus, ii 73. The com-
bats ot^ abolifhed by the emperor U»*
norms, v. 189.

Gtjceriut is fii tl emperor of Rome, and
then bifliop of Saiona, vi. 19$.
Murders Julins Nepos, and is made
archbifhop of Milan, 197.

Gnopiciy chara^er and account of the
[t€t of, ii. 133. Principal fc-dts into
which they divided, X3«;. Their pe-
culiar tenets, iii. 309. viii. 24Z.

Godfrey of Bouillon, his charader, and
engagement in the firf^ crufade, xi,
18. Hin route to Conftaminople, 38,
43. Is ele£^ed king of Jerufalem,
78. Compiles the Aflize of Jerufa*
lem, 84. Form of his adn-iiniftiaiion,
86.

Gig and Magog, the fiamous rampart
of, defcribed, vii. 1^4.

Getfvinthcy wife of Leovigild, fcingj)f
Spain> her pions craelty t) the priiH
cefs Ingundis, vi. 164.

Gold of afHi£tion, the tax fo denomi-
nated in the Eaftern empire aboliihed
by the emperor Anaftatius, vfi. 91;.

G^ldtn horny why the Bo.phorus obtain-
ed this appellation in remote anti*
quity, iii. 7.

Gordianusy proconful of Africa, his
character and elevation to the empire
of Rome, i i^i. His fon aiTociated
with h^m in the imperial dignity,

Gcrdiany the third and yoongeft, de-
clared Cxfar, i. 260. Is declared
emperor by the itrmy. on the murder
of* Maximus and Balbinus, 271.

Got/'s of Scandinavia, their origin,' i.
345. Their religion, 346. Thq
Gntba and Vandals fuppofed to be
originally 'one great people, 349.
Their emigrations to Pruflia and the
Ukraine, 350. They invade the
Roman provinces, 353. They re-
ceive tribute from the Romans, 360.
They fubdue the Bol'phoruK, 373.
P'under the cities of Bitbynia, 378.
They ravage Greece, 38c, Con-
clude a ticaty with the emperor Au-
relian, ii. 15. They ravage fllvri-
cum.

GENERAL INDEX.

cum, and ire chaftifed b/
ithe Crete, %io.

— — , Thcjf w»r wiUi the SarcB«tiaM»
ixi. no. Are agMi routed by Co»-
ft amine, 141. Ootbic wtr onder the
emperort Vatentiniaa aad VaJent, iv*
%B^ Are defeated by ibc Hvnt, 337.
They imptore the proie^lioa of the
emperor Valens, 340. They ere re-
ceived into the empire* 343. They
ere opprcflfed by the Romaa ^ver*
Dort of Thrace« 347. Arc pro-
roked to huftiliue^, mmI defeat Lupi-
ciouSf 349. They ravage Thrace,
3$ I Battle of Salicee, 3^8. They
ere ftreagthened by fre(h fwarma of
their coumrymeo, 359. Battle of
Hadriaoople, 367. Sooyr the cobo«
try from Hadrianoplc to Coaftaot^
Bopie> 373, Madacreof the Gothic
youth in Afia, 376. Their forniida-
ble onion broken by the death of
Pritigern, 388. Deaih and funeral of
Aihaoaric, 389. lovafion and dei'eat
of ihe Odrogotht, 391. Are fettled
in Thrace by Theodofiua, 394. Their
bu^iic: (cntimeata, 397.

•- — » Revolt of the Gbtha under Hono*
rtoh, V. 1^1. They ravage Greece
under the command of Alaric, i44.
They invade Italy, 17$. The fack
of Rome by, ft8$ Death of Alaric,
305. Vi6lunea of Wallia in Spain,
319. They are fettled m Aqettain,
33^ See G«ar/, and 7>r0i/«ri> Con-
queft of the Vifigoiha in Gml and
Spain, vi. 183. Hov the Gotha
«cre converted to the ChrifUan reli-
gion, 139. ft66.

^-«-, Rkrign of Theodoric king of the
Oftrogotha, vii. u The Gotht ia
Italy, extiagiiiflicd, 381,

Givermmtut^ civil, ihe origin of, i.

Ocvtrntri of proviocea, vnder the
emperorr, iheir great power end in->
fluence, iii. 49.

CrattMrn wm the hrft emperor who
rcfttl'cd the pootifical robe, iii 397.
•«/r. Marriea the prince Is CofklUn-
tia,. and foccetda to the empire^ iv.
301. Defeata (he Aiemaoni in Gaul,
360. Invefta Theodofina with the
empire of the Eaft, 378-

*— », Hia charaAtr end coodncl, v. 1.
Hia Sight from Maa^mva, ami death,
8. Overthrew the ecdefiefticel ef*
tablidnnent of pagani^ian, 83.

Grercr, it ravaged by the Getha, i

38 1 . U over-f un by Alaric the Goth,
y, 1^4. Ia rednocd hj t&e Tmrk%
xiL 119.

Greel chercb, origin of the fdiifm of,
li. I $4.. lit. 99. 1^8.

Grgek empire. See ComfimmiimfiU,

Greeiff why aveife to the Roouo lev*
gva^e and manners, k $^. The
Greek becomea e fcieoiific !e|N
guage among the Romana, ^6, Ch«-
raaer of the Greek leognege ef Coin
flantinople, xii. io%. When fir ft
Uttght in Italy, iit.

Grtek learnieg, revival of, In Italy, vju
106.

Gregny the Gieat, pope, hia pioea pre-
I'enta to Recared king of Spein, vi.
268 Exhorts Theodelinda queen of
the Lombards to propagate the Niceee
faith, iya. His eomity to the vene«
rabie buitdinR^ and learatng of Rome, '
viii. 14s His birth end early pee-
feffion, 147. His elevation te cfa*
pontificate, 149. Senda a miffioe to
convert the Britons, i$i. Sanftifier
the uiurpaiion ot the emperor Pbocas^
190.

GregfTj II. pope, his epiftleato Leo IIL
emperor of C)nftantinople, n 11 6.
. Revolts againft the Greek emperor,
ii9.

Griftrj TIL pope, hia emibititHie
Icheroes, ix. 17a. Hi^ conteft with
the emperor Henry Ul. x. ^6$. Hie
retreat to Seierno, t6y. xii 137.

Grtgtry^ pnetedof Africa, hiftory of
him end his daughter, ix 389

Greguy Nami^imeu^ hia lamentation on
the difgracefttl dlfcord anoong Chrtf-
tianty iii. 391. Loads the memory of
the emperor Julian with inveQIvc, iv.
$7 . Cinfufes Conftam i«a ier heviBf
fpared his liie, 70. «»/#.

Gngtry Ifamtcwmem ia prefented 10 the
wretched fee of Sefime, by his frieo4
atchbiihopBafiU v. 18. Hia mifioa
to ConfVantinopie, 19. Is placed os
the erchiepifeopal throne by Tfaeode*
fius, 11. Hia refigoation efid Cherec^
tcr, a 6.

Grmmhatti^ king of the Chienitea, at*
tends Sapor kins of Periia, in hh^ in-
vafion of Mcrapotamie, iiL 197,
Lofes his fbn at the iiege of Amide,
199. Returns boale in grief, 103.

GENERAL IrN-D E X.

Cnwr^tafti^^ how veiled aad cxcrcired,
■ccefdiac to the RomAS civij bwt,

GsAixrf, ktng of Colchot, hii allitnee
with ChoDraes king of Perit, «ij*
^ I )• ReCttrm to hit fornict comiet-
los with the emperw JuftiiiiaBy 315.
I1 trracberenily killed^ 320.

XiM€lfh% .afld GhibeUoes, the partiey of,
in haljTs ix. 180. xii. ftt6.

"CuHt^ the degreet of, in the penal Itwt
of the Romaoa, viii. S9.

C»iJcMr^9 RtherU bit birth aod ch tracer,
X. s^6. Acqairet the dukedom of
Apoltty 141. His 'lulian coaqoefta,
241. Be&eget Durtsso* 152. Diefeact
the Greek emperor Alexiut there, x6o.
Engagea ia the cauTe of pope Gregory
VIU 166. Hit fecood expedition to
Greece, and death, 16S.

CutMaU^ king of the Borguadiant* it
redeced by Clovis king of the Fraokt,
▼i. ft^i. Hit mode of joftifying the
judiaal combat, 313.

GuMjfovier, the invention and nfe of>

XII. I $,

Cty of I.u6gn»n, king of Jemfalem,
nit chartAcr, xi. 111. U defeated
and ukeo prifonerby Saladin, 123.

'CyMTMs, a fmall ifland in theiEgean fea,
^n is^acc of i't pof erty, i^ajo.

H

JffadriM, cnperor, reliaquiihes the eaft*
era conqocfti of Trajan, i. 10. Their
^haraftert compared, 11. His cba-
racier contrafttd with thit of Antoni-
not PittS, ildd. Hit feveral tdoptiont
of fuccePfDrt. loS. Fooadt the Ciif
of ^lia Ctpitoljaa on moont Sioo,
ii, »3a

■ ', Reformt the lawtof .Rome ia

the perpetual cdiA, viti. 14.

Bsdrimi^^ battla of^ betweeo CoafttA-
tine the Great, and Mciniut, ii. ai3.
It iaefTet^intUy b«fieged by Fritigem,
the Goth, iv. 354. Battle of, between
the emperor Valeat and .the Gotha,
367.

UaAemt caliph of the Saracent, a0timet
a divine.chara^er to fapplaat the Ma*
hometan faith, x. 3^4.

hawadanit*h the Stracen dynafty of, in
Mefopotamia, x. 7X.

JSannihal, review of the ftato of Rome
when he bcfieged that city, v. X3^.

HMtiiharfKks, nephew of Confitntine
the Great, it dignified with the title
«f king, iii. 1 1 3. Piovincet tfligned

to htm for a kiogdom, 11$. It cru»

etly deftreyed by Conftantiai, 129.
. Hafp'aufi, inifteoco how little it depends

on power tad magai6ceace, x. 34.
£ertia«e«, the Perfiaa ftCrap, hit interw

view whh the caliph Omar, ix ^13.
Hsrfmt in aacient methologic hiftory,

i.e Clerc*t conjcAore concerning, iii.

Hamn al Ra&id, caliph, hla friend!/
correfpondcnce with the .eapcror

Charlemagne, ix. i^i. Hit wara

with the Greek empirf, x. 45.
HafoM^ the Saiacea^ coaquert Carthage,

IX. 398.
Hatoldngy the art aad fport of, iotrodaced

iato Italy by the Lombardt, viil. 137.
Henra, the era of, how 6xed, xi. 149.
JieJnu, the mother of Conftantine, her

parentage afcertained, ii. 15T. Was

convert^ to Chriftianiiy by ker Ton,

tti. »34. MM,
Htlata, fifter of the emperor Conftmtiut, .

married to Jatiao, iii. i8o. It report.

iCd to be dieprived of childrca by tba

aru of the empreCi Eufebia, 184*

Her death, iv, 17,
HeRopdii takea by the Saracent, ix. 348,
Hell^ accoiding to Mahomet, defcribed,

Ix. 140.
^«&^ defcribed, ill. 9.
JBelvaUf amonot of itt population in the

time of Oelar, t. 311. noie»
Bengy^t hit arrival in Britain, with fuc*

court for ^ortigern, agtiaft the Cale*

donimi, vi. 3^0. Hit eftabliAmeat

ioKent, 341. 345.
HenotUtM of the emperor Zeno, charac-
ter of, viii. 181.
Hemy focceedt hit brother Baldwin at

emperor of Conftantinople, xi. 139.

Hia charaAerand admiaiflration, a40»
Bfmy III. emperor, hit coateft with pope '

Gregory VII. x. 16$. Takei Rome,

and feti op pope Clement HI. 166.
Bemy VI. emperor, conquen and pillages

the ifland of Sicily, x. 175.
Htury the fowler, tmperor of Germany,

defeau the Torkiih invadert, x.

188.
Hfptarchy Saxon, cftibliflimeot of, ill

Britain, vi. 341. Review of the ftate

of, 350.
Heradian, coont of Afiicai retaint that

province in obedience to Honoriut, v.

184. Hit crvel ufage.of the rsfugeet

from the ftckof Rome.by Alaric,x96.

Hit revolt and death, 313.

£e

Heratknast

GENERAL INDEX,

WeratkvKMS, emperof of CocftantiflOple,
iic fo.

WerseHas, depofes the Eifters vforper
Pliocks, «nd it chofen emperor, iriii.
' tO$. Conqueftt of Chofroeft 11. king
of Perfii, 198. His diAreftfol fftu>-
Hon, 10$. Accepts an ignomiDious
peace from Chofroes, 207. Hit firft
expedition agtioft the Perfians, sio.
Hit fecond Perflan expeditaoo, IT4..
StrcHgthgis htmfelf by an alliance
with the Tarkty sft»» Hit third Per-
fian expedition, 1x4. Hit treaty of
peace w^ith Perffa» 130. Hit triumph
and pilg: image to Jerufalem, 13a. Hit
theological inquiries, 299.

WfracHwt marriea bit niece Martina, ix.
t. Leaves hit two font joint fuccefibrs
to the empire, 9. Invafion of hh
provinces by the Saracent, 335. Flies
fiom Syria, 361.

Heracliyt the prarfe£V, his expedition
againft the Vandals in Africa, vi.
178.

Htratlius, the eiinnch> inftJgatet the
emperor Val^ntinian III. to the mur-
der of the patrician iStius, vi. 111.
His death, 115.

HtrMUf charaaer of bis BiMiothifai
Orientale, ix 314. note,

Hireynian foreft, the extent of, onknown
in the time of C«f»r, i. 310. wte.

'Herefy in religion, the origin of, traced,
ii. 235. Edi£lf of Conftaotine the
Great againll, iii 197.

Htrmenrk king of the OArofoth«, hia
conquefli, iv. 187* Hia death, 339.

HinAnegiU prince of Coetica, his mar-
riage wiih In^iundis princefs of Auftra*
fia, and converHon totheNicenefa:ih;
vi. 164. Revolt and death, s65.

ffer».itt of the Eaft, their mortified cou'-fe
of life, vi. 13^. Miracles pcrfo»roed
by them and tbeir relics, 13^.

Permodertn, the Ephefian, afljfis the
Romans in compiling their twelve
tables of laws, viii. 6.

IftrmpgfftfSf msRer general ofthecaval*
ry, is ki'led in the attempt to biniih
rau),^bi/hop of Cooftaniinople, iii«
381.

Flere and Leander, the fioij of, by
whom cctitrorertcd and defended,
til. 9. Ktre.

Htrodlarty his life of Alexander Severns,
why preferable to that in the Aoguflan
history, 1. 115. note.

Herodes Att'tfySf his extraordinary fortune
and munificence, i. 64.

HerodafMi, bis charadler of tke P-erfiate
worfhip, ]« ift8.

/fera/r, of Germany and Poland, their
eharader, vi; 10.

Hilarka, thejnoftk of Palefline, i^ecoont
of, vii. If 8.

HUgrfi bifllop of Poitiers, his remark-
abK obfetvitions on the diverfity of
Ckriftian doctrines, iii. 316. His
expofition of the term Homoioufion^

HUarj, pope, cenfores the c uip e im Aa*
thrmius for his tolerating principles^
VI. 175.

Hlldtric the Vandal king of Aftica, bis
indulgence to his Cathotic fafajeds
difpleafes both the Arians and Atha-
nailans, vii. 1 49. Is depofed by Ge-
limer, ihid» Is put to death, 167.

Hindoos of the eaft, not th« difcipies of
Zoroaller, tx. 414. moit.

Httidofian, con^ueft of, by Tamerlane,
xii. II.

Bippo Regtust liege of, by Genlcric kiu
of the Vandals, vi. 19.

Htforyf tbe principal fubje6fct of, i. 341^

Holy war, the joftice of it enquired into,
xi. to.

Homkide, how commuted by the Salic
laws, vi. 309.

HomoditJSon, origin, and ofe of that term
ac the council of Nice, tii. 311.
And Homoloufion, the diftindioo be-
tween, 330.

Bonah, war of, ix. 166.

Homratits, artbbilhop of Milan, Is, with
his clergy, diifcn from his fee, by tbt
Lombards, viii. ii$.

HononSf princefi, (ifler of the emperor
Valentinian III. her htftory, vi. 93.

Boncriusf fon of Theodcfius the Great,
is declared emperor of the Weft, by
his dying father, v. 79. Marries
Maria, the daughter of Stilicho, 1 5S;
His character, 1^9. Flies from Mi-

' Ian on tbe invafion of Italy by Ala-
ric^ 178. His trtt:mphaftt entry iato
Rothe, 1 87. Abcliffics the combsts
of gladiators, 189. Fixes his re6'
dence at Ravenna^ 190. Orders the
d-ath of Stilicho, 121. His impoli'
tic mea''ures and cruelty, unite hi|
baibarian foidiets a|ainA him under
Alaric, 131. His councils drftra£VeJ
by the euhuchf, 177, Hts abjert
overtures to Attalus and Alaric, i8i>
His laft aftf, and death, 315. Hil
tnumph for the reduction of Spain br
Wailia the Gofb, 531. It fur|>ecled

0/

GEN E R A L INDEX.

mi hH0tk wkb kU fiiter PUcidta, vi. y

Nil pcrfecutioB of the Domtifts in

AfriM* t4.
ffoMmir, the new ranks ofi intrt^uce^ in,

Ike city of Coafttodiiople, iii. 33.

s. 104.
hormijdat, i fbf itive P«rfiafi priAce, In

tkceottffCof tke emperor Covftanti as,

his remaikt on the tity of Rwne, iti.

tS8. mtt* His biftorjry and llacioa

under Julian, it. 14$.
l/fTMiMs, ike fon of Cbofroea, king of-

Peiiis, bis accdlion, vtii. i6o. Hit,

ckara£tcr) 16 1. Is depofed, and at-

Ungtkfcilledvi66.
Horftty of Arabia, tkcir peculiar qaall-,

tfet. Ax. 194. ^

tMnUf tke fon of Alt, hii tragical death,

w. %^$.
HofpitaUers, knight;, of St. John of Jf-

nifalcm, popularity and ckara£ler of ■

the order of, XV/S3.
Hefittamtj ihe oifnor fon of the emperor

Doetot, eleAed emperor, under the

goardianftip of Galliia, t. 36.9.
-Hugby king of Burgundy, hit marriage.

wkh Maroeta, and expulAon from

Rome by Alberic, tx. 17^^.
fhigbf count of Vermandois, engages in

tke fiffft cruibde, x\. 30. It frip-

w «cke^ and made captive by the Greek

emperor Aleviut Comneftu9, 41. Hit*

retorni 65.
Hmmsn nature^ iti natural propeiilitiea,

ii. i6t.
;Htimfi Mr. hie natnril hiftory of reli.

gion, the beft commentary on (he po-

lytket/m of the uncients, i. 41. nste.

His difficulty as to the extent of the.

imperial palace at Rome, refolded,

.i9ti' note. Charges the moft refined

mid pbilefopkic fe^ls with intolerancy,

Hungmyt efttUiflimeot of the Huns in,
tri. 34, State of, under the emperor
Charlemagne, ix. 1 59. Terror excit-
ed by their iirft approach to Burope,
B. 178. Theh* charafter, 183. |

Hirnwdesf John, his exploits agiinft the
Turks, xi». 139. His defence of Bel-
grade, and death, ,148.

HvMnerie, tke fon of Gcofer'ic, king of
tke Vandalt, perfecotes his Catholic
fubjeQs/ vi. a^o* His cruelty to the
Catholics of .Tipafa, %6%.

Bmus, their original feat, and their con-
qufAs, tv. 31^^ Their decline, 3x7*
Their emlgratiooft 331* Their fic'
totjea OTer the Gockty 337.

Hmns, They drive other barbarous trfbea
before them, upon the Roman pro-
viocef9 V. 195. Their eftablifltment
in Hungary, vi. 34. CharaAer of
their king Attila, 36. Their invafioa
of Pcrfia, 4^1. The empire of, extia-
guiflied by the death of Attila, 110.

Hunt'mg of wild beaAs, when a virtue,
and when a vice, i. 1 33. it the fchool
of WW, iv. 315.

J^patia, the hmzh philofopher, mur-
dered in the church it Alexandria,
viii, ^55.

HfpMtfMSf iedition of, at Conftantiaopic;,
vii. 80.

I and J.

yactHta of the Eaft, hiftory of the fe{l
of, viii. 316.

JameSfSt. his legendary nploitt in Spain,*
ii. 303.

Janis&arus, firft inftitution af thofe troops,
xl 405.

IherUn and Cifpian gates of mount Ca^*
cafus, diftingui/hed, vii. 133. The
Iberian gatet occupied by Cabadw king*
of Per6a, ik'id,

Jdafiusi his account of the misfortanes ,
of Spain by an eruption of the barbp-'
' root nation*, v* 316.

Idtiatry afcribed to the agency of demons,
by the primitive Chrjftiant, ii. 240*^
Derivation of the term, and iti fuf •*
ceflive applications, iii. 398. nott,

Jerom, hit extravagant reprcTenution of^
the devaftation of Pannonia by the"
Gothi, iv« 17$« His in^ueoce over the
wtdpw Paula. vL ail.

Jtftifatimf its fityation, deftru^ion, and
profanation, iv. 88. Pilgrimages to,
and curiout relics preferfed there, 89* ■
' Abortive attempt of the emperor Juli-
an to rebuild the temple, 9^.

^ , A magnificent church ereSe4

there to the Virgin Mary by luftinianr
vii. It 5. The ve/Tels of the temple'
- brought from Africa to Condaniiaople
bv BcUfarius, 184. Is conquered by
Chofroes U* kinf; of Perfia, viii. 199*
infurreflion of the monks there, a8o»'

i ■, The city Conquered by the Sa-

racens, ix 355. Great refort of pil-
grims to, X. 320. Cooqueft of, by.
the Turks, 328-

— — ^ — , Is taken from the Tuiks by the
Egyptians, xi. 71. Is taken by the
cruladers, 77. Is eredted into a king-
dom under Go<lfrey of Bouillon, 78.

£ e 2 Succeflioo

G £ N E It A L INDEX.

SncceSon of iti Chriftiao princcst
SX|« U pUlagcd by the CarUmiaoi,

Jtrmjaltm, New, defcribeJ according to
the ideas of the primitive C^ri^^iao*,

ii. t49;
Jtfuittt PortogQefe, puBrfecute cheEaftern
CbriAiaos, ^\ii. 315. Their Lb&ura
to', and expulGofl froqi Abyflinia, 336.
Jnoii an obfwore, unfoci^), obibiia:e
race of men, ii. %ii, Reyiew of
their hi^ory, stj. ' Their religion the
bafii of Chrifliaoity, 216. The pro-
tnifes of divine favour rx;eoded by
Chriftianity to all mankind, 127 .
The immortality of the foul not in-
culcated in the law of Mofett ft46«
Why there ire no Hebrew gofpeii ex-
tapr, 294. Prov4/ked the perfccotioni
of ihe Roman empcrori^ 316.
■■ ' , thofe of a more liberal fpirit adopt •
ed the theological fyftem of Plato, lii.
306. Tbeir condition under the em-
perors Conftaotioe and Conftantiut,
iv. 87- Abortive attempt of Julian
to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem, 92.
I Miracalous conyerfioo of a nun:*
ber of, at Minorca;, v. i%%. mtt. Per*
fecotion of» in Spain, vi. 269.
■■ ■ , Are perfccuted by'the Catholics in
ftaly, vii. ^7. And by Cyril at Alex-
andria, viii. 15}. How plagoed by
ttie emperor JoAioiso, 1^1.
«— -9 Thofe in Arabia fubdoed by Ma*
'bomet, ix. 260* Aflift the Saraceni
in the redudioo of Spain» 41,1.

, MaiTacres of, by the firft crufa-
dcrt, xi. 2 3*
Jnsdtgtrd, king of Perpa, is faid to be
left gaardiaa to Theodofius the Voun-
ger* by the empeior Arcadius, v> 385.
His war with Thcodoftut, 389.
JgiTium, the fcnall iOaod of, (ervcs as a
plice of refuge for Romans who
flew from the fack of Ro^ie by Ala-
ric, F. 195.
^Mtiuu bifliop of Antioch, the Chrif-
tian fortitude difplayed in his epiftlea,
ii. 360.
JiAkUUs, the Saracen dynafty of, x. 71 .
JUufiri99s, the title of, how limited In
the times of Roman fimplicity, and
how extended when Conftaniinople
became the feat of empire, iiit 34.

Images, introduftion of, into the Chrif-
tian church, ix« 9S. The worihtp
of, derived from Paganifm, too. Are
condemned by the couocii of Coo-

ftantinople, 109. The adoratios iff
juAified by p^pe Gmory II. 1 17. And
l'an£tiiied by (he tecoad €oo«ciL of
Nice, 143.
ImfiTMtWi y^ tbft lloBan hiAoryy cs-
pliincd, t. 97. M«c The Imperial
prerag^JtiveSy 9], The covity 97.
The fanfa of t&is pppell^tion altared
by longnfey u*/3c-
IntMrmat'miif thmog^cal hiAory of the

dofirine of, viii. 23^*
JflCj/fy BaiQ'^^, and arbitrary, diftingnUh^

ed, viii. $9.
Imfuit pccount of t^e ChrifKans of St.
Thonaa in, viii 313, ferfecotioa
of, by the Pertugttefe, 314.
MUiivfh the memorable aera of, whence
dated, ii. 198. m/«. T^e name and
ufe of, in the middle ages, whence
derived, iii. 8|i.
ImiukftBOfi in the Romifli churchy thf

nature of, explained, yi. i$.
Ujumiih princeis of AoArafia, if mar«
ried to Hermenegjld prince of Boetica,
and < ruelly treated .by hie mother Coif-
vinthy, vi. 264.
lnktruance» paternal, febje^ to pareatal
'difcretion among the Romans,' i. 239*
The Roman law of^ viii. 66. . Ted»-
mentary difpofitiont of property, 71.
The Voconlan Law, how waded, 73.'
Injfftits, review of the Ropian laws for

(he redrefs of, viii, 79.
Ufoctm lli. pope, enjoyad the plcnitade

of papal power, xi. 1 37.
iHfmi/UiM, the fir(l cnl^iimk of (hat tri-
bunal, xL 138.
tnfiitutei of JoAinian, an analyfia of,

viii. 42*
Itmrtft of money, ho.w regulated by the
Roman laws, viii. 77.
laff, pope, the ftory cf. 6 Aiiioos, ix. 1 7/.
^obn, principal fecietary to the cmpefor
Honorius, ufarps the jcapife after hit
death, vi. 3.
JdM the almigiver, archbi(bopof Al^-
apdria, relieves the Jcwi(h r^jfofKa
when Jerufalem was uken by the Ptf-
fians, viii. 200. His extraordinary )i«
heraluy of the church treafure, gaJI.
7c^a,biihop-of Antiocb, strives at £phe-
fus after the ncKcting of the council,
and, with hi« biibops, decidea agaioft
^yiil, viii. 264. Coalition betw<KB
him and Cyril, 266.
John of Apri, patriarch of Conftantlno-
f te, his pride, and confederacy agat^
John Cantacuaeney xi. 340.

?:

6ENEkAL II^DEX.

ytbm of BrienM tmpcrar of Conftioci.
fMipIo, xi. mS*

Jttm of Cappadocia, prvtorian pnefeA
of the Eaft| oMar lb* emperor Joili-
nioii, hia charaAer, vil. 103 It dif-
gractd by the empreft Tbcodora, aod

' bccomei a lliftop, 104*' Oppofet the
African war, 151. Hia fraad in flp*
plyinf the army wftb tfkead^ 161.

7aihi Cmamut eibperor of Coaftandno-
pk, k. 75.

74^0 Damafctnus, St. hi^ hiHtfirv, is. 1 1 3.

Jtkm^f Ly«opolit> the faarrtit, bit cba-

raAer and oractilar promtfe to the em -

feror Thtodofios the Great, ▼. 73.
J$km: tlie Monophyfite blibop of Afia^ia

•mpioyod by the emperor Jufttnian to

rootoot Pagans aod beretica, riii. s^o.
jVfci Xn. jiope, bit Ai'gitiotta charatter,

i«. 171*
Jwim XXII I. pc^e, bia profligate cfaa*

raHer, til. 314.
J^hh 8t. Ib« Bvaageffft/revetli the true

feaft of f lato*s dodf ifle ^f the Logn^

W.iof.
7^ tbe Saogiiiiiary, fiasei ilic Gothic

tfeafa^ In Picenum, and obliget Vici-

'^to raif^the 6ege oTRom^ fit. 233.

ji^t Zimfctt, ftiurdcra the Greek em-

Mior Nicephoroi, aod fucceeda bitty

IS. 57. Hit Baftem vi^koriet, x. 76.

Deftaca Swatoflaot, ccar of Roflia,

sc6.
70M»OAe of the H«bfidc iflandi, iti io«

cieat monaftic emioence, vi. 219*
7«Mf, renegado of D3uDafcu(» ftory of,

is. 343.
J^rdM, cbanider of hit work, IV Or!"

J^(tph^th9 Caritmian, gorernor of Ber*
oenf, Mlla ibo fnltan Alp Arflan
x. 307.

Jrfefbut^ the mention of Jefiia Ciyrift
lA hia biftary, a forgery, il. 33$. note,
Hif opinion, thift Plato derived know-
lodge fi4m tba Jewa, controverted,
iH. 304. 9$tt.

Jt^iat iatleacd emperor by the ^o^pl
•f ]oHan, on tbcir retreat from Afly-
i^a, iv. iSi. Hit treaty with Sapor

' king of Perfia, 1S7. Hia death, aoS.

jHriaitt and Herailiant, oew bodiet of
goarda inlKtnted to foperfede the Pr«.
tofitnbaoda, ii. r33.

JmMM of Terona, bh ^vnifrme At by
a Roman fyn-id, fbr btreQr, ▼. 176.

Jpvimn redocca the Alemaani, who bad

'^ iHTadcd Gaol, iv. ^51.

Jovhuu^ AccoQot of bit revolt againft
the emperor Honoaiua in Geimaoy
V. jao.

JnnMt, prtftorian pnefefi nndertbe em*
perqr Honorius, fucceedi Oympiua u
oil confidential minlfter, v. 175. His
ttegociatioaa ^ith Aiaifc obftruAed,
277. Delerti HonortiTs, and goet over
to Alaric, and the oew emperor Atta-
loa, %t%,

Tftin, ber marriage with the Greek em*
peror Leo, ix. 17. Her aiftbitloo,
and barbarity to her fon ConftAmioe,
29. Reitoret imagca to public devo*
tion, 142.

Ireland waa firft cotonifed from Scotland,
iv. ft64« DerivatioA of the name of ita
titular faint, Patrick, vi. 104. mrr.

Ifaac !• Ccmiekui, empetor ot Conftan-
tioople, ix. 66.

Jfaae 11: JSugelui^ emperor of Conftan-
tinople, is. 94. Hit cbaraAer and
reign, xi. 165. Is depofed by bisbro*
ther AlcxiuV, 169. Is reftored by tbo
c- ofaders,^ 198. Hit death, ao;.

IftMc, arcbbiihop of Armenia, bit apo-
logy for the vices of king Artafirct,
V. 401.

tfaurid, the rebellion there againft the
emperor Gallieoof, i. 401.

JfiutriMM, redo^On ol^ by the Eaftern
emperors, vii. lai.

Jfidore, cardinal, hit ill treatment ia
Rnflia, xit. tji. ReCetvet anaA^of
onion from the Greek clei^y at Con-
ftantinople, iSj.

Jfirrmtes^ his price for the tuition of hit
pupils, ^\u 138.

//<fAr. ihcdomfnion of, under Odoacer,
iucceeds the extinction of the Weftern
empire, vt. aoo. Its miferable ftate
at thit era, S09. Converfion of th«
Lombards of, to the Kicene faiib, 168*
■ "s Is reduced by Theodoric the Of-
trogoth, vii 14. His adminiftration,
s6. Government of, according to the
Roman law, by Theodoric, 25. Ita
flounfliing ilBtc at ibis time, 3 1 . How
fupplied with filk from Chins, 86.
Hiftory of Amalafootha, queen of
Italy, 195. 1 ova 6 on of, by Belifiri-
OS, X06. Siege of Rome bjr the Goths,
II 3. Invafion of Italy by the Franks,
137. Revolt of the Goths, 316. Ex-
pedition of the eunach Naries, 363.
Invafion of, by the Pranks and Ale-
manni, 374. Governm.Dt of, onder
the exarcha of Ravenna, tgo. Con-
^uefti of Alboin, king of the Lorn-
bardf

GENERAL INDEX.

bards ID, Till. 114. DiftrcAof, itS.
Hi»w divided Wtween the Lombards,
end the exarchs of Revenae, 131.
Jts^ (rowtb of the papal power in, is.
114. Revolt of, againft the Greek
coiperoriy 119. The eaarcbate of
Raveona grtnted co the pope, 136*
fextenC of tha dominion of Charle-
magne there, 158. The povrer of ihe
German Csefars deftroyed by the rife
of the commercial cities there, itS,
FajAions of the Guelphs and Ghibe-
lins, i8o* CoofliA of the Saraccns>
Latins, and Greeks in, x. 115.
■ ■ , Revival of Greek learning in, xii.
106. Authors confttlfied for the hif»
tory of, 3 50. ntiu
^Mee, popidi, a revival of the fecular
games, i. 277. Mr*, xii. 176. .The
return of> accelerated, %t%.
Judi, St examination of nis frtndfoni
before the tribunal of the procurator
of Judaea, ii. 340.
^udgmnttt of God, in the Salic laws,

bow determined, vi. tii*
Judgmintt, popalar, of tne RomaoSj dif*

played, vtii. ^1.
JmUm Dtmna, wife of the emperor Seve-
rus^ her charader, i. iSi. Her death,
soft.
Jurmnt the nephew of Conftantinc tht
Great, his edncation, iii. 166. His
dangerous fituation on the death of
his brother Gallus, 176. Is feat to
Athens, where he cultivates philofo*
phy, 178. Is recalled by Conftantios,
179. Is invefted with the title of
Cefar, 183. Is appointed to the go-
vernment of Gaol, ao8. His firft
campaigo, 110. Battle of Straibufgh,
a 1 4. Reduces the Franks at Tozan-
dria, 117. His three expeditions be«
yond the Rhine, aao. Reftores the
cities of Gaul, 125. His civil tdmi-
■iftration, 214. His account of the
theological calamities of th. empire
under Conftantios, 385. Conftamius
grows Jealous of him, iv. 1. The
The Oaultih legions are ordered into
the EafV, 4. Is faluted emperor by
the troops, 8. His embaiTy and epif-
tie to Coaftaotius, 13. His fourth
and fifth expeditions beyond the Rhine,
I 5. Declares war agaiofl ConflAntius,
•nd abjuret the Chriflian reUgioo, 20.
His march from the Rhine into lllyri*
cum, 22. Eottrs Sirmium, 26. Pvb-
lilhea apologies for his coodo£^, 27.
Hit triumphant entiy into Coaftaati-

ao^'on the death 'of Geoflaaiiot, |t*
His private life and civil gDvemaaeat,
3^ His reformations in the lmf«ial
palace, 37, Becomes a flovca to tvoitt
foppery, 41. Ere&s a tiibnaal for
the trial if the evil miniftors of Con-
ftaatius» 42. Difmiifet the iptcs and
inforaen emp loyid by his predcceflbr,
45. His love of freedom and the re*
public, 46. His kindaefles to the
Grecian cities, 49. Hia aUititica A
aa arator, 50. And aa a jadt^ S*-
Hischarader, 53. His ftpo^y ac«
cooaced Uu 57* Adopu thePa(iB
mythology, 60. Hia theological fyf-
tem, 64. His iaitiatioa iato the
£leufiaian myftcriei, aad hia faaaii^
cifm, 67. His hypocritical dopticity*
70. Wf itea a vindicatioa of lua apo-
ftacy, 72, His edid for a gcacral
tolerstioo, 74. His Pagan fopciAiti-
ous seal* 76. Hiacirevlar letters Air
the reformatbn of the Pagpm relig^,
78. His iaduftry in gaioiag pfftfelytct,
84. His addtefs to the Jewa, 87.
HiftoTf of hia attempt to rebuild the
teoiple at Jenifalem, 9a. Traaifen
. the revenues of the Chriftiaa church,
to the heathen piiefta, 98. Prohihita
Chriaiaa fchoola, 99. Obligee tha
Chriftians to reiaftate the Pagaa tem-
ples, 102. Reftores the facred grove
and temple of Daphne^ 108. PvaUhey
the Chriftiaaa of Antiocb for baraiog
. that taoBfle, no His treatmeac at
the cities of Kdeffa aad Alexandria,
1 1 ^. Baniliea Athanafi us, 1 1 & The
philofophical fable of his Ce/arr, de-
. iineatedy 124. Mcditalea the coaqaeft
of Pcrfia, 116. Popular difooatanta
dvfiflg bit refideace at Antiocht X3o«
. Oocafioa of writiag hit M^9fogm^ 133.
His march to the Euphrates, 137* He
eatera the Pks6an tasiitonca, 143. In-
vades Affyiia, 1 51. His periboal con-
dud in this eaterpriie, 1$^ His ad-
drefs to his diicootented troopa, 1 58*
His foccefsful piflage over the Tigris,
i6i. Bums fats Aeet» 167. His re-
treat aad diftrc6, 173. Hta death, 178.
His foaeral, 200.
JtiUMiif coant, offers to betray Spaia into
the haads of the Arabs, is. 404. Hir
advice to the vidociooa Turks, 410.
JuDaM^ the papal legate, exhorts Ladif-
'lees Iciag of Hungary aad Poland to
breach of faach with the Turks, xii.
14k His death aad charadcr, 14 S«

aEHEKAL INDEX.

•tiont wit& Chofroes, )ti. HU tllt«
a«cc witb the Abyffioiant, )i6. Neg-
lect • I he lUlUn war under Beli^rius,
24$. Settlst the goverooent of Italy
under tbe exMch of RaveAoa, 380.
DUgntta and death nf Belifarivs, 3S9.
Hit death «iid charaaer, 390. CQOMta
and calamitiea in his reign, 393* His
Code, PindeAi, a*d InAitvfes, viii. 1.
Hit theological cAiartAer aad govern-
meat* 186. Hit perfecuiing fpirit,
288. Hia orthodoxy, 192. Died a
heretic, 196.

Jm/I'muui lU etnperor of Conftantioople,
ix. 15.

Jufi'mkn^ tbe fon of Gcrmenat, hit con-
ffMracy with the eoiprefa Sophia, and
fucceflet agai«A the Perfitna, viii. 114,

JuvmaU his rcoiarkt on 4 he crowded ftaie
of the iohabitantt of Rome, v, 164.

K

KbM, import of thii title in the northerti
parts of Afia, iv. 317. v, 195.

King^ the title of, conferred by Conibm-
tine the Great on his nephew Hanni-
htlianus, iii. 113.

JOadredp degreea of, according to the
Koman civil law, viii. 67.

Kuigbthood, howori^aaUy conferred, and
lis obligatiooa, zi. 34.

ATaraa of Mahomet, account and cbirac-
ter of, ix. 130*

Xora/ht the tribe of, acquire the cuflody
gt the Caiba at Mecca, ix. 21 1. Pe-
digree of tdabomet, a 1 8. They op-
pofe hit prcteniions to a prophetical
. chara^er* 146. Fliglit of Mahonet,
%4%, Battie of Beder, 257. Battle
of Ohad, 159. Mecca Surrendered to
Mahometj 263.

L

JLsismm, or ftiadard of the crofs^ ia (he
army of Cooftaattno the Great, de-
fcribed, iii. 147.

Laieo, the civilian, hit diligence ia hu-
finefa and compofition, viii. 93. Hia
profeffional character. %%,

LsSmuhs^ dificultiet in afcertaintog the
date of hia Divine Inflitutions, iii.
t|a Mr#. His flattering firedlftion
of the influence of Chriftianity among
mankind, 139. Incolcalet the divine
ri^t of Conftantine to the empire, a4«.

Ladifmtt^ king of Hungary end Poland,
leads on army agaiaft the Terks, sii.
4 39. Hia bnes^ji of faith with them,
141.

JWi/Kf«a

JmBm, maBw^gHMNral pf the tronpa in
the £aft6Kn enpire, conoeitt a grncral
flwAcra of the Gothic youths in Afia,
tv, jy6.
Jari^rmdemcij Roaaan, a review of, viti.
l» Waa polaihediy Grecian phiiofo-
pby« as. Abofea of, 98.
7»;9iathe Elder, hia mUiiary paamocion,
vii. sft. UUckvatioa to the enpurOy
aad ckaraftar, $3. Hit death, 57.
J*fm II. eaiparor, fuccaeda hia uncle
Jaftinian« viii. loa. Hia iirm beha*
-viaar Cb the aoabafllidora of t^ Avars,
Ad4. Hia ahdicattoe, and tnveftimic
' of .Tahariaa, at bit fuccetfor, t%%,
Juft'm Marty t hia dedion in the eait of
(ha Ehiantue, ii. %^%» His e3Btrava.>
gfsat acBonac of tha pm^efa of Chrif-
ttatiaiy^ 304* O^asaiMn of hia awn
convcfooi^ 3oy*
jMftina% the popular ftory of her aurri-
. age avitk tha emperor Valeniiaiaa ex-
amined, iv. 300* Her infant ion Va-
loaiiniaA II. invcted with the Impctial
cnfigna» 00 the dartk of hia father,
goo. ficrcamcA with Aahrafe areh-
Ulliop of Milan, v. 36U Flies froartfae
. inaifion of Maaama, with her fon, 4^.
ynJUMianf emperor of the £aft, hit hirth
• and paomatinnj vti. 51. Hit artho*
4mjf 55. It iavcfted wkh the diadem
hy bit aacla Juftin, 57. Marries
Thaodota, 64* Patraniaes the Waa
fadioa of the ciswa, 74. Siau of
agsncakan and matfufaftnTe an hia
ftovaaoea, 63. latrodacca the cukure
af the iilk warn, and the manafaAort
. «f iilk, tnCD Greece, 9a. Stata «f his
reranoe, 95. His avarice aad piofu-
diafl» 9ft* Tmm and flBoaopoHes, 999
100. His miniftcrs, 103. His pahlic
. hnildiagly io6i» Pounds the charah
of St. Saphia at Conflantinople, sto.
Hit other fahlic woikf, 115. His
r Farapean fortificttont,n>. His Afi>
atic fofftificatiooa, 1&5. He iuppiafles
the fchaola o£ Atheaa, 140. Aad the
canf^^ar digntty, 14^. Pnrchafes a
paaca /aana the Pemaas, 148. 19a.
Uadettaket ta ttftore HiUaric king of
Carthage, • 49. Eedu61iaa of Africa,
175. His inllmAiona for tha gavem-
ment af^ 178. Hit arqniitloaa ia
Spain, 192. His deceitful ncgociations
in italy, aoo. Weakaefeof hit eaa-
|rtre, a $7. Raoeivat aa emhaflfy feom
theAvare,a77. AndfcamahcTarkiff
178. Pcrfianwar, 499. Hitncgoci«

GENERAL INDEX.

Lntf*
clcr]

LsJiJfMi, kiag of Naplei, hanflet Rome
dyriftg tht fchUbi of tbc pap*cy« xii.

I^tutt pnetonta prcfed, confpiret the
ths death of Copunodoi, and confcn
tlic empire on Pertinax, i« 137* 138.
,«iM, Vh«a firft diftiogniflud from Cho
clergy, ii. iSo.

Ltmftdmh • Ramaa fcnator, boldly coa-
demos ib^traty with Alaric theCoth,
f. aio.

LmM, My^ narrative of the miracalooi
dlfcovery of, xi. 66.

LMdy how aflefled by the Romeo em*
perori, iii. 84. How divided by the
Barbariaaa, vi. 314. Allodial, and
SaliCy ^iaiagQiihed, 318. Of Italy,
haw partitioned by Thcoderic the Of-
trogotb, vii. fcd.

tmiiu»» its ancient fptendor, !• 71.

Lsj€»ttf Theodore, eftablifliet aa empire
at Nice, xi. 230. Hit chxraAer, »8o.

XtffMiiffTlfMfdrfll. hitcharaaer,xi. 283.

Lafcsris, jMn, the Greek |rammarua«
hia chancer, xii. 1 16.

Ltfrta ehmrth, occafioa of iti feparatloQ
from the Greek chnrch, xi. i C4. Cor-
raptioa and fthifm of, 81, 8t. Re-
anipn of, with the Greek chorcb, xii.
99. The fnbfcqoent Greek fchifm, j%9f

Lttimm, the right of^ explained, t. %%.

tsMTUt in moakiii hiAory, explained^
vLa35.

Ltfv, review of the profeffionofy uader
* the empcron. Hi. 53.

Lawt of Rome, a review of, viii* i.
Thoia of the kinga, 3. Of the twalve
tablet, (• Of ihe people, to. De«
creet of the lenate, and edi£lt of the
frastort, it. Coaftittttioat of tha
cmperon, 14. Thdr rcfcriptt, 17.
The three codet df, 18. The forme
of, jIuW. Socceffiea of civil lawycrt^
a I. RefbtmatioB of, by lofliaian,
^o. AboUtioo aad itvival ofthe peaal
lawt, 84.

X«a», the tribe of, in Colcboe, accoant
of, vii. tit.

Li CkrCf charaQer of bit ccdefiaAical
hiftory, viii. a 36. 99te.

Leg$ein aad iohcritaacet Used \>y Au*
goUut, i. 13a. How regalated by the
Roman law, viii. 71.

LtfitH^ in the Romaa army aader the
emperora, defcribed, i. (7. General
diflfibution of the Icgioai, 24. Tha
liac of, reduced by CooAaaiioe the
Grcat^ iii. 6a.

Lm of Thtaee ^ ouda emparaf wi tlr
£aft by hit maiUr Alpar, «L 1 yu Wat
the 6rft ChriiBan porfatafa wha vat
crowned by a fcieA^ ikiL Geaiate the
empiffe of the Uet aa Aaibeaiiaf^
1 71. Hit arflMmant agMaft the Tan-
dalt in Afiica, 177. Mavdaea Alpar
aad hit (oat, vii* 4.

Z^ III. emperor of Coaiaatiaapla, !■•
aa. Hit ediAt agaioft imafaa m
churchei» io8* Ravak of Italy, 119^

Xai I V. emperor of Caoftafltaaople^ iicas.

hn V. emperor of Coaftaattaopk, tx. 3a .

Lm VI. the philofopher» emferor of Caa-
Ibntinoplc^ ix. 48. EatiagaiAea tka
power of the fenate, x. 1 19.

j^, bifhop of Rooae, hit chaiader and
embaOy fiom Valaatiniaa III. to Attila
king of the Hvae« vi« 1 1 f . Itttercedea
wiih Geaieric Inogof the Vaadalafor
clemency to the city of Rom^ 134.
Calla the cooncil of Chalcedoa, viii.

»74.
X«t III* pope, hia miraailoai ta c av ai y

from the afinlta of aiafiat, ia. 149.

Crowttt Chariema^e amnmit ali tha

Rodumt, ic9»
Lm IV. pope, hit rei^n, x. 55. WcmmiB

tbe haoninc city, 58*
Lm IX. pope, hit expedition agaiaft tha

Noinuaaof Apttlia,a.a34. Hiaoaatj

with themt %i^
Lft aKhbiihopof Theflaloaica,aoa aC

tha left^rert of Oeek tearaiag, «• 1)8.
Lm^ geaeral of the Ea#, nader tha eaa*

peror Arcadiot, hia charader, v. )it.
Im Pilatot, fiWI Gffcek prefefibrat Ma-

fence, aad ia the Waft, hia chamAcr.

xii. 110.
tm, the Jew profelyte, hiftary of hia ft*

mily, xii. a8o.
L«MMr, tbe ^natftor, bn. enahafly fraoi

Conftantina to Julian, iv. 19.
L«ef8« citf at Rome f oa n d e d, x. 58^
Ltmt'mt it taken fram priiba, and cbolea

emperor of Caaftaaitiao|>l<^ oa tha dc-

poitioQ of JqAiaiaa II. ix. 1 5.
LmfurUdf Gothic king of Spainy hia cba-

raaer, vL 144. Revok aad daadi of

hit (ba Harmcfic^ld, IM.
Lmtrtf a kaowlcdga of, the teft af dvi-^

liaataoa ia a people, i. 314.
J>eMs the Piaae, eapeiaraf thailei n ea e^

ix* t6t.
Lewit if. empeior of the Roaaaa^ is.

163, Hit epiAla fa thaOi«ekem«

paror Bafil 1. m, Mp*

£>tpeanrf»

GEir/ERAL INDEX.

Ldmikh hh' Mttoftt ef tlia priivate
liH ^ tha cM«Tor Joliaii, W. 34.

ylaadftt^ diAmatetioo of Joltan» 71.
HiA'dMn^ltr, 134. ifit eiilo|tDm
m Ibt tiBftfor VfeMat, 370.
£akFJn,Mi^ttf Rome, it ^tsUM by
the CBpefor Coaftancivf, for tcfofing
to coacar i»4opolijig Athtnafivf^ iii.

iAkrtjff fobfic, Um ooly foie goarrfiant of
apisft •• oifiriof priocty i. 84*

LieWitt is-tavcAed with tho potple by tlM
emptrar. Gakriof, ii tyt. ifit •!-
HiBco wih Conftantiot dM Otcat,
196. Deftatt MaxtmiDy 197. Hit cru*
oicy, 19s* h 4d€At«a by CoftftantiiM
•t Cibolit, to3. Afld at Maidia, 104.
Pace coockidod witb CoBftandoc,
to6. S a c ood cif il war with ConCao-
tipe, SI i« Hit boaiiliatioBy aad death»
116.

Lkvmty fate of h» fooy iit. lot. Coa*
cnind witb Coallamioc in paUiAiof
tb«odiaoflfiUa»i36, Violated tbia
aapyimt by opprding tbe Chrif.
tiaaa, t4*. Cttdlku^t acooont of hit
vifiooySca.

limmMt, Imporialy bit oiBct aad nrnk^
1,99. '

Ligtmrng, fapefftitioB •f the Rooant
witb refcrcace to perloaa aad placet
fttvck with, H. 81.

LimifniNu Sannatian flavet» expel their
flMAcrt» aad ttfnrp poiaffioa of their
coaatry^ iii. t%^, ExiiadioB of, by
CoaAaatioi, 193.

Littrtimt^ levival of, ia Italy, »!• io6«
Anctcat vie and abafe oi, 113.

Litbagmtf iu latt coaverfioa to Chrlftian-
ity, X. ait.

Iffariaf, coanc^ it defeated aad takes cap-
tive, in Gaol by Theodoric, fl. 84.

htwtprmti, king of the Lombardt, attackt
tho city of Rone, ix. la.

Litttfrmd, bilhop of CrtOMAa, ambafia-
dor to Cooftaatinople, cti aaaoay of bit
audtence with tho emperor, x. 109.

Ltgu, P1aio*t do£lrine of, iii. 305. It
cxponadod by St. John the EvaegeUft,
307, AthaaaliM coafcAot hittMf on*
able to comprchead it, iff. Coatro-
verfiot aameeterahy o^ 317.

L$gHh€N, groat, hit office aader the Creek
empf ran, x. io6«

Iew^«^,aacient,defttibed,i. 3». Coa-
queft of, by Cbariiiiii^i, ia. if 1.

LmUtnUp derivation of their aave, aad
itfitw. of their htftory, vti. a6 1 . Are

employed by the enpenr JNiAiotan tfr
check the Cepidc, a6j. AAioatof
their king Alboio, viii. io4« Thef
reduce the Gepidw, 108. They over-
run that part of Italy aow called Lon-
hardy, 114. Extent of their kiagdoo^
133. Laogvvge and mannert of the
Lombard!, 134. Govemment asd
lawt, 140, 141.

ZeegfUM, hit repreicnUtion of the de-
generacy of hit age, i. 83. Jt put lo
death by Aureliaa, ii» 36.

, it f«nt to fopcrftda Narlct, aa
exarch of Ravenna, viii. 1 1 ]• Reeeivat
RoTamond tbe fugitive queen of the
Lombardt, 119,

tmhalre I. emperor of the Rooaant, ix.

Lttm VII. of France it rescued from the
treachery of the Greekt by Roger king
of Sicily, X. 379. Undertaket the fe*
coad crttfade, xi. 95. Hit dilaftroo^
expedition, loi.

Ltaif IX. of Prance, hit crufadet to tho
Holy Land, xL 144. Hit death, 148.
Pi«cured a valuable flock of relict frooa
Conlbntinople, ft 5 5*

lAumm, the icvetiiy of hit iatire againft
the Heathen mythology, accounted for^

•• 43-
Lmdau, count of the Eaft, under tbe em*

peror Arcadtut, bit cruel treatment by

the ptcfeA Rufiaut, v. 133* ~
LacioMf prclbyter of Jerufalciii, hit mira*

culooa diicovery of the body of St.

Stephen, the firfl Chriflian m4rtyr^

V. 1 16.
L&eUu9, governor of Illyrtcum, it fur-

prifed, and kindly treated by Julian,

iv. ft 5. Hit death, toy.
LudiUf fifter of tbe emperor Commodat,

her attempt to get him afltflinated, i.

"4-
tudm 11 and III. popet, their difaflroua

reignt, xii. 139.
Lamar lake defcribed, with iit late de*

ftra&ioa, v. ft49. atf#.
La«dZ(« villa in Campania, itt dcfcrip*

tion and hiftory, vi. 104,
Lmftrcalm^ the feaft of, deferibed and

continued under the Cbrifliao emp^

ron, vi. 175.
LufkimMSt the R oman governor of Thnac^

oppreiTet the Gothic emigrantt there,

iv. |4;r. Ralhty provoket them to

holhlitiet, 347. It defeated by then%

350.
htfhrM confnbutioa ia the Roman em-
pire, explaiaed, tli. 93.

LmthtTf

GENERAL INDEX.

^tber, MitriiMt hh cktnftcr it • re-

fonntr, x;.i46.
imany tht Poly oifiat tf CMfieaiaf tht

yne^ual dilbiboiMS •! proptBrty, i.

77«
Ifl^mth ■ foriAidftUe Gamin aMion,

■ctomt of» n. 65.
2^MK» btttte Qf> between the cenpetUort

SeTerui and Albinne, u 169*

M

SiMtduimf tbe Ariaa biAop«f CosAen-

. tin*pta^ liii contefti with hkt CMBpeci*
tor Paul, iii. 3S0. Fecal conA^-ncet
on hi«rcme«iog<be body of the tm f t
tor Contlantioe 'to the charcb of St.
Actdoi, 313. Hta cniel pcrfecatiBiii
oftlieCatbolice and Koratiaaa, 384%
Hit eirile, ^iiL ^85.

Mmftamtf prtetortan prvefaA voder the
emperor Valcriaoy bit cliara6br, i.
386.

MmrUttttu, a pt mce of the Aknannt, hit
Ikady ollUoce witli the emperor Va-
lentioian, iv. 156.

JMwrAroi, kit Ibccdieii to the ompiA

. piedidcd by an African, t. 196. Aoce-
leratct the completion of the prophecy,
197. Porchalea A poKe wttk Parthia,

' S96.

j|f«^«yii; the capiul of Porfia, iacked by
the Saracene, is. 318.

Mamut of Palmyra affufinatet hit oacle
Odeoatbot, ii. 29*

JMr/b, its fituation, i. ^3.

BUgU the worihip of, m Pbi^» rtfoem*
od by Artixema^ i. 184. Abridgment
of the Perfiaa theobgyy 185. Simpli-
city of their wordiap, nSS. Coremo^
nict and moral prOCf^, ^89. Their
power, 291.

dMvrr, fcvere proibcntton of perfont for
the crime of, at Rome and Aotioch,
It. ftft4. J

Mfarnentiut aflumei tbcompirt in Goul,
iu. 143. De«th of Conftint* 145,
Sendi an embafly to ConAontiutr S47.
Maket war agtinft Conftantiut, 151U
It defeated at the battle of Muifa, 1 54.
KiUi htmfelf, 1^9.

9§9tmnd the Gatnt^We, his twel^ en-
peditiont into Hiwdoltan, z. «8i* His
chara6)er, 184.

JMioitr, tho prophet, bit embafly to
Chofroes II. king of Perfit, ?iii. 004.

• ■ , His genealogy, birth, and tdo»

cation, is. hi 8; H

ra^hr, sii. Affamee hto piwphnlical

> miflien, ts7. - Ineokaacd th* imity
i»fGod, ft«6. Hit retttfOMUl naondon

: of JefntChrift»nn9. Hit iCnranyajo.
Hitmifaclei9«33. Hitpi m ep u »n25»
Hie HeU, and Faradife, '^o. The
bet nmhoridm ^ bit htiaey, 143.

. wMv Connortt hit nwa fiamily, 945.
Preaches pJblidy at Mecca, 146.
Sfcapoa ifom tho KioRiiteo fiiwt»
n48, la mecrvod m ^rmoo o| Moduu,
«^. Hit fogal digntty, and fimffimAl
o&de,s5i4 Deskieow«rainiflftnifi.

. Mt.fjs. Battle of Bete, «^. B«t.
de of o£ad» 259. Snbdnea tho Jewt
of Afobin, ftbo. Snbmiffion of Moccn
m \kai^ 163. Ho c onqntn A nt hia, n<6.
Hi* fickneft and dea^ tyn. Hincha-
enAer, nyA. Hit pciooio life, «79.

. Hit wivet, ft8o. HitthiMivo, S83.
His pofterity, 199. Remarks on the
gf>eat fpnad aod pcioianoocy of hie 1^
ligion, 301, 301.

MshmUi tke Ion «f Ba}onot, hit 9A^,
lii. 44.

^dahtma UL foltan of tho Tnrlat, hit
charader, xii. i6t. Hit i»iga^ §6$.
IndicatioDt of Ikij ■ Im i il o intonianan
agtinft the Greeks, 166. He bdfiogct
Contaminople, j^f. Tohea - the «ity
by ftonn,-«o€u Hit emry issto the ttty,
%\x. Makes it hit capital, ni#« Hit
death, 'S«6.

jM i rfi i tt wj /it, by whtt meaat pmp^tted^
ix. 413. Toitratton of Cbtiiiopity
under, 419.

Af«^i», his hiiorj, charafler, and ok-
vation to the Weftem empire,^ i^9«
His epiftle to the teste, 151 « iiteio.
Itttary hws, 1 53. His preporaiiont to

> in sod* Africa, i;8. Hit float deiiO|«
ed by Oeniarw, i6n. Hit deaili, 163.

HnfMtnra, has chamfter of tfa* Wmmaus,

z. 230.
Mskk 9hgb, Aikon of the Trnka, hit

prof^eront rngn> X. 308. Rofoiintthe

Etfttrn ctlendar, %t\. Hit death, 32 a.
fit'irm^bHdwnSf the great cttii homma

to which beafccatnedtiii. 54. oeit.
^«M«AiiAri,' their ori^n and ckntnder,

». 148. Their cftabiitewnt id Bgypt,

MmwmuNtf metsMr or the yonvg amp^fot
Alrzaodcr SeTerus,aAs as regent of the
cmirtit, i. iLt3. H pot to tfemii wall
him» a46. Hnr CDnfennce with Ori-
|en,ii«3^.

GENERAL INDEX.

it If?. -

Mm theo^aniaMl thst Cio ;

. 4tta hunfelf to ali climipi, u 31 1«

Mmc^iuh in theReia iwp» a ip li u w^

?ui. 65*
Mamb^tmm are devoted to death, by the

cdia of TheodoaM asoiaift hcr(Cict» y.

30.
Mmm$lCmiimuH emperor of Cooftaati-

aefltk is. 67* He repeiiee the Nor-

taeoi, X. ftSo. But feik in hie febeme

(tf iuhdoiiig the Weftera eBpif% «8i.
. Hit ail treeunent of the crmiedefiy zi.

99.
UtagumaUba, • city of AOfria, ndveed

and deftroyed by the eopcter JeKan^

i». 153.
JMtfT^Zr, the fonr fpecici of, wefteieedled

by the Romeaty i. «$!. mt*.
MartelI'mm, coont of the (acred Urgeflea

uaier the emperor Coaftaaa ia Oeal,

aflifta the nfiwpatioa of Magoeatiuty

in. 143. Hia embafiy to CoaftaBtitt8»

147. Waa kaied ia the battle of

Mucfis ssf.
MtretUhmif Hia revok ia DaJmati«y aad

cbaraaer, vi. i*4» Joiaa the emperor
' AathcaRua» aad expeJa the Vaadali

fromSaidiBHi, 17s. Hiadeath, iSft.
MarnMimun (ba of the pr«£eaMenmia»

hia treacheroua aaerdar of Oabiaiua

kiag oT the Qoadi, iv. 195.
M^eeiks the ceotmiooy maatyred fiar de-

• fertaooy ii. 3S1.

hUrctlkh bilhop of Rome, exiled to re-
ftore peace to the city, ii. 39$.

ilfirraOa, bi^p of Apamea ia Syria,
lofca hia life- ia ddfaojriag the Fagaa

. templea, ^ ay* •

Mania, the coacafaiDe of the. emperor
Coomodae, a patnmofa of «he Chiif-

• tiaaa,ii. 367.

ManiaUf feoator of ConAaatiaople, mar-
riea the eaupraia Palcheria, and ii ec
kaeerteiged emperor, vi. 75. Hirtem*
perate refufal of the dcmaoda of At-
tifai the Hub, 77.

MardaMopaittj the oty of, takea by the
Gotha, i. 353.

Maremnml are &bd«ed and puoilhed by
Mareoa AotoaiDua, i« 339. Alliance
made^th, by the emperor GsUieaut>
37a,

ACervM, eleded biAop-of the Naaareaet,
i23o.

Miardi0i battle of> betweca Coolhatiae

the Great and Liciaioa, ii. 104.
§1^^ battle of, betweea Diedetiaa and

Cnriaea) it. gc.
Hmg mt^ biAep of, betraya his epifcopal
city iato the haadi of the Huaa, y'u 45.
JMerie, daughter ef Eudatmoa of Car.
thage, her remarkable adventarct, ?{,
at.
Mariana, hit accoaot of the mitfortiioca
of Spaia. by an irrvptioa of the barbae
rooa aatfoaa, ▼« 3%a«
Marimu, a febaltera oflicer, chofea en*

peror by the legioot of Mcfia, i. 143.
AfartMs, the armourer, a candidate for the
purple among the competitof a egaioft
Gallieooa, hit ehara^ler, i. 394.
Mafh bilhop of Arethafa, ia emelly ticaU

ed by the emperor JnMaa, it, 104.
MUnnga, -eoga^emeat thcie between the
emperor Julian, and Sapor king of
- Perfia, iv. 174*
Marmkti of the Eaft, charadler and hif-

tory of, fill. 310.
MbncM, a Roman prcHitete, the amther,
ghmdoMMher, and great-^raadflwther of
three popct, is. 171.
Mtarriage, rtfpilttioDa ef, by the Romaa
lawi, viii. 51. ' Of Roman citiecna
ert«h Afangert, profcribed by their jo*
rifprodence, z. in.
Jifjrri/, Chnies, duke of the Fraakt, his
charader, x. 10. Hie poKtic coadopt
on the Saracen invalion of France, ai.
Dc4eaia the Saraccnt, ai. Why he
traa configned oter to hell flames by
theder|y,%4.
Mmrtiat bimop of Toeri, deftroyi the idols
•ad Pagafe templea ia Gael, t. 96.
Hta menkiii ioftitationa there, vi.
aiS.
Martiaa, marries her aode^ the emperor
Hetacliui, ix. 8. Endeavours to (hare
the Imperial dignity with her fons, 9*
Her fate, 1 1.
MartiMtamn recdvea the title of Gxfar,

from the emperor Liciniut, ii. a 16.

Martyrs, primitive, an inquiry into the

true hillory of, ii. 3 14. The fcfcral ia-

docemeots ro martyrdom, ? 5S. Three

methodi of efcaprng it, 361. Marka

. by which learned Cathohra diftingaiih

therelica of the martyrt, 351. mie»

The worfhip of, and their lelica, ia«

troduced, V. 113.

Marji Virgia, her hnmacolfte concep-

tioo.

GENERAL INDEX.

JA^mmC tht Mrf«9ltd brothtr of Gil*
the moor, ttiket ff«fii|t in cli« ImptriU
«oiiii| of Hoonioty v. 151. It iatnift-
cd witk traops to rodiiceCiMo» 153.
Defeats hiniy 156. Hit fnlfkioot

Afi;!^ of Uk ofictt^ oadtr Confhrtint
the Gmt, kit AiaAionty iit. 69.

MMttrmu, hit revolt end coafpirtcy
agtinft the enpeiof CoouBodot, i. Jtj.

iUkriktir^ St hit gof^l orifiaeUj com-
polc4 ia.HebrtWy li. ^95. wt». Titi.

^38. Mf»-

Mamtiff hit Ufftb> cbartAe^ aod pro-
motioo to the Eaflcra ompirty vti. 137.
JleAorctChoffmll. lcio| of Perfia,
tys. Hit trar Mttnft the Avon, ito.
State of hit armlet, 1 83* Hit aMie»-
tiooaaddeotht 189.

MMuritMm, ancknty iti fitvation aad ex-
teat, i |7. Chaeaact of the aativt
Moors otyTi. I],

MwBWWf^ the foB of Masmitai declar*
c4 emperor at Rome* ii. 165. Hit ty-
raaay io Italy aad Africa^ 178. The
miliury Arce ho had 10 oppofe Ceo-
4laBttae» 183. Hit delestaad death*
i90t Hit p9Utk homtaity to the
Chfiftiaat,j9e*

iate ta the empire with
Oiocloiiaa, hit thander, ti. 96. Tti*
amphi with DIoclctisay it9. Holdt
his court at Milaa» i^r. Abdicates
the empire along with Dioclctiaay 144.
He refumet the purple, 165. Rcdocct
Scverutt aad putt him to death* . t^.
Hit iitcoad reignatioay aad bafeito.
aate ead, 173. Hit attrioa to the
Chriftiaataccouated for* 381.

MUxhnlmMUh the Alncaa, a Chrlftiaa
martyr* ii. 381*

J/bximM, hit hirth, fortmae* aad elcva-
tion to the empire of Rome, 1. t4t>
IVhy deemed a perlocator of the Chrif.
tisnt, )7o.

Jdkxteur is declared Ccier* oa the abdi.
cation of Diocletitn,ii« 155. Obtsias
the rank of Aagaftos* from Galeriosp
1 71. Hit defeat aad death, 197. Re-
Acwed the pcrfecottoa of theChriftiens
after the toleratxoa graated by Gale-
ffiat* 400.

AltfrtNMi the crael miniftcr of the cm*
peror ValeatiaiaA* promoted to th«
pnefedlare of Gaul* it. a3r.

UfamrniHp his em b sff y from Theodoliut

the Yovogtr» ta- Attila kiag of tbh
Haas* vi« ii.

JIf tjiwai jad Balbiaas deded joiat-cnr-

. pcrott fay the Icaete* oa the deacht of
the two Gorriiani. i. 258.

Mm t nmu , hit cborafler aad revolt ta Br?-
uia,- V. €," Hie tscacy with the em-
peror Theedofiai^ to. Perftcvtes the

.. Pvifctlliaaifts, 31. ..His iavafion of
Italy* 43. Hit defeat and death, 48.

y wc Fagia prctepeoc ofthe eaU^
peror Jaliaa* iniiiatos him snio the
•fleofiataa mylleries* iw, 6^ Is ho-
noarsbly iavited to Coaftamiadpk by
his Imperial papil* 8ft. Is comapicd
by hit refideace at court, 83.

Miiimttt, Pctroaivs* his wnh raviftcd hj
Valeatiaiaa 111^ empcrer.of the Weft,
iv. I %4. His charmAcr, aadFekmion
to :hecatpirc^ 131. >

MeMth the Perfiaa geaerti, uogmicfitlly
trmted by Ghefroes* vii. a86.

Jfsece, its fitoatioa* aad defetipciew, ix.
197. The Caafaa* wr temple of;-a«».
Its dclifetaaco from AbralHh**»J9.
The doartae of Mahomet ^poM
there» a46. Hit eftapo»«48«' The
city of, famodered to Mahemet, ate
ItpiUagtdbyAbaTahii^x. 67. .

Jd(Nme, rmtptioa of Mthomcs thete* oa
his flight from Meoca^is. tea.

Mif4Jf/bh tht Miral ^ at Itomc, dew
Icrihed* L lat. aiir.

Midttimu, aa E^piiaa ioA^ peiiecamd by
Athaaafia% liL 349.

Mt&mtf battle of* betwcea the Baflerv
caiperor Tibcria*. aad Chofroet kiog
of Perfia, viii. 138.

Jfcfe* dtisea of Bart* inTiiea th« Noc:^

iato Italy* x.ftA5.
Mmfhis, iff fituatioo* aad redadioa hf

the Saraeeat* ix. 3^0.
Mt n u hgim kings of the Ft aaka iaGaal*

ortgio of* vi. 87. Their detvaa aad

benefices, 317.
AirrtMW* caliph of the Sanceat* sad the

laft of the hoofe of Ommtyah* has do-
feat and dmthf x. iB.
ittfifttsmMf iatafioa of by the caipe-

r<ir I aiiao* in 144. DefiBriboAbir JCc^

nophoB* 146.
Jl/^j* Valerias* the.£rft p»foa of

KoflBC* hit high d^raAsr* iU. 45. mm,
M^lf^t onder whatchsiaaet he waaex-

pcaed by the Jewt* Ii. aay. Hit hitch-

day* how fi^Kd hy tht Romaai* iv. a«.

OEKERAL INDEX.

httuh and money^ tkcir operation in im-

proviagtbe hooMui niody \*%l^^
Mae&tt NumidicttSy the ttafefy Int in-

^eftive afBiftil «oa0ta, i. si 4. mir.
Malms F«lm«BH Jim wtfoUptteh ca tli«

cmptrer Tacitui in the feoait oa bis

c)c€bMs it. 53.
M$frwfb^mt «f Cysicaa» ia aaade fatffiardi

of CoBftantiooplt, xii. 1 90.
Mitvt^ crod treacment of» hy AttiJa king

•f tb«Hofla» vk 9$.
Mkhad I. RbtttfaW, anpcrar ol C«k

oppvor of

• Auitinoplcy is. 31.
MlcbMtl II. tba Stammeter, cnipcr«r of

CoaftaotiBO^, tt.. %$
Mkbml 111. emperor of CoaftaBtiaepley

ix. 39. It defeated bj the Paaliciaaty

X. 156W
MkboHW, tile Papblapooiea, ^ntperor

ofCooAaatiiieploy .is. 6t-
Bdkbael V. Calaphatea, emfiefor o# Ceo-

ftaailaoplet ><• ^J*
MSichati Vi. Siratiotkiify coiptrarof Con-

ftsadnqplottf^ 64.
Ukbtd^VlU Parapinacaa,

Conflaflfinofllc, ix* f 9.
Jfiho, how tbe Imperial eowt of the

Wcftcra cnpito came 10 be traaafe^od
. Jrom Rome to.th«t citj^ it. 131.
n , FaiDfua niiA «f Conftant^o

.ibcjGreat in iaoourof tho GbiiAiaM»

publiibed tbcref iH. 136.
r<-»-^» St. Ambfofc e^M aicbbiftep

of that city, v* 3S* Tttmolia ow al iop*

^d by bia refbfijig a 'cbaicb for tbe

Arian worihip of tbe empfeia Jeftiiw

«id ber An, 37.

y Revolt of, to jvftijiian, vii.

933. Ji taken and deftroyed by tbe

Burgunduni, t}8.

» It again diftreycd by Fiederic !•

ix. 179.
hUkarj force* itt ftreagtb end efficacy

dependent on a dee propottaon lo tbe

number of tbe people, i. 148.
ATtRt^ry ofiicert of the Roman empire at

tbe time of Cenftantlae tbe Graat* t

scTtcw of» tii* 56.
MUUmhm^ tbe do^liine of, esplaiaed, ii.

Wwgf^M. See Cakbu.

Afimtrity, two diftin^ona of, io tbe Ro-
man- lanr, V. 141. not*.

Mifcks, tbofeof Cbrift and bit apoftlct,
efcapcd tbe notice of tbe beatben pbi**

• lofopbert and biflovsana, ii. 3Tk Ac-
count of ibode-ftvoufbt by tbe body of
St. Supbcn, V. iiS.

Atracmlmu powera of tbe priaiiti?e
chircby an enquiry into, ii. ^164.

BiCfiben, cbief miniHtr Uki Mier in*
Jairoltke tbirdOordian» bia cbmac-
ter, i. »73.

Mi^ftpifi tbe empirar jMian^ on wkat
oceanott written, iv. 133.

MfifiHim, or grrot golden diib of Adel«
pbut king of tbe Vifigetbe, biflery of,
▼ 31©.

Htg^iysht aflomea tbe title of calipb«
•n^ naakea war againft Alt, is. 191,
Hia cb«ra£br and f«ign» 194. Lay a
liege CO CooAdnctnople, s. ii.

JUtdart prince of tbe Amaliy fedoced by
ibe emperor Tbeedo6oa, tarot bie
erma againft bit own co«ntrymen» ir.

3«9.

Mtgmb^ primitive, tbeir metbed of treat*

ing tbetr cooqnerad enemiea, vi 49.

Reign and cooqueAa of Zingit, ni 346.

ConqoeAt of bia faccefforty 375. See

Tsmtrlam,
Mtgyntisamh tbe city of, farprifed by tbe

Aiemannifiv. »;n.
M»k0wkti tbe Egyptian, bit triaaty with

tbe Saracen Amrou, ii. 374.
MmaryAf defined, i. 14. Heieditaty^ li.

dicokMtt in theory, bnt falotary io £•&,
. 140- The pecoliar eb}eAa of cruelty

and of avarice under, tti. 8i*.
4fM%fac tnftitotioni» the feedt nf, fovn

by the primitive Chriftiana, ti, s67.

sOrigin, progieia, and confeqacacaa of,

vi. %%%,
A&ecy, the ftandaed and compntation of,
. under Coofiantine tbe Great, end bia

fucceiiort, iii. S8. aair.
Hmikt baveembeUilbed tbe ruffering* of
. :the primitive maityra by fidiona, ii«

■ ^; -» Charader ofT by Eenapioa, v«
1 1 n. By Ketiliut,! 34. Origin and bifto-
.^ of, vi. 11 3. Tlmr ioduftry in mak«
ing proielytca, nii. Tbeir obedience,
s»3. Tbeir dreft and habiut]ont,&ft$.
. 7 heir diet, %%y, Tbeir manoal labour,
. A»8. Their richea, 130. Tbeir foK-
tude, njn. Their devotion and «i«
liont, 233. Their divifion into the
claflet of CttMbiia and AMcbwitt,

» Sopprefliott of, at Conftaotino*
pie, by Conftaottne V. ix. 1 13.

MnMbbyfitts of I be Baft, biftory of the
it A of, viii. 316.

Mtmvibeliu coo trover fy, account of, viii.
«97.

M£§mie/fttUBf hit defcriptson of the mili-
tary government o^ the Roman empifc,
i. 375^ Hia opinieo that the degreea

of

GENERAL INDEX.

«f Umimm to a iait aie

i.8i.

MoBtims, ^ozftor of the palace, it feat bj
the ampttar Coaftaoaas ^'^ Dani-
tian, to cocfcft the adauMArataaa of
Gailiit ttt tbc Eaft, iii. 170. It fmt U
tfaatbtheae, 17^.

JiMrt of Barbary, tbeir miferabb povcr-
t7y wn. I So. Thdr to^fioo of tb*
Roman proriaca puaiittd bf Soloam
the EiMMck, ifo.

Morea it rtdoord b7 tW Torka, ni. «to.

Mtt^/uuy TboBiaa» eladad patriaicli o#
Coaftaacioopk bj tbe Vcndiaot, li.

Mffiiltmtt 9A ArtbiaB ckief, cndeaviort
to rival Maboawc in kit propbccical
cbarader, t«. «o8.

Mftfa, tke 49€knms of tkcMMBOttalityof
tke foot not incolcate^ in hit law^ ii.
146. Hit faogninary lawt compared
wtth chola of Mthomct, is. 1^4.

Mtfkm^ charader of kit wotk De rdmt
Chrififigmt mte CmffUwfimmh viii« ft36*

MefimMh tbo Saracca beficgei CooHtn*

- tinoplty X. 9.

MMMjfmt tbo laft calipb of tko Satocan^
hit wart witk the Greek ompctor The-
opbilttt, z. 58. It killed t^ the Mo^
golt, xu 5! I.

A ftaraw ij ^ ofurpt tka Gratk empire,
and deftroyt Ifaac Angcloa, and bit (on
Aksiot, f i. fto4. It driven from Coiw
Aantinoplo b7 the Latiniy 909. Hit
death, «iO.

Mou]k, the wn of Bajatct, lovefted with
• the kini(dom of Aoatolta, b7 Tamer-
lane, zii. %%, Hi» reign, 44.

M»'wurtAtt^ in tkehiftory of Spain, ex-
plained, is. 418.

iMimfr^/ cftiet, their adraottfet, u $f.

itturattri, hit littrarf.chamAer, lii. 351.

Murfs^ battle of, batwtea the emperor
Conftanttut, tnd the usurper Mag nea-
tiut, tit. 154.

iUW/ir the Saracen, hit cooqueft of Spain,
is. 413. Hit difgrace, 417. Hit dtath,

419-
Mufiafha, the fuppoftd ion of Bajtzer,-

hit Aory,xii. 42.
>f«/tf, battle of, between tbe forcct of

the emperor Heracliot and thofa of

Mahomet, ix.*i7o.
J^ygdottwit river, the courfe of, ftopped
"by Sapor king of Perfia, at the lege

of Nt5bis, iii. 140.

N

Narhnt it bcfitpd by TbtoM^ and
relieved bp coaal Utoria^ vi 84.

Nsem^gm^ ike PeiAoA gaifril. kit de-
lieat bj Ike HaauaH w^ ca«i i»H
Tii. 319.

N^ijfuf battle of, bctveea tke coapCNr
Claodiittt aad tboGotka* uu 10.

IJ^ffa it be&qgfd aad lakca bp Boliftriat,
Tit. ao6. Sxteat of tbe dockjr 0^ ai-
der tibe exarcha of Raaeaaa, viii* 1 |i.

Jkfar/lt, bit fmbafly from Sapor king ol.
Perka to tke emperor Conftaatiatj iii.
194.

A«r/b» king of Perfia, paevtila over the
pretenfioaa of hit bcetkct Hormafy aad

. cxpela Tiiidatet kiog of Armaaia* ii.
118. Ovcrtbrowt Galeriet, 119, It
farprifed aad loatad by Galaiks, itt.
Aiticlet of peace betwcea him and the
Ronaaat, ti^.

Narfitt thePerfian geaeral of tbe empe-
ror kfaorice, reAorea Chofroca II. king
of Perfia, viii. 17a. Hit icvoktagaiaft
Pkocatf and cracl death, 198.

Ifarfut the eunoch, hk% milxtarp pfomo-
tion, aad ^MTemien with BcliUnet^
irii. 13$. Hit cbuaAer and expedi-
tion to Italf* 363. battle of Tagina,
967. Takea Rom^ 369. Rodocoa

. and kilfc Ttiaa, the U<^ king of the
Gotht, 371 . Defeatt-the V ranks and
Alemaaat, 377. Goreaat Italy in ih*

• capacitp of exarch, %%!^ Hiadiigrice,
and death, viii. i (t.

MmMgtMtt a chief of the Hernii, cntett
into the Roman fcrvice, aad.it made
.coafol, i. 38ft. '

J<f«wy of the Roman ^mpiic defer i bed, i.

»5-
AkaMraar charch at Jenilalem, accooat

of, ii. %%%.
Nsxmrhu the Pagan orator, hit eccoaflt

ot' miraculoot appearancet in the Iky in

favour of ConftantUe the Great, iii.

*55-

N*kridiu$^ prstoriaa pna'cdl in Gaul, is
maimed and fuperfeded, by his iadif-
craet oppofition to the v oopt pf Julian,
iv. HI.

Negroes of Africt, evidencet'of their ia-
tellofkoal iafeiiority to tkercil of man-
kind, iv. 279.

NeBtrhs it cbofea arcbbifiiop of Conftaa-
tiaople, r. 18,

Neuniut, his account of the arrival of the
Saxoas in Bciiaio, diffateat from that

of

GESEftAL IHDEX:

«r CQdtf, Bcde, aod Witikind, n.
341. fftffr.

ff^t y^^i^h it mide onperor tf iht
Weft by L«o tht Grett, vt. 195.

iVi^#ri«r, ttccount of JiU revok hi Italyy
iii. 15^.

Mr» perfecQtCf tbe CbttftiMM tt* the ia«
cendutiet of Rome, ii. 393.

fferva^ mperor, hti chara«er^ tad pm-
dent idoption of Tnjan, i. to6t

Ne/ltrmst archbiAop of Conftantinople,
fitv cbaraAer, itiii. i$6. His herefy
concerning the iacarnatien, %^%, Hia
difpote wUh Cyril of Alexandrtii t6o.
la eondemned, and degraded from bit e-
pif^ftl dignity by tbe coaneil of £•
phefnsy 263. la ciHed, 268. Hia
death, ijo. Hi* opinioni Itill retain-
ed in Perfii, 305. Miifiona of hia
difdpfet in the Eaft Indies, 309.

Nevert, John count of, difaftrous fate of
him and bis party at tbe btttle cf Nt-
copolis, xi.4ii.

Nice becomes the capital cefidence of ful-
can Soliman, >• ^ 17. Siege of, by tbe
firil cmfsdera, xi. 51.

ffkefboriti t. emperor of Confhimiiiopiey
ix. 30* His wars with the Saracena,
X. 47. His death, 175.

Jffictpbtftu II. PbocMt emperor of Con*
ftantinople, ix. 54, His mlKury en-
terprifes, x. 76.

Nictfhtnit III. Btiamttim, emperor of
Conftaotinople, ix. 70. Was raifed to
the throne by foltan Soliman, 316.

fllc£tMj, * fenator of Conftantinople, * bia
flight, oh tbe captoTC of the city by tbe
Latins, xi. a 13. Hia brief hi flory,
a 1 6. npff. His acconnt of the iiatuea
dtftroyed at Conftantinople, ihid»

T/icbohi, puniTth of CooAantinopIe, op-
f ofes the fourth marriage of the empc*
ror Leo the philofopher, ix. 50.

fTitbstas V. pope, bis charaAer, xii. 119.
How interefled in tbe fall of Conftan-
tinople, 17S.

NifcmeJia, the coort of Diocletian held
there, and tbe city embeltkhed by him,
it. 131. Tbe chnrcb of, demoliflied
by Diocletian, 1S4. Hia palace fired,
387.

NUop^Vts, battle of, between fuUan Baja-
zet, and Sigifmond king of Hungary,
xi. 409.

Nika, the fedltion of, at Conftantinople,
,' Tii. 76.

Niniveh, battle of, between the emperor
He- actios^ and the Pe/6aos, Tiii. 125.

JVj/R^i, the cttyof, defcribed, and itt'ob*
fltnate defence againft ibe Pet£Mt> iii.
1 3$. la yMded 10 Sapor by treaty, U.

«94-

Maamr, tbo PerHaii vitir, hia ilhiAriool
charafterand onhappy fate, x. 313.

Noabf bis ark very coorenieot for rcfolr*
ing tht diffienltiei of Mofaic aiititjoa.
rians, i. 311.

iMH^hmn, a titit iflfcnted by Conilaa*
tine the Great, to diftinguiih his ne-

' phew Hannibalianiia, iii. 113.

Noriatm defcribed, i. 31.

fhrn-Ms, their fettlemeotintbe provtnco
of Normmdy in France, x. 124. Their
introdaAion Co Italy, 125. Theyferve
in Sicily, 127. They conquer Apniia,
ftt9: Their charaAer, 230. Their
treaty with tbe pope, 236.

Nrvstiatn are exempted by Conftaottno
tht Creat, in a particular edift from
tbe general penalties of herefy, iii. i98«
Are craelty perfecoted by Macedoniua
biihep of Conftantfnople, 395.

N«vieli of Joftmian, bow formed, and
their charaAer, viti. 41.

NmnJdin, fokan, fait exalted chtraA^r,
xi. Ill*

Nuhia, conrerfioA of, to ChriAianity^
▼iii. 332.

Numerian, the Ton of Carin,- focceeds hia
father in tbe empire, in eonjonAion
with hit brother Carin ua, ii. So.

f^umidiMy i(s extent at diflWeot eras of
the Roman biftory, i. 37.

O^Jis, in the deferts of Lybia, defcribed,
V. 356. mte. Three placea under this
name pointed out, ▼Iii. 269. iiote.

Ohniknte, piflive, theory and prafiiceof
the ChniKan doArine of, iii. 240.

OMifls, Egyptian, the par{)of<^ of their
ereOion, iii. 1S6.

OMetimtt to the church, origin of^ ii.
281.

Ohligathirt, human, the foorcesof, ▼lii,
' 74. Laws of the Romans refpefting,

75-
(Menatbus, tbe Palmyrene, his faccefaful

cppofition to Sapor king of Peilia, i.

3S9. Is aflbciated in the empire by

Gallieiius, 396. Character and fate of

his queen Zenobia, ii. 27.
OJm» the long reign of hit family in

S*edef», i. 323. na/a. His hiftory,

347.

OJMcer

GENERAL INDEX.

^ifctfiffft BMfanaakuif of Inly,
^ aoo« Hit ckanftcr Mi rdcn,
..S07* Refigsft all tkc Rmus CM|acCs
Wy«i4 the Alpa, tn Eark king of ibt
Viflfatbt, ft75. If w j«w 4 «i4 killed
by TVcodwic tlie Oftragock, vii. js.
OM^ bMk •ip Utwctti MA— ft Mi4
Ab« Sof kau piiocc «f ll«cca» is.

-4>j^«f princtfr of RdB«« kcr ta^Uo^ ■•

Ofivr, in laCradaAiOB iaio Ckt weAcm
world, i. 75.
it niAed I

I CO 4hm Wotoni omfiiis
'by couBt RicimcTy vL 191.

^jro^ir ganct compotoi wiik cketoviai-
neact of tkc Gotbt, zi. 36.

Okfw^ndmmt kis accoopt of tke a^gpi-

"* ficencc of cko pKjJoi Romc* v. S41.

Hitaccovotof tke carriage of A4o^

phot ktag of tko Vifigotk% wi(k (ko

pdncclt PlacMia, 30ft.

Ofymfuu, favoMiic ol tko cmpctor Hooo-
fiM, aiarflM kim witk uoiivooraklc
fofpiciont of tke defigot of StUicko^
V. lAO. Caolet Stilicho to be pot to
lleatky %%%^ Hit di%ncc^ and igao-
kuaioai deatk^ 17$.

OoMT, calipk of tko Saraccat, iz. »S6.
Hit chtrafterf {lo* Hit joorac^ to
JorafaliiB, 156.

Ommifsht deratioB of tke koofc of» to
eke o0ico of calipk of tke Saraceat,
is. 194* Wky aot eke ebjcdt of pab*
lie fivour, z. 14. Dcllniaioa of, if.

OrMcla, Heatkoa, ate fileacotf by Coa*
ftaatiat tke Gre«t« iti. 392.

Or€AsM, emir of tke Ottoaiaos, kit reign,
si. 30$. Marrlct tke daogkter of the
Creek emperor Caatacoseae, 401.

CrdlMt'mM of tke clergy la tke early aget
of tke cborcb, aa account of, iii. 177.

Crejfa if ftot ambaflador frooa Attila king
of tke Hoatf ro the eotperor Tbeodo-
fiui the Yoooger, vi. 61. Hit ki(fory
aod prooioUon oader tke Wtftera cm-
pcrort, 197. Hit fon Aagoftulut^ the
laft emperor of the Weft, 198.

CreJUt, prsfor of Egypt* it infulted by a
monkilb mob ia Alexandria, viii x^.

CrigtH declawt ike number of primitive
mtrtvra 10 be very incooridrr^ble, ii.
3$ It HU conference with the empreft
Mamm«a, 370. Hit meinor* ptrfe.
Cured by the emperor Juftiaian and hit
'Icrgy, viii 19^.

Orlttmt bcfieged by Attila king of the
Hunt, tod relieved by iSciut aod
Theodoric, vi. 94.

Ofiu, beAopofCondovaykiagictluifla-
cace witk CooAaatiao tko Gicac, m.
a$9. aMr. PiataUt oa C aa t aa ti ao la
ladify the Niceatcfood, 335* Xa wiik
dsCcalty aicvailed oa to coacar in da-
poiiag Atnaaafiot, 363.

O/i I war, tko tauH kiagdoa of, redaccd
by tke RooMot^ L a^S.

Q^Ut, kit pocBst, whether to bo cob«
aeded witk tke ioTafioa oi Calodoaia
by tke emperor Scverotpi. 186. la£ttd
to kave difputed witk a Chriftiaa ouf*
fioaary, 305. aafr.

Ofitf, tke port oi^ defcrlbedy ▼. 180.

MmsUf caiipk of the Saraceat, is. 187.

Otimmp the &tker of tke Ottoo&uity kit

«»8»# «• »|-
OfiAa I. king of Gcfmaay, laAores aad

appropriatca tko Weftera empire, ix.

164. Ciaimt by treaty tke aaminttioo

of tke^pope of Roote, ipa. Dafeata

iko Tovkt, z. 189.
Ori» II. deport pope Joka ZII. aad ckaf.

- tiiiit kit^'ny at Ramc^ iz. 175.
M§, bilkop.af f'nfiageag bit ckarafter at

aa hifloriaa, zii. a 5$. imtt,
Oatmtn, origiaaad hiftoryof, ji. 393.
, Tkcy obgup >a .^ftakliikmeat ia £a-

rope, 401.
Ovid it haaiAved to tKekanki of tke Da«

anbe, ill. u8.
Cxfrimcbmi, in Egypf* ,ai«B)u& piety j^

tkat city, ti. 116.

Paraftu, kit eacomium 00 (ke cmpetar

TkeodoSat the Greatt t. 51.
F^dfjhft how poaifhed by tke Scatiai^a

law. Till. 90. By Joninian, 9a.
Psgtm, derivatioo aad revolutioaa of the

urm» iii. 397. mff.
Psgsnfmt ^« niin of, fofpeaded by tke

diviliooi amoag tke CkrUHMS,iii.396.

Tkeological fyAem of tke emperor Ju-
lian, iv. 56.

I , Geaeral review of tke ^cclcBaf.

tical eftablUkment aad joriMiOtoo of»
before it waa fubverted by Ckriftiaaity,
V. 84* !• reaouQced by the Romaa
fenate, 91. The P^gan facrificet pro-
hibited, 94. Tke templet deanoliiked,
95. Tke rnia of,. deplored by the fo-
phtftt, 1 11. Pagan ceremooica levtvcd
in Chriftian churches, 121.

PtUeUtgus^ Ctmflmttim, .Greek emperor,
his reign, kii. 155. Is killed in the
fiorm of CoDftantioopJs by the 1 orks^

PaUoU^tf

GENJCRAL INDEX.

Fal^nltgMt J^hm, eitoptror of ConAanti-
nopie, XI. 337, Marries the daughter
of John Cantacuiene, 347. Takes
up arnts agalni^ Cantaca2ene, and it
reduced -to flight, 350. Hi« reflora*
tion, 35i« E>ifc6rd between him and
tits Tons, 414. Hfs treaty with pope
Innocent VI. xll. 65. Hia vifit 10
pope Urban V. at Rome, 66. ' '

Pa^^piUgms, John II. Greek emperdr, hit
zeal, xii. 80. His voyage to Italy, S$.

Pal^ologut Manutly aflbciated with his fa-
ther John in the Greek empire, xi. 416.
Tribute eXaQed from him by fultan
Bajaaet, 418. Hit treaties with Soli*
man and Mahomet, the fons Bajaaet
VI. xii. 48. His vifit to the courts of
Europe, 69. Private motives of hit
European negoclationt explained, '7.8.
Hiadtfatlr, 80.

Pai^etUpa^ Mkboil, emperor of Nice, hit
brief replies to the negociatioArtfT
Baldwin II, emperor of Conftamino-
pto xi. z57« Hii family and charac-
ter, 9t86. Hit elevation to the throne,
989. Hit' return to Conftantinople,
294. Blinds and banifliei his yddng
aflbcfate John Lafcarit, 296. N< It
excommunicated by the patria^b
Arfenius^- 297. Aflbciatet hit fon
Andronictit In the empire, 300. Hk
union with the Latin churchi 301. ' In-
fUgates the revolt in Sicily, 311.

Pa/athes and Borderers, origin and nature
of thefe diftinfUons in the Romad
troops, iii. 6o.

PaUrmo taken by Belifarlus by firatagem,
vii. 202.

Paleftine^ a chafafier of, i. 35.

Palfeuiiiim oi Rome, defcribcd, v. 85. wtf.

Pal/sdius, the notary, fent by Valentinian
to Africa to inquire into the govern-
ment of count Romanus, connivet
with him ift opprelKng the province,
IV. 27a.

Paimyra^ defcriptlofi of and Its deflru«-
tion by the emperor Aureltan^il. 31.

Panotitis was the ftrft teacher of the Stoic
philofophy at Rome, viii. 25. note,

ParMBs of Juftinian, how formed, Viii.

34. '
Panbyferfehaftcu import of that title in

the Greek empire, x. (05.
Panmnia defcribed, I. 32.
.Pavtbeon at Rome, by whom ercfled, 1.

63. note. Is converted into a Chriftian

church, V. 98, ^

Pantemimes^ Roman, defcribed, v. 261.'
Paper, where and when the mtnufa^ure

of, was fird found out, ix. 327.
Vot. XII.

Paf'migrtf the celebrated lawyer, created
praetorian prxfeA, by the eifiperot Se-
verut,'i. 178. His death, 192-.
'Tap'iritttf Cain, reafont for conctudiits
that he could not be the author of the
yvs Papirianum, viil. ^ j note.
Papiftst pTOportion their number bore to
that of the Protectants in England, at
the beginnrng of the lad century, iii,
245. note,

Furay king of Armenia, his hiftoiy, iv.
'284. Is treaohefoufly Killed by tTie
Romans, 286.

ParakJani of Alexandria, account of,
viii. 252.

Paradife, Mahomet*t^ defcribed, ix. 242.

Parii, defcription of that city, under the
government of Julian, iii. 2»7< Situ-
ation of his palace, iv. 94

'Partbia, fubdded by Artaxenes king of
Perfia, i. 294. its conftitution of %o^

' Tefnment fimilar td the feudal fyAem
of Europe, ibid.' R«eapitiilMioii- of

• the war W^th Rome; ^95.

Pafcbal II. pope; hie n-oubtefomo poatifi-

~ cate, xii. 137/ • •

Pajhrml manners^ much better adapted to

' the fierceiiefs of vi^ar, tlian to peaceful
innocence^ iv. 307.

Paternal authority} extent of, by tlie Ro*

' man laws', vul. 46: SucoefflveMmiu-
tiont of, 48.

patras, extraordinary deliverance of,
from the Sclavoniant and Saracenti x.
92.

Patriciam,' tht brdef ofi under the Ro-
man republic, and under the enlpe-
rors, ccmparfed^ iii/ 38* Under the
Greek empire^ their rank explained,
ix. 133.

Patrick, the totelar faint of Ireland, de.
rivation of hit name, vi. 204^ Mte,

Paxna, maflacre of the friends of Stilltho
there, by theifiAn^atioot of Olympiult,
V. 2214 It taKen by Alboin king of
the Lombards, who fixet his rcfidence
there, vtii. ^i0. *

PaUlot Samc^fsrta/ bHtiop of Antioch/ his
charaAerahd hiftory, 11. 373.

Paui, archbifhop of Conftanttnople, hit
fatal contefl with his competitor Ma«
cedoniusy iii. 3^1.

Paula, a Roman widow, her IlluftriOtts
defcent, v. 257. Wat owner of. the
city of NicopoliSf 242. Her mon^lUc
zeal, vi. 222.

Pealicians, origin and chara^er cf^ x.
147. Are perfecuted by the Greek
emperors, 153. They revolt, 155.
They are reduced, and cranTplanted to

1 9 Tbrace»

GEN£ftAL INDEX.

Thrace, 15S. Tlwir prcfent ftitc,

f6i.
^aulmui, inader of. the oIKces to The*.

doOut the Younger, his criine and

execution, v. 396.
-PoMfhrns^ bifhop ot Nol;i, his bifkorjr, v.

joo,
Pa^'tnut^ patrij^rch of A qui lei a, 6ies from

ttie Lombards with His treafnre, into
. . . tbe ifland of Grj^e, viii. 1 1 5.
^P^afun$t the party oG ^ong Che Ro*

man civiliatis, explained, yiii, 29.
iRriifv, the city of« taken by Zingis tbe

Mogul emperor, xi^ 372.
Pt^agmn controvcr(y agiu^cd hy the La-
tin ««er(^, V. aol. Wlad. in Brium^

543-. , , . ''

PeiU^ the churcv of tite|Nflmrenet fettled
then: en the ^tAruaiop ^f Jerufolen^

Ptkf^n$fith ^Me #f, oh^ the Greek
empife, X. 9.V Mlanafa£lurei|94.

Ptnal laws of Roiyte^ (he aboiitisn and

. rciyWalof, lWr.]^^^t^,

PtnJrtgoti, hit. office and powpr in Bri'*
tain, V.I4V . : . .

'jrt90K9fMt of the Circek and Latin
churches, frirtbry^of, xi* 14.

Pt^h^ king of France^ alTidi the pope «f

. ; flettie againft. thf Lombards, tx^ 129.
Receives the tide of king by papal
, fan^iony 1 3A. Cnmta the exarchate

:: toth«p9pe#.ia^.. /.

Pepm^ John, count of Minorbino, re-
^iteta the tiihonf Rienzi, and r«.
ftores ariftocracy a^d church govern*
:nMOt at Rome^ xii . 9 1 ^.

iPiy^, its high ^m^tion and price at
Rome, V, 271, notr.

Pirikmu mimlWr of the cniperor Coin-
mod qs, his great eauiicaciMi and down-
Wali l.ia^.

P^fth&ff % city ci Affyria^ reduced and
htirned by the Kmp^^r Juhan, iv.

If*-

Piroxit^ king of Perfi% ^is fiital expedi-
t^dn Again ft the Ncp^t^UeSj, vii. in.

PerfrmtHHh, ten, of tira primitive Chi it
titths, a review of, i. 365.

Pmfenif amount . of the treafures taken
irom that prince, i 2x7.

Pkrfle^ the monj^rcby of renqre^ by At*
raxerxos, i. iS; The relij^ion of the
0M(ri letormed, 284. Abiidgment of
the Perfian theology, 2S6^ Simplicity
oT thdr worfl)tp0 »SS. teremoniei

•- atid osioral precepts,, aS^^ Every other
mode of worlky> proJu'bited but that
o£Z^daiter,.2f3. Kx'reot and popula-
ttoo of the country, 295. Its tnitltavy
power, 304. Account,of the audience

given hy the emperor Cani^ to tbe am-
foafiadors of varanes, ii, yS. The
throne of, difputed hy the brothers
liarfes and Hormou z, i j 8 . G aicrius

, defeased by the I'erfianfi, IJ9. Narfei
onrertbjQDwn in his turn by Galerius,
122. Articles of peaoe agreed on be-
tween the P^rfians and the Romans,

. 126,

vi— -^ War between Sapor king o^ and

., t^e emperor Conf^antiiis, iii. 135.
Battle of Singara, 1 36. Sapor invades
Mefopotamia, 197. The Perfian ter-
ritories invaded by the emperor Julian,
iv. 143, PalTage of the Tigris, 171.
Julian harafTed in his retreat, 172.
Treaty of peace between $apor and
the emperor Jovian, 188. Rbdu^bon
of Arrotaia, and death of ^por,
iSo, 283.

^— ^, ''rhi filk trade, how carried on
from China through Perfit, for tbe (up-
ply ot the Roman . empire, vli. 88.
Death of Peroxesi in an expedition
agaiail the white Huns 129- Review
6f the reigns of Cabadcs, and his fon
Chofroes, 283. Anarchy of, alter tbe
death of Chbfroes Tl. viii. 2^0. ^-

. clefiai^ical biftory of, 306.

^.r/S«, invasion of, hy the caSph Abu'he-
ker, ix. 314. flatt)e of Cadcfia, 315.
Sack O/Ct^fiphon, 31I3. Conquejl of,
by rhe Saracens, 321. The magian re-
ligion fupplsnt^d by Mahometirm, 424 .
Tne power of the Arahs crushed by the
dynally of the Bowides, x. 7^. Pcrfia
fbhdued by the TurW, 289.

— , ConqueA of, by the Moguls^ ».
371. B, tSimerlane, xii. 7.

J*irtinax^ hts charaf^d*, and exaltation to
the Impetial throne, i. 138k HU fu-

^ ' nerai and apothccfi^, 1 6 5,

Ptjcennius Niger, governor of Syria, af-
fuir.ei the Imperial dignity on the

, death of Pertinax* i- 155*

P</4Vfar#, charader of his Dtgmsta Thtv-

Peter, brother of tbe EaAem emperor
Mauricfe^ his injurious treatment of the
ciiixeos of Aziknuntium, and flight
from tbence, viii. i8a.

Pettr I. czar of Ruflia, bis condud to-
wards his Ton, dontr^iftrd with that
of Conftantihe theCrear, iil. 109.

Piter of Arragon, aflfumes the klngdoe;)
of Sicily, XI. 313.

A/ar, Bartholemy, his miraculbus difvo-
very of the Holy Lance, xi, 67. "His
ftraixge death. 69, 70.

Peter Ot Court^nay, emperor of Conftan*
tinopitf, xi. 143.

GENEHAI^ INOi;Xt

Ptur the ft^oilt, his ^araf^cr and

fchcme to recover the Holy Land from

the infidels, xi. t. Lead« the firil

ciufadcrs, 22. FaHurs of hit zeal, 66.
Fettay the city of, t«tkeii by the Pcrfiaqj,

▼il. 314. Ts befie^d by the Ron^ans,

315. Is demolUbed, ^ 17.
Petrsrcby bis ftudjes and literary ebaftic

ter, xii. loS. And hiftory, i8S. Hia

account of the ruin of the ^ocie^t

buildings of Rome. 372.
Pfifftl, character of his hiftory of Ctf^

many, ix. 1S4, mrr.
PbfiUnx, Grecian^ Compared with t^

Roman legion, i. 19.
Pbdrdmondy the a^ipns, and fonndatiQi^

of the French monarchy by him, oif

doubtful authority, V. 334.
Pharat con^mands the Henili, In the

African war^ under Belifarius, vK. 156.

Parfue$ Gelimer, 1 80. flis letter to

Celimer, i8j. *
Pbarifees, account of that Mt among

the Jews, ii. 247,
Pbafis^ river, its courfe defcrlbed, yti.

304. '

Pbeafant, derivation of the name of that
bird, vii. 305,

PhiUlpbus^ Francisj his charaAer of the
Greek language of Conilantinople,
xii. 103.

PblRp I. of France, his limited dignity
and power, xi, 7.

Philip Augisl^us of France engages in the
third crufadc, xi. 131.

Philip i praetorian prwfcA under the third
Gordian, raifed to the empire on his
death, i. 274. - Was a favourer of tl^c
Chriftians, ii. 371.

Pbil:p, prxtoiian praefeA of ConAanti-
nople, conveys tbe bi(hop Paul lnj;p
bani/hment dandeflinely, ii)« 38*.

Pbi/ippicus, emperor of ConAantinop)^,
ix. ao.

Phi/ippcpciis taken and facked ' by thp
Goths, i. 354.

Pbi/o, a charad^er of bis works, lii. 306.

Phihfopkyt Grecian, review of the vari-
ous I'e^s of, i. 42.

Phinetis, the fituation of his palace, ii. 5.

PUcifa is fettled by Genotfe, who trade
in allum, xii. 46.

Poocat, a centurion, is chofen emperor
by the dif^ffeded troops of the Eaflern
empire, viii. 186. Murders the empe-
ror Maurice, and his children, j%^»
His charad^er, 19X. His fall, and
(Jeath, 195.

Phtenicia defcribcd, i. 35.

Pbotius, the fon of Anionina, diftln-
guiihes himfelf at tbefiegeof Naples,

vii. 249* Is exiled, 2 J I. Be^r^ys his

mother*s vices t« Belifariosy 252.

Turns moifk, 254.
pipttMi the patriciao^ kills himfelf (o
' efcape the periecution of JufUnian,

viii. 290, .
/!&0riiri, patriarch of Cpni^antinople, cha.

r96ler of his iibr^tyf x« 1 38. His qua^.

rel with the ppp^ of Rome, xi 158.
Phranzaf Gnrgi, the Greek hi dorian,

fome account of„ xii* 78. nctr. His

emballies, 157^ His fate on the taking

of pooftantmcple by the Turlcs, 209.
Picardjft depyation of the name of (h^c

province, xi. i. nttt,
P'flptet pontiusy his tedimony ha favour

of Jefus Chrid, much improved by the

priofitive f'atbersy ii. 365
P^y» fables^ hiAory and charaj^o; of,

%ii. 291.
f^'HM marinSi a kind of filk nnanufac- .

tured from the threads fpun by ihfs

AHi, by the Romans, vii. 87.
Pipaf a priDcefs pf the Mafcomanni,

efpoiiiipd by j)if emperor Gallicnos, i.

37*-
Pijo, Calphyrnius. one of the compjeti-

tors again ft Gftllienos, his illuftnoi^s

family and chara^er, i. 394.
Piryus the city of deftfoyed by the Gclhs,

Jf 375.

Plad4ia, daughter of Theodorius the
Great, her hiftpry, and marriage with
Adolphus kifi^of the Goih^/v ^o^.
Is injurjpu^y tVcatcil by tbe ofuroer
3ingeric^ after the death of .her ^uf.
band, 329. per marriage with ^on-
Itanflu8| and ret^B^at to Confiantiropi^,
vi^ 2. Heradipinlftratlon jo the Wert,
as guardian of her fon the emperor
Valentinian III, 7. Hlftory of "her
, daughter Hcyioria, 5 ;, Hpr death and
burial, 122, note.

pia^ue, origin and fla'turc of this difcafr,
vii. 399. Great exrent, and lon^ du-
ration of that in thtf reign pf Ju(linian,
401. ,. \" / ,/

p/atoj his theologic|d fyOem, iii. 304.
Is received by the Alexandrian Jews,
306. And expounded by St John
th^ Evangclift, 301 . ' The ihfologicai
fyftem of the emperor Julian, iv. 60.

PJatwic phijofophy introduced into Italy,
xii. 118.

PUtonftSf new, an account of^ Ii. i^j.
Unite with the heathen prieds to op-
pofe the Chrif^ians/ 380.

Piautianust prxtorian pra:icQ under t!ia
emperor Severus, his hirtory, i. 177.,

Plebtians of Rome, Ilate and charadlcr o^,

P/in-

GENERAL INDEX.

PSf^ the Yonnier, examination of his
conduct towards the Cbriilians, ii.

F«tf laureaty a ridiculoiis appointment,

zll. 390. meu.
Ftggua, hii refledions on the ruin of an-

cient RomeyXii. 352.
Peitien, battje of, between CJovis Jcing

of the Franks, and AUric king of the

GothS| vi. %g^
PoiUmtla, battle of, between Siilicho the

Roman general, and AUric the Qoth,

V. 182.
Pefytbeifm of the Romans, its origin, and

eifoftSy i. 45 How 'accounted for bjr

the primitive ChriAians, ' ii. 237'.

Scepticifm ot the people at the time of

the publication pf Chriftianity, 293.

The Chriilians, why more odious to

the Pagans than the Jews, 319.
— , The Ruin of, fufpended by the

divifions among the Chriftians,iii. 397.

Theological f>flem of the emperor Ju-

Han, iv. ^. ' *
— , Review of the Pagan ecctefiaftical

cftablifhment, ▼. 84. Revival of, bf

the ChriAian monks, 119.
Pom^mtt^ prcfea of Rome, propofcs to

drhre Alaric from the walls by fpcUs,

▼.169. _' '
Pompemmui^ RMricius, general under Max-

entius, defeated and killed by Conft«n«

tine the Great, ii. 188.
P^Hf^t his difcretional exercifeof power

during his command in the Eaft, i.

89. Increafe of the tributes of Afia

by his conquefts, 228.
Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurifdiQton, v. 84.
'Pnt^jftx Htximms, in Pagan Rome, by

whom that office was exercifed, iii.

17a.

Ptfes of Rome, the growth of their pow-

-,^ er, ix. 114. Revolt, from the Greek

^^ emperors, 119. . Origin of thwrtem-

'^■' ^ poral dominion, 136. Publication of

r the Decretals, and of the hfiittous do-

^;;^-_^aiion of Ccnftantine Che Great, 138,

cf Authority of the Geripan emperors In

p, their eleaion^ z68. Violent diftrac-

tions in tlidr ele^ion, 170.
^ — , Foundation ot their authority at
,m^ Rorne^ xii. 231, Their modcof elec-
v^,,' tJon icttled, 266. Scbifm in the papa-
— «y» 3*8. They acquire the abfolute

dominton of Rome, 345. The ecdcfi-

aftical goverment, 346.
Pt^Uiwt of Romej a computation o^

▼. 263.
PorcoTB^ Sftphtn^ his conrplracy at Rome,

xii. 34 T.
P*/Hmmiu, the Roman genf;-al under the

emperor GaUienas, defends Oaul a-
gainil the incuriions of the Franlcs, i.
367. Is killed by his mutinous troops,
ii. 24.

'PtmoiTf abfolute, the cxerciie o( how
checked, x. 118.

Prfifta of tlie Cicred bed-chamber, un-
der Conftantine the Great, his office,
iii. 68.

PrdtJtSi of Rome and Conftantinople,
nnder the emperore. the nature of their
offices, iii. 45. TTie office revived at
, Rome, xii. 251.

Prattxtatut^ prxfc^ of Rome under Va-
lentinian, his chara£ler, iv. 247.

Prittnian bands, in the Roman army,
an account of, i. 149. They fell the
empire of Ronr;e by puolic auflion,
151, Arc difgiaced by the emperor
Scverus, 164. A new eAabliffiment
of them, 176. Authority of the pr:e-
torian przfeA, 177. Arc reduced,
their privileges abolished, and their

flace fupplied, by the Jovians and
ferculeans, ii. 133. Their defperate

coprage under Maxentius, 191. Are

totally fupprefled by ConftanUne the

Great, 194.
Pr^eridn praefedl, revolutions of this

office under the emperors, iii. 41.

Their functions when it became a ci-
vil office, 43.
p. tttmri of Rome, the nature and tenden*

cy of their edids explained, viii. 12.
PrMebingt a form of devotion -unknown

in the temples of Paganifm, iii, 290.

Ufe, and abufe of, 291.
PredtJt'mMtivn^ influence of the decline

of, on the Saracens and Turks, ix.

Prefijttn^ among the primitive Chn Al-
ans, the office explained, ii. 276.

Prtfter, J«*»f origin of the romantic (lo-
ries concerning, viii. 311.

Prkjit, no diAind order of men among
the ancient Pagans, ii. 291. i:i. 271.

Priejthf^ Dr. the ultimate ttndency of his
opinions, pointed out, x. 169. ec/c.

Primtgtmture, the prerogative of, un-
known to the Roman law, viii. 67.

Prmre of the waters, in Perfta, his office,
yii. 288. nott.

Prijcuiian^ biAK>p of Avila in Spain, Is,
with his follower.', put to death for
herefy, v. 30,

Prifcus the hiAorian, his ccnverfation
with a captive Greek, in the camp of
A:tila, vi, 53. His character, 60.
mti.

P^rifcKt^ the Greek general, his fuccelTcs

' again A the Avars, viii. 183.

FicU

GENERAL INDEX:

Probaf Widow of tbe prsfeft Petronius,
her flight from the fack of Rome by
AUric, V. 196.

Probut aiTumes the Imperial dignity In
oppofttion to Florianus, ii. 5S. His
charadter and hiftory, 59.

Pr^usy pr^torian pracfcft of lUyrtcum,
preferves SIrmiuni from the Quadi,
iv. a96.

Probui Sicorius, hi« embafly from the em-
peror Diocletian to Narfes king of
Perfia, Ji. I25.

Procida John of, inftigates the re\'olt of
Sicily from John of Anjou, xi. 313.

Pro</us, ftory of his extraordinary bra-
zen mirror^ vili. 107.

Proc/us, the platonic philofopher of
Athens^ his fuperAitiony vii. 141.

Proccnjuli of Afia, Achaia, and Africa,
their office, iii. 4S.

^rwcfidy wife of the Greek emperor
Michael 1. her martial inclinations, ix.

froccplusy his hiftory and reyelt againft
Valens, emperor of the £a ft, i v. 217.
Is reduced, and pot to death^ 224.
His account of tlie te{)ament of the
emperor Arcadio*, v. 385. His ac-
count of Britain, vi; 357, Charafier
of his hiftorfes, vii. 58. Accepts the
office of frcretary wrder Belifarius,
153. His defence of the Roman ar-
chers, 157. His account of the de-
folation of the African province by
war, 336.

Precul'.ant, origin of the feft of, in the
Roman civil law, vlii. 19.

Proculusj his extraordinary chara£>er«
and his. rebellion againft Probut in
Gaul.' ii. 71.

Prodigici in ancier't hiftcry, a philofcphi-
cal refolution of, iii. 254.

Prov'ijes, Under what circumftanc'es the
p[onian taw enforced the fulfilment of;
viii. 74.

Prmotu!, f^ after- general of the infantry
under Theodofius, is ruined by the en-
mity of Rufinos, V. 12S.

Pr^ettyj perfonal, the origin of, viii. 63-
Hqw afcertained by the Roman laWs,
65. Tcftameniary difpofitions of,
how introduced, 7 1 .

P,cphct:, their office among the primitive
ChriOians, ii. 172!

/''O^flw'ii dcfcribed, iii. ^.

pro'ehus, ptitriarch of Alexandria, hif
martial epifcopacy, and violent death,
viii. aSc.

P,9tejtar.ts their refinance to opprefTion,
not confifteflt with the praftice of the
primitive Chriftians, iii. 241. Pro-

• portion of their number, to that of ftie
Calholics, in France, at the be^^inning
of the laft century, 245. note. Eftimate
of their reformation ot Popery, x. i66.

Protefebaftos, import of that title In.'the
Greek empire, x. 105.

Proverbs, the book of, why not likely to
be the production of king Solomon,'
vii. 1S4. note.

Provinces of the Roman empire defcribed,
i, 27. Diftin6lion between Latin and
Greek provinces, 51. Account of the
tributes received from, 227, Their
number and government after the feat
of empire was removed to Con^arti*
noplc, Hi, 50.

Prufa, conqueft of» by the Otiom::nsj

3^'- 395-
Pruj^a, emigration of the Goths to, i,

349-

PuUberiay fifter of the emperor Thcodo-
iius the Younger^ her charafier and
adminiftration, v. 388. Her leffons
to her brother, 391. Her concefts with
the emprefs Eudocia, 396. Is pro-
claimed emprefs of the Eaft, on the
death of Theodofius, vi. 75. iier
death and canonization, 170.

PurfUy the royal colour of, among the
ancients, far furpalTed by the modera
difcovery of cochineal, vii. 85. noie, '

PypKies of Africa, ancient fabulous ac-
count of, iv. 278.

S^uadi, the inroads of, puntflied by the
emperor Conftantius, iii. 187. Re-
venge the treacherous murder of their
king Gabinius, iv. 295.

Sluaftor, hiftorical rtview of this office,
iii. . 71.

SiueJIhn, criminal, how cxercifed under
the Roman emperors, iii. 78.

^ulntUtan brothers, Maximus and Con-
dianus, their hiftory, i. 125.

SlulnttUus, brother of the emperor CI au-
dius, his ineffirAual efToit to fuccted
him, ii. 12.

Slulntus Curt'ms, an attempt to decide the
age in which he wrote, i. 272. note.

Sluirita, the effcft cf .that word when'
opftoitd to foIdurSf i. 223. note, -

RfidagaifuSf king of the Goths, his formi-
dable invafion of Italy, v. 197. His
favage charaflef, 199. Is reduced by
Stillichoy and put to death, 202.

Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled

t«

G£N£RAI< INDEX,

to fulfil bis iDttriiponial obUfatiops,
by a Britifb heroine^ vi. 358.

ftamsd^u^ the month of, how obfenred
by the Turks, ix. %i%.

Randv^ a cbiefcain of tlie Al^m^oni hit
unprovoked attack of Mogiintiacam,
iv. as 3.

Ravenna th% ancient city of, defcril>edy
V. 191. The emperor Honoriiis fixes
his reftdence there, 193. Invafiort 0/,
by a Greek fleets iz. ix%. Is taken by
the Lomabrds, and recovered by the
Venetians, 127. Final conqucft pf,
by the Lombards, Wid, The exarchate
of, beftowed by Pepin on the pope,
136.

KaymoHd of Thoulooft, the cru fader, hia
charaAer, xi. 31. His route to Con*
ftaptinople, ^8. His bold behaviour
there, 46.

RsymoBdf count of Tripoli, betrays Jeru..
falem into the hands of Saladin, xi,

RayngI, Abb^, rolftaken in aflerting that
Confhimine the Great fuppreflid Pa-
gan worfliip, iii. 391.

R^/s, who the mod inveterate of, z.

"55-

Jtefored, the firft Catholic king of Spain,
converts his Gothic fubjeds.vi. z66.

Reformatiw frpm popery, the amount of,
eflimated, x. 166. A fecrct reforma-
tion flill working in the reformed
churches, t68.

Rem- deer ^ this animal driven northward
by the Improvement of dimate from
cultivation, 1. 310.

Relies f the worftilp of, introduced by the
monks, ▼•115* A valuable cargo of,
imported from Conftantineple by
Louis IX. of France, xi. A55.

Remigius, bifliop of Abeims, convert!
Clovis king of the Franks, vi. 184.

Repcntdncgy Its high eAeem, and exteniive
operation, among the primitive Chri(V
tians, ii. si6o.

Rifvrre^hv, general, the Mahometaq
do^rine of, ix. 939.

Retiarhs, the mode of his combat with
the recutor> in the Roman amphi(hea«
tre, i. 135.

^(vetmei of the primitive church, how
diftributed, ii. ^85. iii, a3o. Of the
Roman empire, when- removed to
Conftantlnople, a review of, iii. i8.

Ridtteum^ city of, Ita fituation, iii. s i,

Rh^ti^ defcribed, i. |i,

Rbaxatesj the Perfian general, defeated
and killed by the emperor HeracJiv>,
viii, 215.

Rbtt9n£^ the dvdy «f, congenial to a
popular date, yiL X36.

Rhine, the banks of, fortified by the em-
peror Valcntlnliiv, iv« as4«

Rhdes, account of the ooloOus of, ix. 367.
Knights of, xi. 398.

J^icbcrd 1. of England* engages in the
third oruCide, xi, 131. Bcftows the
iiland of Cyprus on the houfe of Lu-
fignan, 1^7. His reply to the cxhor-
t^tions of Fulk of Neuiliy* 17^

Richard^ monk of CirengeAer, his litera^
ry cbarafler, v. 339. not/,

fiicimer, coqnt, his M^ory, vi. 147.
Permits Majorian to affome the Im-
perial dignity in the Weftem empire,
15c. Enjoys fupreme power under
cover of the name of the emperor
Libius Sevcrus, 164. Marries the
daughter of the emperor Antbemius,
174. Sacks Rome, and kills Anthe-
mius, X93. His death, 194.

Riend, Nicholas di, his binhf charafier
and hiftory, xit. 294.

Hoads^ Roman, the conAruaion and
great extent of, i. 71.

R^^ of Courtfrnay^ emperpr of Qonftan*
ftantinople, xi. 246.

Rfiert, count of FbnderSg His cbara^er
and engagemcpt in the fird cmfade,
xi. 30.

Rohrt, dukfB of Kprmandy, his charac-
ter and engagement in the firft crvfade,
xi. 30. Recalled by the c^fures of
the church, 65.

R/fderift the Gothic king of Spain, his
defeat by Tarik the Arab, and his
death, ix. 409*

RfidufUM probable oricto of her charac-
tcr, in Rowe*s Royal Convert, vi. 359.

Rpgeri count of Sieily, his exploits, and

.. conqugA of that iiland, x. 346.

R/^^ fon of the foimer^ the firft king

of Sicily, X. 173. His military at-

chicvementi in Africa and Greece,

*7S- »77. .,. ' .

Roger de Flor, engages as an auxiliary in

tho Service of the Greek enriperor Aa-

dronicus, xj. 316. HisafTaflinaiion,

318.
Rmstntt I. Lecapenus, emperor of Con.

Oantinoplr, IX, 51.
Rommmis II. emperor of Conftantinopl^

ix. 54.
nm*nif4 JIL Argyrus, empctor of Con-

/lantinople. ix. 61.
Romanui H . Diogenes emperor of Con-

ftaptinoplcu. t%. 68, Is defeated and

taken piifoner by the Turkifh fulftan

Alp

GENEilAL INDEX.

Alp Arflim^ z. 300. Hit treatment,
delivtnBce, and death, 303.

MbmamiM, count, govemof of AfHca, his
torrvfX adrtilnlftratlon, W. 270.

KmamUf governor of Bofra, betrays it to
the Sai^icenty ix. 332.

Mmke, the three periodi of its decFine
poifited out, i. Frtftee, Its brofperous
circumftances In the fec6nd centory,
jr. The principal oonqnefts of, at-
chieyed under the repoblic, a. Con-
queftt under the emperors, 4. l^ili-
tary eflablilhment of the emperors, 7 3 .
Naval force of the emph'e, 15. View
of the provinces of the empire, 27.
Its ^neral extent, 3S. The uAioQ and
internal proHperlty of the empire, in
the age of the Antonines, accounted
for, 40. Treatment of the provinces,
3:0. Benefits ineladed in the freedom
of the city, 5?. DIftinAion between
the Lat^n and provinces, 53. Previ-
lence of the Creek, as a fclentific Ian.

S'>S^» 54* Nambers and conditfon of
e Roman Haves, 56. PSpiiloufhefs
bt the empire, iiU: Unity and poWer
t)f the government, 6t. Monuments
of Roman archite^urr, 61. The Ro*
Man magniftcence chfefly difpiayed in
public buildings, 76. Principal cities
I h the empire ig« Public roads, 71.
^reat improvement of agriculture in
the weftern countries of the empire,
74« Ans of luxury, 76.' Commerce
tirith the EsU, 78. Contemporary re-
prefentatfon of the profjperiry of the
lemplre^ 7^. Decline of courage lind
genius, 80. A review of public af-
fairs after the battle of A^ium, ^4;
The Imperial power and dignity con-
firmed to AuguAus by the fenate, 86.
The various charaClers and powers
vefled in the emperor, 93. General
Idea of the Imperial fyftem, 97. Abor-
tive attempt of the fenate to refume
itt rights after the murder of Caligola,
loa. The emperors aflbciate their in-
tended fuceeflbrs to power, 104. The
moft happy period in the Roman hif-
tory pointed out, 111. Their peculiar
mifery under their tyrants, is 3. The
empire publicly fold by auction by
the prctorian guards, 151. Civil Wars
of the Romans, how generally decided,
167. When the army firft received re-
gular pay, ftz6. How the citizens
yttre relieved from taxation, S27.
General eflimate of the Romen reve-
nue from the provinces, zs8. Mifo-
ries flowing from the fucceflion le the

empire being eledive, 947. A fum-
mary review of the Roman hiftory,
S78« Recapitulation of the war with
Partbia, 105. Invafion of the pro-
vinces by the Goths, 353. The office
of cenfor revived by the tmperor De-
^^"*» 355' ^c^ct purchafed of the
Goths, 361. The emperor Valerian
taken piifoner by "Sapor King of Pcrfis,
386. The popular conceit of the
thirty tyrants of RT>me inveftigatcd,
392. Famine and peAilence through,
out the empire, 402, The city forti-
fied againd the inroads of the Alemkn-
ni, ii. 23. Remarks on the alledged
fedition of the oIRcets of tlie mint un*
dcr Aurelian, 42. Gbfervaiions on
the peaceful Intei-regnupi after the
death of Aurelian, 48. * Colonies of
barbarians introduced into the provin-
ces by Probus, 68. Exhibition of the
ptiblic games by Carinus, 83. Trea-
ty of peace between the Perflans And
the Romans, 126. The laft triumph
celebrated at Rome; 120. Mow the

' Imperial couns came to be transferred
to Milan and Nicomedla, 131. The
prjetorian bands fupcrArdedby the to*
vian and Herculean guards, T33. The
poorer of the fctiate annihilated, 134.
Four divlAons of the empire under
four conjunft princes, rjS. Their ex-
pensive eftablilhrnents call for more
burdenfome taxes, 140. Diocletian
and Maximidn abdicate the empire,
141. Six emperors exiting at one
time, 172. The fenate and people ap.
ply to Conftantine to deliver them from
the tyranny of Maxemitts; r82. Con-
ftantine enters the city vi^orious, 193.
Lavs of ConftaYitine, *o6, Conftan-
tine remilns fole emperor, 218. Hif-
tory of the progrbft ahd eAablifhment
ofChrit^ianity, 219. Pretenfions of the
b:(hop of Rftmc, whence deduced, 279.
State Of the churcK at Rome at the
time of the perfecution by Nero, 300.
Narrative of the fire Of Rome, in the
icign of Nero, 332. The Chrifllans
persecuted as the incendiaries, 333.
The memorable cdidts of Diocletian
and his afTociates againft the ChriAi-
«ns, 384.

— — , Account of the building and efla-
blifliment <tf the rival city of Con (tan-
tinople. 111. 4. New forms of admi<
niftration eilabliAied there, 30. Divi.
fion of the empire among the fons of
ConOaniine, 130. EAablitfhment of
Chriftianky as the national religion,

2-C.

GENERAL INDEX.

%'jOt. Tumults tjccited hy the ri,val
biihopS) Libcriu&ind Fflix, 37^. Pa-
ganifm rc(!o.red by Julian, iv. 74. And
Chnilianicy by Jovian, 205. The «m»
pire divided into the Bajl and Jf^f by
tfV^mp«ror Vakiujoiao,- ai $. ■' C>vfl
inftitutions of Valentin'un, 23a. Tiie
crafty avarice of ihcclerjy rtArafred
by^Val«ndlltan9 142. Rloody con^eft of -
Damafiini and Urlinov for ilie biOiop^
ric of Konic, »45. Orcat eirthquaKe,
304* • ■
— — , The emperor Thcodofias vifits tl»
city, V. 58. Inquiry Into the caufc of
the corruption of morals in his reign,
80. Review of the Pagan eilablilh.
inent, 84. The Pagan religion re.
nounced. by the fenate, e i . $acri fices
prohibited, 94, The Pagin religion
prohibited, jo^'. Triumph of Honorius
and Stiiicho,over Alaric the Coih^ 187,
Alaric encamps under the waJU of the
city, 235« Rctrofpe^of the £bite of
the city Y^hei^ beQeged by Hannibal,
Ibid, Wealth of the nobles, and mag-
niftocncp.of the city,. 241. CharaAer
of the nobles of^ by Ammianus ilfar-
cellinuB, 245. .SDieand charaderof
the common people, 25!^. Public dif-
tributioDs of bread, &c. 258* Public
battis, 269. .Games and fpe^acJes,
261. Attempts to afcertain tlie popu-
latfon of tlie city, 263. The citizens
fuffcr by famine, 267. Plague, 268. '
The retreat of Alaric purchafed by a
ranfom, 170 Is again befieged by Ala*
ric, 279, The fenate unites with km
in eiedllng Atraius emperor, '281.
The cit^ feizeu by Alaric, and plunder-
ed,^ z8$«^Comparifon between this e.
vei)t,and the fack ofRome by the empe-
ror .Cnafle's V. ^9 7, Alaric quits Rom^, .
andtjavales Italy, 299. Laws patfed.
for^he reljcf pf Rome, and Italy, 3 1 r.
Trlu;Tiph of Hdnorjus for xhe xedu^i*
on of Spain by Wallia, 332. I* pre-
ferved from .ths hands of AttUa by a
ranfom, vi. 1x5 Indications of the
ruia -of tJic empire, at the death of
Valentinian III. 126. Sack of the city
by Genfcric king of the Vandals, 134.
Thb public buildings of, protected
fiofti depredation by the laws of Ma.
jortim, 1 5^ Is facked again by the
patiicianRicimer, 193* AuguOulus,
the fai^ emperor of the Weft, 198. The
decay of tlte Roman fpirit remarked,
ao6. Hlllory of mon;)ftic jaiirtutlona
in, 217. General obferv^tions on_tbe
billory of the Roman empire, 361.'

Rome-^ltatiy conquered by Tkeodoric the
' Oftrogoth, vii. 10; Profperity of .the
city under has government, 27. Ac-
count of the four factions ia ti^ cir-

. 6US, 71* Firft introduction of fiHc
among the Romans, 36. T^ office of
conAil fiipprefled by Juftttnan. 143^
The chy receives Belifarius^ '213.
Siege of, by the Goths, i^i//. Diftrefs-
ful fiege of, 6y Totila the Gotli, 345.
Is taken, 349^ Is recovered by Belifar
rius, 352. Is again taken by Totila,
3S8, Is taken by the eunuch I^^rfes.
369. Extinction of the fenate, 371.
Tlie city degraded to the fecond rank
under ti)^ exarchs of Ravenna, 380.
A ^iew o^ t^e Roman laws, viti. i.
£xteht of the dutchy of, under the
exarchs of Kavenni^, 131. Mifcrable
ftate of the city, 143. Pontificate of
Gregory the Great, 149.

, The government of the city new

modtlled under the popes, after their
revolt from the Greek emperors, ir.
1 2 J, li attacked by the Lombirds,
126. And delivered by king Pepin,
128. The o^ce and rank of exarchs
and patricians explained, 1.33. Re-

" ccpiioo of Charlemagne by pope
Adrian L 135.. Origin of the tempo-
ral power of the popes, 136. Mode
of deCting a pope, 169. Is menaced
by the Saracens, x. 53, Profpcroos
pontificate of Leo IV, < 5. Is bcijeged
by the emperor Henry III. 265. Great
part of the city burnt by Robert Guif-
card, in the caufe of pope Gregory
VJJ. 267.

^.^~, the biftory of, refumed, after the
capiurc of Conftantinople by the
Turks, xii. 228. French and German
emperors of, 229. Authority of the
popes, 231* RettoratloD of the re*
publican form of government, 247.

. GfTKC of fenator, 253. Wars againft
the neighbourinj; cities, 263. Infti-
tuiion^f the Jubilee, 276. Revolu
tion inihe cii; , by the tribune RicDziy
294^ Calamities flowing from the
fchif«n of the papacy, 330. Statutes
and g'^vc;nmcnt of the city, 33S.
Porcaio'b confpiracy, 34'. The cc-
clcfiaOical government of, 34S. Re*
fitdliors of Pogjius on the ruin of
the city, 352^ Four principal caufes
ofiu roin^fpecified, 357. The Colt-
C:um of .Titus» 3J72. Melioration and
oiiuinenu of the city, 382.

GENERAL INDEX.

RtmUmy tb« befhiyerof Piioli to the
ATtrs, bcr cmel ueaunefit by them,

RtfamnJKma^titr of .Caoimond king
of the Uepidc, bcr marriMC wkb
Aiboin kiog of tbe Lombarai, viii.
107. Con^irci hit mttrder, 116.
Her 6itbt and death, 1 1 9.

i^^sai, the Seljakian kiogjiom of, form-
ed, X. 317.

Rmdb€€k<t OlaQf, fumnary abrtdgmeat
of tbf trgumeot io bis ^lUmttta^ L

Rmjkuty the conSdeotiat mintilcr of the
emperor Tbeodofiui ibe Great, ftimu*
letea bis croelijr againft Thefralootca,
V. tf I. His character and adminillrv
tiea, fi6. Hu death, 141*

RmgtUj tbe Hon. bisfcCtlrment hi Hov

g«ry, vi. 34.
- XjMiccharadcrt, the aotiqvity of, traced,

i. 3 1 4.^ ««/«.
'Rttfia^ origin of the monarchy o^ x. 191.
Geography and uade of, 19$. Naval
cz(!ediiion8 of the Roffiana- againll
Gonftantinople* 199. Reign of the
^ar Swatoflana, 204. The Rnfliana
converted to Chriftianity, «oS. Is
conquered by the Moguls, xl. 381.

Ritfaa^ a Periian nobleman, a faying of
his, ezpreiTive of tbe danger of living
vnner defpots, i. 114.

Jta/i^rax, his chara^er of the monks of
Caprariit v. \^\,

S

^thtllimt the berefiarch, his oprnioas tf*
terwfttd adopted by hrs amagootfts, iii.
316* His <lo6trioe of tbe Trmity,
jao. The Sabclitaon nnhe with the
T*ritheiftt at the cooncil of Nice to
overpower the Ariana, 313.

Sabiansj their allronomical myibology,
ix. ii§.

Sabiniau obtains the command of the
EafVern provinces from Cooftaotinai
iii. 104.

Smhimtmn^ general of the Eaff , is defeat-
ed by Tfaeodoric tbe Oftrogoth king
of ltaly> vii. 13.

Sakimiamt^ origin of the feA of, in the
Roman civil law, viii. 19.

S^ddMcees^ account of that fe^ among
the Jcwa, ii. 14^.

SaiadtM^ hia bh-th, promociott, i|id cha-
rider, xi 116. Compters the king*
dom of Jemfiilero, 114. Hislneffec*
teal fiege of Tyre, 117. Siege of
Acre, 1 19. Hia negociatioaa with

(cheel

VOL.XU.

Richard 1. of England, i)$. Hia
death, 137.

SaUriu^ acconnt of the medical
of, X 143.

S^lic laws, hiftorv of, vi. y>6.

Saih^fty the prciea, and friend of the
ctnpcror Julian, decUoes the offtf of
the diadem 00 hia death, iv. ite-
Declines it again, on the death of
Jovisoy iio. Is retained in his em-
ployment by the ecr.peror Valentiniany

SmUi^^ the hiftorian, by what fnndf be
raifed bis palace on the Qnirioal hill,
V, 193. »»/#. '

^«ff«, the retreat of the emperor Dio-
cletian, defcr:bed, ii. 146.

Sahian^ his account of the diArefa and
rebellion of the Bagaudx, vi. 117.
iitrr.

Smmaaidts^ the Saracen dynafty of, x. ^i.

Smmmrit^ms^ perfecution and, cxtinAioa
of,bv the emperor Juftinian, viii. a9i*

^aaiar/cbe p'ophct, bia alhes conveyed
to CoaCantinople, v. 1 14.

S«/«r, king of 'Petfin, pfocorea the af-
I'afinatioa of Cbofroes king of At*
menia^ and fetaea the countiy, i. }8$.
Dcfeets the emperor Valerian* ' and
takes him prifoner, 386. Seu «p
Cyriades as recccifor to'Vaieriap in
the Roman empire, 387. Qver-runa
$vria, Cilicla, »nd Ca^padocia, iM*
His death, ii. }4* ; , . >

&rO0r, the (on of Hormoiit, la crowned
King of Perfia before his birth, iii. 13 1 •
His character aad early hcroifoi, 1 3a.
HarafTes the eaOera provinces of the
Roman empire, 13$. Battle of 8ia«
gara, againft the emperor Conftaa-
titts, 136. His fon hnitaUy killed by
CoiUlaatina, 138. Hia fcveral at*
tempca oa NifiMS, ^d, Coeckidea*a
trace with Coadaatios, 141, Hia
haughty piopoGtieoa to Conftaattrtiy
194. lavadea Mel'opoiamiat 197-
Rcdvcea AmUa, act, Retaraaheniy
fto3. ' His peaceful overtnrea to the
emperor Julian, iv. 117. Hia coft»
fternatioo at the focceiiea of Jatta«»
166. Haraffes the retreat of the
Romans, 173. His ttfVf with the
emperor Jovian, 187. His reda^ioa
of Armenia, and death, ft8o, a.85*

Saracea^ various definitions of that §^
pellatioo, ix. aoi. ««/r.

Sgrarewtj fucceffiona of the caliphs of,
ix. ^8$. Their rapid conqBefts,3ia,
Cnaqaeft of Periia, 311. Siege of

Cf

Damafctts,

GENERAL INDEX.

Dinafcntt 333. 'Baule of Ycnmnk,
fljid.aNM|deft«r8yrim, 351. Of Egvpc,
3i5'7. liivafions of Africa, 387. Thcir
miiitanr charaderi i. i%€.

9arbmt^ the PeriUo Rcoeiiil, joins the
Avars in beficgiog OMftaminopIe, viii.
219.' fteroHt to the cim)C fo i Hera«
dnii* fti3.

Zm- di ui^ eafmlfion of the Vandalt from,
tr MarcellmDs, vl 1 79. ft ensur-
ed t>7 Z«ao, the brother of GeKmer
kifli^vf the Vtndalt^ vU. 17a. It fur-
rendercd to Beli£uiDt, j 76.

Zar^rnmimu^ mcmor t ble defeat of, by
ihe emperor Cami:, ii. 78. Their
maoacrt defcribed, iii. 116. Brief
hiftory of^ 1 1 9. They apply to Con-
ftantioe the Great for afliftaoce agaialt
riie Ootht, I to. Are expeUed their
co«atry by the Limifamet, 113. Are
reftored li^ Cooftaotjnti 190.

Affvtff # maiifle r t t a brief view o^ I. ^07.
Ate more mrifomi than ihofe of civi-

lifed oatioBt, nr. 307.
Sef*# die Oodi pluodci
StilkhOf «iid dnvet him ioto thehaodt

9mrmt die Oodi pluodcrt the camp of

of the cmfKror at Raveaoa, v. tti.
lofmltt Alaric, and occafiont the rack-
ing «f Rome, a^ $ . f s ki tied by Adol-
phtts king of the Vifigotha, 311.

9atmrmiMUif one of the competitora for
empire agaiod Catffenai, hit obferva^
tion on hit inTeftitorc, i. 396.

<< f nif e e», Kcmesant under the empe-
ror Prubot, in the Iil^> is di-iven lJ^o
rebdlionl>y hit troopa, li. 71.

i Sku nw i,- ihcietit, an accooot of, iv. $$7.
Their piiratical confederations, 158.
Their iflvafitaa of Cant checked by
^he'Rooiena, s4So. How converted to
ChrMlieiffcy, ▼?. «4t. Defeent of the
fasont on firitaiQ, 339. Their hm-
laldtToladon of the country, 3^0,

^r m4 n4 $ i y prince of Albania, his hif-
*coryi«iT. 149.

■^tmfMmm !aw cf the Romaftt, account
•f, -^^l. #0.

AMwra#, the patrician family of, how
♦ r i J ieod «Mlcr the eoiperon, iii. 39,
40. 4N/r,

.4rA/« in rdi|<Son, the origin of, traced,
li. a3j.

Mcimtt fcdndhle to fbvr ctafTes, x. 39.

9€U—9hmi^ their nttiooal charaQer, vii.
«#4. Their harbaroua Inroads 00 the
lUfterfl empire, atfy. Of Dalmaiia,
acoonntof, y. 173.

traf# and PiAa, the natloAa of, how dif-
tlngoifhcd» Iv. adi. lavalihaa of

Britain, by, gd$. •
Scjftbtant^ &is name vaenety applied to
mixed tribea of barbarUoa, i. 383.
Their paftoral manncrJip 21ft. E«.
tent and botndaries of Scythia, 311.
Revolutions of, v. 193. Their mode
of war, vi. 48.

Seh^ian^ mafter-^geoeral of the infan-
try >mder the emperor VaJena, his
foccefaful expedition againft the Goths
iv. 364. . Is killed in the hattle of
HaHriaoople, 370.

SehafiiaM^ the brother of the oforper Jo-
vinas, is aJSTociated with him in hit ai-
fumed Imperial d'goiliea, v« 3J0.

SehafitcraUTy import of that tkle in the
Greek empire, x. 104.

$rfs, in Normandy, the hifliof^ and
chapter of, all caltrated, xii. tjiC mtU.

^tgeftam^ the princes of, fuppoit their in-
dependency obQiABtely againft Artat*
erxet, i. 39s. ef •

StjrmeJ^ emperor of AbyiSnia, k with Ua*
whole conrt, coavectcd by the J e-
fuiis VIM. 337.

StUim^ hit iententioia fktnSter of
tranTobftaottaiioo, ix. 98. aa^.

SeUiuiA, the great city d^ r«40<d by
the Romans, i. a98.

ed by him, i. a^. Mittm

Stfjui, Turkifli dynafty of the bonfn of,
X. »90. Divifioo of their empire, jf 3.

Serjeamty legal and military import of
that term, xi. 191. mtte.

Sivtras, Stptimius^ general of the Pan-
nooian l^gion^ aCSumcs th€ pai|ile mi
the death of Pcrtinax, i. 160. His
coaduA loward the Chriftaans, ii. 368.

^natt »f Rome is reibmned hy Augnfl-
UK, i. 85. Its legidative and jiidicisl
powers, 9^. Abortive attempt of, to
rcfnme its rtghu after ihe^ morde- of
Caligula, loi. Its legal JDrimidion
over the emperors, 141$. Is iail^eded
to military defpetii m, by Sevems 1 7 3.
Women excluded from thia aifemblf
hy a Mtam law, 414. The fbmt^
a lecret meeting, a$4- Meafnres
taken to fnpport the authority of the
two Gordians^ 4^5 . The fenate eleft
Maxim us and Balbiaoa cnspcr^an on
the deatha of the Cordlana* «(€.
They drive the Alemaooi out of Italy,
37 1 . The ieoatora forhid to excroie
military employments by Callieout,
Hi J. £le^ Tacitus, the father of the
fenate, emperor, ii. $1. Preroga-
tivea |aioed to the feaate^ by this
dcaioot

GENERAL f N E X.

ele^oo, $1* Thdr power tod ta-
thority sonihilmted by Dioclettan, 131.
■ , Amount of the cvrooarv gotd, or
coftomary tree gift* o^ to tne empcr*
ore, iii 94; TTic chiim of Jolitn to
'ffie empire fldhintfd, W. 33^.
— — , Petitioa(of» ttfttte etnperort, fcr
tfic reffbrttioii of the tlfar of victory,
V. 87. ThePigoi religion reoouoced,
9r. Debttef (^, oa the propoftiU of
Aitric the Goth, ft 1 2. Cenealogy of
the fentbrf^ 23$. -Patrbs a decree
for patting to death Serena the wi-
dow of Scilicbo, tdy.. VvMpr the in-
fluence of Ahric^ ele^s Attalni em-
peror, ft4{t. Trial ofAr^andoa, pne-
ft&. of G««f, ▼!. 18^. Sarread'ert
the (bvcreigti power of lufy to the
cmpeiwrof the Eaftr, 10c.
— — , EjttinfHoo of tint ifluftriouB af-
fcmhly, vii. 37 1 .
■ i*. , Rdtontionr of, Jn the twelfUi
ceirtary, xii. 147. "Hie aflVmbly re-
folved into lingle magiflrMet, i$2, 338.
Sinrafiott^ Kn tanenranod' fbr the loft of

a perfonified deity, viii. 14^
9erafiT^ hiftoryof Kli worffitp, tod of
hit temple at Alextndria, ▼. 98. The
' temple deflfroyed, 100^
Serruwy niecrof theempeiw Theod<y-
iKif, aarricd-to hitmerai Siilicho,
V. 1 39. H eraeliy (frangfed 1^ order
of the Romair (enatr, idy.
^tv^nsar, St entoarsget Odbacer to
edhnre thedeminion of ftaiy, vi. ftor.
Hi« body. How riiifiofed of, %o6, •«/#.
Stverwr h declared Oefar on the abdi-
' citioo of Diocletiaa and Maxifflian, ii«

I $5. His defeat and death, 1 6€.
Sriirtitn appointed general of the ci-
valry ill GaaJ under Jnliao, Hi irs.
SBtfherit and warriors, their re4pe£Hve

moderof life compart-ed, iv. 307.

Sbiittty a fe^ of Mahomeiant, their

d^flln^ioo fi^rni the Sonnites, ix. 28$.

^Beria, e xt re m e cal'dneft of the climvte,

' and mtfrrable (late of the natives o^

iv. 313. U feiaed' and occupied by

theT«rtfr«, xl. 385*.

5/ViJjfi reflcCkions on the diilra^liona in

rdat iVatid^ i. 399V 'It conquered by

ifeirSiiracent, x*. ^t. Intnxluftion of

the filk mantti^ifhirvthen!, gS, Kx-

pimts of the Normans there; 127. ft

conquered by count Roger, 24<(.

Roger, fon or the former, made king

efvft74. R^ig^ of Willitm the Bad,

187. Reign of William the Good* 288.

Conqitcft'oP, by the enip«ft>r Heliry

G

Vf 642. It fnbdocd by Cbtrlea. of
Adjoii, xi. 307. The SiciftaM Ittf*

SidnsHs jtp^U'imMrU the poet* Bit hn**-
raourovt treatmenif of the ctptuiion
ux, iii. 89, Hit chanaer of Theoi^
doric king of the Vifij|^tbt ill Gaul,
VI. 140. His pmegjric on the tm^
peror Aviriu,'-i-4^. Hit panq^c
on the empeaof Anthemins^ 174.
9igifm§ndy king of the Bai^ddUnt,
marder» his fon, and it OKMnifrd^vi*
291. tt overwhelmed by an Army of
' Franka, 295.

SilentiariMfj fatt^ hit account of (be

' varioat (pecict of llon^ Bod nbrble,

employed in thn church, of &. Sophi*

at Conflantinepre, vii. 1 1 3. taUm

SiH^ firfl manqfuEkored in China^ nd

then ill the (tdmW Grecian i(Und- of

Ceot, yii. 86. A «ccnlitr kind of

(ilk procured from, the pinnn nurinA,

8^. Thefilkwonm- how introduced

to Greece,. 92, Progrcft of the nBina*

' fadure of, io tfic tenth cnnturj* x. 94.

Smetii, fierfecutor of' the PkuUciant^ be-

comct % profoljte to tbeit npininntyv

x: t5«.

^Amvm, king of Bb^arit, hit flCpioiti^

r. if6,
^iiiutitStjBUtj. the hctmitt ^^* otnor-

dinary mode of life, vi. 13^.
SiauMjj anearlyinftaoceof, i(» 3714« m*^
SimpltciMj^ one of the Ikft mrviving
PigBn phHofophera of Athnnt, hit
writingty and charaSery Tti. 143..
Bingara^ battle of^ between the emper-
or ConftfBtiuty. and Sapor king of
Perlia,. iii. 136. The city of, reduced
by Sapor, 201. 1$ yielded.io him by
. Jovian, iv. i4I8.
Siugfrftf brother of Siinn, ia made

king of the Gntha* v. 32^.
SimgiduHMmy is perfidionfl'y taken by Ba-
* ian chagan of the Avart, viii. 178*
Ssrminm is neridioo/ly taken by Baittt

chagan of the Avaiv ^<^<
Sirces depofes and mordect hit lather
Chdfroes II. king of Perfin,, viii. 229*
Hit treaty of peace wi^ the en>pciieff
Heraclius, 23P.
Sifekuty 4 Gothic kingof SpaTn^ perifo*

cutet the Jews there, vi. 270..
^txtnt V. pope, charaOtr of hSa ad*

miniOralion, xii. 34^
Slave^ ftrange perverfion of .the Of iginal
' fenfitf of that appeliatio|« X. 173.
Slaves^ among the Rornant^ whu, and

their condition dcfcribed, i. $6.
g 1 Slavery

GENERAL INDEX.

£JW#pVy P^f^Mitly impolcd M captives
bf the btrbanwc atUona, vl. 319.

Smpert^ fcvea, oerrttive of the Ic-
geodsry ule of, n. 18.

&^«4, ciptnrt of, by Tanerltii :, lii.

SSwir/jr, philoibphieti, reAediootoB the
revoUcioot of, vi. 373.

SMtiJa^ the Sftrteen dyntfty of> x. 70.

SUdiiTS^ Romia, their obligatioDS aad
dUcipKoe, i. 14. Whea they firll
received regottr pay, %%6,

SiHm^n^ fttltan, ei>tt(|iiera Afit Mioor,
X. 31^. Piset hit refideocc at Nice,
317. Nice takca by ihe 6rft crufa-
««i|» xi. 54. Battle of Dorytcui*,

Sjmsm^ the (ba of Bajatct, his cfaa-
rafter, xii. 43. Hi« alUaoce vitb the
Greek emperor Meaael Palaologiu,

Uimm^ I

M««i, kiog of the Jewa, aot the ao-
thor of the book which bean the
oame of hit ffi/Jm^ iii. 30^. Rea-
fons for fappofiog he did aot write
^ther the book of Bttlejufitt or the
rrt^irh^ vii. 184. •#/#.

S^imm the Eanach relie?er the Romao
proviace io Africa, from the depre*
datioot of the Moors, vii. 1 90. ' Re-
volt of hit froopt. at Carthage, 33 x.
It deicated aad killed by Attains the
Moor, 33<.

Stijmatif ^iiah of die Saraceas, under-
takes the wge of Cooftaatinople, x.
7* His caoroaoBs appetite aad death,
10.

SMniteSf 7n the Mahometan religioa,
their teaets, ix. a88.

SppattTy a Syriaa philofopher* beheaded
■ by Conflaatifle the Great., on a charge
of blading the wind by magic, iii.
Jrt. mte,

S9phia^ the widow of Jndin U. her con-
fpiracy agatnll the emperor Tiberius,
viii. 1X4*

3$^ia^ St» foQndation of tbe church of,
at Cooftafltinopie, vii. 110. Its de-
fcripcion. III* 1 1 converted ioto a
' mofch, xit. ft 13.

^4^iid«, the Arab, commands the firft
iiege of Conftantinople, x. 3.

itptrtnia^ a Roman matron, kills her-
iclf .u> efcape the violence of Max-
entias, )i. 180. «#/r.

t$rtti SoMOirMm^ a mode of ChrilUan
divioaiion, adopted from the Pagans,
vi. %py. n^.

^If imcercala opioioas of the aacieat

MiiloH>pBer? as to the tamoftaiily of^
!i. ft 4ft. This doArioe noregeacrally
received arooof the faaiharoaa aetioat,
aad for what f eafoa, 14$* Was aot
uaght by Mmet, ft4<. Fear Stkt^
«at f revmiliog doAriaca as la tkeori-
gia of, viti. 139. mfe.

Smt^etrs deflrojr^ by the Gtwk em-
peior Theophdas, x. (9.

^/«ie, the proeboeof, difeibedt'i.fty.
Great reveaoas railed frone tftue pro-
vince by the Romaas, %%9m la ra-
vaged by tbe Fiaaks, 3^.

— ^, Review of the hiaory o^ v. 31$.
It invsded by the berfaeiiaaa aatioas,
324. Tbe iavadera coaqoerod by
WalliaktagoftheOo(faa,33i. Sac-
ceffet of the Vaadala thcre^ vL 1 1«
Expeditieo of Theodoric kiag of the
Viftgotba iato, 144. The Chriaian
religioa received therc^ ftd3. Revolt
aad nsartjidoan «f ll c f we a eg il d, 164.
Perfecetwa of the Jews ia, 269* Xe-
giflative a0embliet e^ 334.

-*---, Acqvifiiioaa of JaftiaiM iherc,
vii. iff.

— , State of, ander thacaaperor
Charlemagae, is. 157. Firft lotro-
deaioa of tha Arabs ielo the ooaotrv,
406. Defeat aad dea^i of Roderic
the Gothic kiog o^ 409. Coaqaeft
of, by Mafa, 413. Its pearperity on-
dcr the Snraceat, 420. Tha Chnftiao
iatth there, foppiaatcd by that of Ma-
homet, 4ftv. Thethraaeaf Cocdova
filled by Abdalrahmaa, z. a9.

StaJium^ Olympic, the races of, com-
pared with thofe ia the Romaa cir-
cus, vii. 71.

StauratiMj^ emperor of Coaftaatiaople,
ix. 31,

Sufh^m^ a freedman of Domitilk, af-
laflinates the emperor Domitiao, ii.
34«.

Stepbt9^ cooat of Chactres, his charac-
ter and engagement io the lirft cm-
fade, xi. 30. Defertshisftaadavd,-^.

iitfbeu^ St. the fiift Chriftisa- martyr,
mif acaloas difcovery of his hody^^ aiad
tbe miracles worked by it, v, 1 17.

Itepben the favsge, feat by thc^ Greek
emperor Jufiioiaa !!• to cxtaraaiaate
the Cherioaites, ix. 19.

^epben III. pope, Iblicits the aid of
Pepin kiag of Fraace, agaioft the
Lombards, ander the chansder of
St. Peter, ix. 129. Crowns king Pe-
pin, IJftv

^///iVis, the great general of the Weft-

G ENB R AL INDEX.

CM MRpm imiwr ^^lic ctn p#rer ' no*
aoritts ^w cbaivAer, ?. ff|7. Pau

- cv^etthftttfinvttke tynntfktfl pre.
felt' of the lUtt, 144. -Hhr «xpedi-
tioii mjfB'mft- Alftric fe GrMot, 169.

' Hb diligcflt cddetvMn to tkccli hit
progrcfs in Ittlyy 1 79. MiMti'^AlA-
lie^i Mleiili% 181. DrtvM^him
OQt of lc«ly, iSf. Hb triwBph tt
RofM, i8d. HitjircptrttiontCoop-
ptfil the iovifioo ot Ridtgiifot, 198.
Redout tod pott hin to dcitb, idt.
Snpportt the ckdmt of Altric in ihe
Romta lenate, &17. li pot to detih

- tf RfvcoM, tfti. Hit memoi/ per-
' ftctttcd, i«3.

9t0ma hotdt the revolted troopt of the

croperor Joftioitii 10 Africt^ vll. 3^1.
UtrmJBwrgkf bittle of, between Johan

ood the AlemoDOiy iU. »t4«
Sanrfimui defendt the Romio' froo*

tier egoiaft the Gotht, i. 376.
Su^fj the origio ood rcoowo of, i. 3(^9.
AirVi4fr appltoded ood pkfod by th« Ro-
' * iB^*^^ vHi. 97-
Smi^iciut^ Serviot, wts the Mgheft in*

prmrer of the Romoo Jorifprodence,

▼lir. It.

Mtm, origio lod import ef thit title

of Eeftera fefere ig i t y, x, 181.
db«w«#, defcriptioA of die pegodo of,

in Goearer, end itt deftrVQioo by

Soltoo Mfthmod, X. 18).
8hM, the worihtp of, totrodoeed et Rome
• by the emperar fijegobolot^ I. toy.

Wot the pecolior objeft of the devo-

tioo ef ConftoPtine the Greet, before

■hb cooverflon, iit. 134. Aodef Jtt-

I100, tfter hit tpofttqr* !▼. 76.
Sttfm, the city of, toheo by Coofteatioe

the Greet, ii. 18$.
$mmt*flMUj cser of Rollie, hit reign, z.

t04.
Swifi cootoot, the confederiqr of, how

for fimilor to thot of the -onctenc

Pnokr, i. 367.
9m9rd of Kf trt, the ftcred weepea of

the Hont, hiftoryof, vi 39.
%er^rys/, kngoftbe Prooht and Bar*

gondttot, hit chortQer» vt. 079. It

oboaaercd by Clovb, t8o.
^//Sv Che diAotor, hit legiflttive choroc-

ter, viii. 87.
Sjikuas the confol, hit fpeech to the

fentle, rccoflBmcodiog the eledion of

the two Gontiooe, to iheir opproba-

tion, i. 1 14.
Syhamay fifter of the pnefisa Rofinot,
' her oilcommoa faa€ttty, t, I4$« nte.

Bfhmums; ^rtieril 10 Gftol ^SioAit €an'
ftaotiot^ it ruined by treachery, fit. 1 84.

^/mt/*/, pope, b degraded and tent in'
to exile by lieltrarios for an atteMi t
to betray the cir^ of Rome to (he
Oocht, vif. 2t6. His death, 340. iv«(r.
* ^ymMothmf^ hit tccoant' of the Fagtn
conformity of the emperor Conft«n*

' tiot, dtirhig hit Vifit to Rome, }K; 396.
Pleodt in bebatf of (he ancient Pagan
religion of Rome, to the emperor
Valentioiao, ▼. (^8.

Sfmtjiut^ bifliop «f Ptolematf, excom-
mooicttet tne preiident Andfomcot,
in. 18^. Hb extrtordfniry chertAer,
ihid. mtt. Hit advice to riie Eoftern
emperor Arcjdiut, V. 171.

SyntJi^ provincial, 1n fhe primkrve
chvrChet, ieftitotton of,ii. 17$. Na-
ture of thofe tffembliet, iii. 193. See
Cfuneih.

Sj^ria^ itt revolotioni end extent, i. 39.
It reduced by Chofroet II. kingof Per-
iit, vtii. 198. General deicription of,
tx. 348. It eooqoered by (he Saraceos)
3$o. IttTaflonof, by Taoierfaoe, xii. 1 8.

9yr$ae laogoage, where fpoken itt the
greatcft pority, i. 099. ««/r«

S^riaumt^ doke of Egypt, forprffetthe ci-
tj of Alexondria, and cxpelt Athtno*
fiat the primote of Rgyp t, iit. 3$8«

T.

^sksrit the Afrtbian hiRorfto, tccooot
of hit work, iz. 313. nHe.

Tskeme^ fhe ifland of, ' in upper Thebtia,
it fettled with mookt, by Padiomiot,

♦ vi. oitf.

Table of emerald, in the -Gothic treafury
in Spain, account of, v. 311.

TmeitBt, emperor, liit eleAion end cho-
rtder, il. $a

Taeitutthte hiftorian, his charoQcr of
(he principles of the portico, i. tii.
nt/r. The intention of hit epifodet,
180. Hit char«£Ver ts o hiftorion,
307. Hit account of the ancient Gcr-
ment, 311. His hiftory how jprefenred
and tran mttted down tout, ii.j 1 . ««//.
Hit tccoont of the perfecoiioo of the
Chrtftiant at the iocendiariet of Rome,

333-
TmSitt of Leo and Conftaotiite, charM-

ter of, X. 8$. Military chancer of

the Greekt, 113.
Taginay battle of, between the eunuch

Narfet, and Totila king of the Ootht

in Italy, vii. 367.
TaberiteSf (he Saracen dynafly ef, z. 70.
Tamfr/mnff

GENERAL INDEX,

q«eftt« xii. «. His lcu«r to Bajant,
1 6. Hfs coBfercoce with tb« dciQara
of the Uw« At Alq)po« 19% Defers
Mid t%kes Bajaxet-piiloncr^ «$. How

^ kept oot of Europe, ^3. His i/iaoiph
at Sftinarctnd, 3^ Diet on « OMcdi
to Cbiot, 37. Hit chiraAer>. 38.

TtfacrrithecjuTader, hiii cnsn&er, xt.
31. Hit buld bekaviuor at Conftaati-
nop|e» 47.

Tarafms^ fecretary to the empraft Iraae,
made pttriarch of CoaHAiiiiiiopla* U.
1 4%. Prefidc« at, and h%tom tha de-
creca of, the fecood ootfocil of Nice,

US-
Ttfr/i, (he Atabf. bia drfcenton Spain,

tx. 407. Defeats and killa Bodaric

the Gothic king of, 4Q9. Hia dir>
. grace, 41 4« 419-
Tarrcisma^ the city of, almoA dattroycd

bj the Franks, 3.1 u
7<w/*r/, fee StytbimnM,
*Tartm^ £aflern» conqoeft of, by la-

merlaoe, vii 9.
Tatiam^ and hii ton. Brocolus, daftroyed

by the bafe ar^aof Rafinua,, the coo^

fideotial minifter o£ tba cflDpcror

Tbeodofinr, v. ti9u
Ttfirrav the confoJ U baaUhad by Ihe

tribunal of Chtloe^lon* U« 4^.
Taxts^ bow the Roman citiaena were

exonerated from- the bortbeo of, i.

lay. Account of thofa inftitotoi^bjr

Avgnftus,. 130. How caifed under

GonAantiDa the Gneat^ and bia tec*-

ceiTors, iii. fti.
Tfiyr/*, fiege of, by Mahomet,^ ix» 391.
Tiims^ the laft king of iba Gotbs, de^

feated and kiUed b]( the aunocb

Narira,, vii 371.
Teltmacbut^ an Afialic monk, loTaa bia
' life at Rome:, in an. attaropt, to pre*

veat the combair of the gUdiaiori,

V. 119^
TemfU q£ JerufalrflQ,. bumrd, ti. 330.

Hillary ot the emperor Ju]ian*a at-
tempt to.reAore it, ia. 91.
TeMugjm. See Ziitgk,
Tephrtce is occupied and. fariifitd by i6e

Paolicianiy x. i^-
7Vrf«//r««, bis piooa exnltatioB in the

expaaed-daoHulian of alt tba Fagaa
wor'd, ii. 1^3. Suggcfta dafcnioo
to ChrilUan (oldi^r;:, 169 •4t9\ Hia
fafpicioua. accooot of two edida of
Tiherius and Marooa AntDQin«s to
favour of the ChriUiaflS, 36$.

T(Q^as«a<^ the ^JomttK tatM for regn*

lacing, viii. €9.. CwlkilH 73.
T«/rKa4 aAnoKs tie ampivc in Goal,

at tbc MfVgation of Viaaria, if. a^.

Betray bia kgiooa into the band of

AtMeiian, ttf . la bed iff trromph by

A«r«lian« 37.
7k^9y OMunt,. difpofea eaaceming the

light o^ xib 3$!..
TJ^aaar, the iflaad of, granted bf V«r-

tii^era, as a fettkment far Ua AMEon

auxiiiacies, vik 340*
%h4ta¥UaL eataHainnMttta of the-Romana

daferibad, mfir.
^Mmmm. legioai the maatyadana oft

apocryphal, ti. 381. aslr.
ntfi^ tte RoHMB bnas. rUaiin^ ^

vdi 79«8$. M.

Greek <

%h€mts^ OP mililarf go«animeBCa of tbc

eek empire^ accasnl 0% >• nv*
Thimiflimi tha arator^ hia ena
rcligioaa toleraann,. ur. wiS,
^Mitmt biabiftb aad« aicratioo tolbc

of Italy, ail. 199. Hia dif-
graceful treatiea wit^ tbft cmpaior
tad iwroh againft tbcnvv

toa. Ub depofitian and dMbv at 1

thfiektrt^ king of the Pt'snks' ra An-

ftraftE». I^ns tte: GMba; » the fiaga

and daftmdiott of Ukhmi^. vtii. 1.37.

lavadea ItnJiy, %38L Htadnatkv a^tt*

*!ilutd4mu>y. a Godkia priaae: of Spain,

copy of his maty of lidwafloftta die

' Sannnii, iit 41 ^

Tk^dntm^ ampraf^ herbirtfai and aarVy
kiABvy)»m ^ Hcit ma ff j i a ga -with Jnf-
iinian, ^ Her tyiann^ 67^ Her vtr-
t»ea^ 4S. Herdieatb, fjx lier foititode
durifff the MikSi ladiUoni 'to.. Ac-
aoaoa of bar palaae and* ganieiia of
Heneom, 1 1 7. Her piona CDocem
for Ibe cowarfioo of Nahia, viii.

l^hmJditih^ wife of the Graek amperor
Thaffpbiltist her biftory^ ia 59.
Reltorad the worihip of imager 144-
Pna«ali«i ibrPtiaHciana M tvbaliioSy

X. MS.
Thnd^tm^ dMghtar af tbe Grackiaaipar*'

or CoaftantinarlX. bar hillDry^ is. tf 1.
rb4$40ra, wiidaw af ftUMn lU. king
.•f Jaralalan« bar advemvaea na: die^

concabin of Andraoicboa GomMBajy

ix. (I7.
TS e t i m^ Amgehu^ Mptit of Ipims,

lUnea. PetcD of C nmtcn ay,. amparor

of Cooftantinoplct prironer,. xt- V4i»

Pofc fl c a AtMfe tf ai XfatMboiea^ 146.

GENERAL INDEX.

T itmh rit tcqwret <kc Gothic fceptre
J^y the fnttt4er of hithroUer Torif*
roondf vi. 140. His cbtra^er by
SidnHVSf 141. Uw cxfoditioa into
Sp«n, 144.

nnJaric^ the foA af Alcric, bit prof-
peroQs reigo over ifae VHigoChs io
pAol, vi. 83. U«faapp7 fittes of fai«
daugbtert, 87. Is prevAil«d on bjr
AtiM to join tiis forces egabrt Atfih^
^4. is krikd aC the battle of Chalons,
104.

Tbf^k the Oflrogotb, his birth aftd
eductuoo, Tti» 3. la forced by bis
tuosps iato A revok agaiaft the em-
peror Zcaio, 6. He ■nderttfces the
corvfoeft of Italy, ^. Redacca tod
kills Odoacor, 14. Is acknowledged
king of Itftiy, 1^. Review of his
•dnaiaiftrctioSf 16. Hi« Tifit to
Rome, and c&re of tiic public beild-
jng8# 28. His religion, 33. His re-
■wrfie, and death, 47.

VfbfdtfitpoUt^ the city of, io Atmeoia,
bvilt, V. 401.

7'itfaii^M the Great, hii dtflfaidioo be*
tween a Romatt- prince and a Paithian
mooerch, iii. 94. «#/r. The pr evince
of lAtAtk pveierved by tils valoiir, iv.
ft 97. Is nflbciated by Gncfett as tnn*
peror of the Baft, 378. Hts birth «od
cbarader, 38o< His pr«de«i and fac-
ceffcful condoA of the Gothic war>
364. Defeats -tA iofvafioo of the
OOrogotbf, 388.

— — , His treaty with Meximns, v. 1 0.
Mis bapiifm, and ediQ to eflaUilh or-
tbodox liaith, It. Parges the city of
Ceufttntinople ^tem Arianifiti, 11.
Ejifocces theNicenedodrinethrongh-
oDt the Eaft, a 3. Convenes a coon*
cil at Conftantinople, 14. His edi^
agtinft berefy* 18*. Receives tt»e fn-
ficifie finilly of Valeminian, and
marrlea Ms Mer Gella, 46, 47. De-
feeta Masimua, end vHits Rome, 48.
Hia cbar^der* s** Hia lentiy to the
city of Aotioek, $8. His cruel treat-
ment of TheiTalonici, 64. Rcfteres
ValMtHsieo, tfy. Confults John of
LyQopoliacbe Ii4niiit 00 the intended
war againft £«gentna, 73. Defeats
BiBgeni«s,74. His death, 78. Pro-
cared e (^natorial renvacfacioa of the
Pagan religiofi, 91. Aholtfhes Pagsn
rites, 94. ProUbits tbe Pagan rtli-
gton, 10$.
Tbtodtjiui the younger, bis birth, ▼. 384.
Icfaidlo be left by bit father Arcadius,

to the care of Jexdegtrd king of Per*
fit, 38$. His education and chara^lvt

?9i. HisitMrriage with Eudocia, ^9$^
lis war with Perfiai 398. His pioos
joy on the death of John, ihe nrarper
•f the Weft, vi. ^. His treaty with
the Huns^ 3$. His armies defeated
by Attiia, 47. Is reduced to accept a
peace didated by Attiia, $4. Is op-
prefTed by the embaflies of Attiia, 58.
EmbaiTy of Maximin to Attlta, 61.
Is privy to a fcfaeme for the aflafiinA*
tionof Attiia, 72. Attila*s embifly to
htm on thst occafion, 73, His deaib,

74.

«^— , His perplexity at the religions
fends between Cyril and Neftorias,
viii 165. BanHhcK Neftorias, 169.

Thfdtfimt III. emperor of Conftaniinopir«
ix. 11.

Thtthfius^ the father of the empek-or,
hia foccef»>ful expedition to Britain, iy.
ft68. SoppreiTes the revolt of Flrmbs
the moor, in Africa, «73. Is behead*
ed at Carthage, fiS.

7he0jffiMt, pacriarcn of Alexandria,
bis competition with Oaian, how de-
cided> viii. 326. His oc^ciations «t
tike court of Bysantium, 319.

TbetJafimt, the deacon,' grandfon of the
emperor Heraclios, murdered by his
brother Conflans II. ix. it.

Tbt9^/us^ the lover of Antonina, de-
te€lie(i by. Belifarius, vii. 249. Turns
moitk to efcape ber, 25 1 . His death,

Tbep4et9t^ prefident of the counctl of
Hierapdis under Conftantius, his ri-
diculous flauery to that emperor. If.
19.
' Tbet^boBt^ wife of the Greek emperor
Romanus H. poifons both him and his
father, ix. $4. Her connexion with
Nicephorus Hiocas, $$. His mur->
der, and her exile, 58, $9.

Tbt$fibilusj emperor of Cooftantinople,
ix. 36. Hia Amorian war with the
caliph Motaffem, x. 58.

Tbet^bilms, Arcbbifliop of Alexandrif^
deftroys the temple of Setapls, and
the Alexandrian library, v> 103. Af*
lifts the periecuiion of St. Chry-
foftom> 377. Hia iaveQive againft
him, 282. »9tf.

Tbf»f>bifuj, hia pious embalfy from the
emperor Conftantfus to the Eaft
Incfiea, iii. 269.

n§epbAiu^ the Periian, hia unfortunate
hittory, i«. 38.

GENERAL INDEX.

Tbfrspntit^ or EflcDiiot, fome - k*
coDotof, ii, 298.

ThrmtpjUy the drftiU of, fortified bj
the emperor ]aftiniu« vii. 110.

Ttfjafnica^ f^iiioD ud maiTacre there,
V. 59. ^rutl treaimeot of the ci-
tizeiT»j 61. Pcnaoce of Tbcodofiut
for this feverit]r« 65.

ThndtknJa^ princefs of Bivar'tt roar*
ried (o Autharis king of the Loro-
bard*« vii. 140.
. Tiibaat, cooot of Cbaropagne, engages
in (he foorth crufade, xi, 171.

thma4 the CappadociaOf h!a revolt
agaioft the Greek emperor MicbaelU.
aiid cruel pvniihment, ix 3$.

7hemai of Damakos, hU exploits
agaiofl the Saraceos when bcfiegtog
that city, ii. 338.
' fh§mai^ St. aecount of the Cbriftiana
of, io India, vtii. 315. Pcrfeciuiwi
of, byibe Poituguese, 314.

TIfrmfe is coionifed by the Baftarn«, in
the reign of proboa, ii. 70* The fv-
gitive Goths permitted to fettle there
by the emperor Valeos, iv. 341. U
ravaged by tbem, 351. The Goths
fettled there by Theodofina, 394.

Tbr^fimMuJ kiof of the Vaodala, his
cbarader, vi. %$t,

Tbrte Chaffers^ the famova difpate con-
cerning, viii. 193.

ThwJfrimf LeijM^ the ftory concern*
ing, of hifpicioas veradty, ii. 366,

Ttherw is adopted by Aaguftos, i. 104.
Reduces the Paonooians, 159. Re-
doces Cappadocia, 133. »«/#. Safpi-
cious flory of hia edid in favour of the
Chriftians> ii. 36$.

Tikeriaj is Invefled by Tuftin II. as his
foccefTor in the empire of tlie Eaft,
viii. lift. Hischaradter and death, iij.

Timafiuty maller-geoeral of the army un-
der the emperor Theodofina, is dii^
graced and exiled under Arcsidios, v.

3SS-

Tim$thj the Cat coofpirea the murder of
Proterios archbifliop of Aiexaadrta,
and focceedi him, viii. 180,

TipaJ^^ OMrac\itous gift of fpeech be*
(lowed on the Catholics, whole tongues
had been cut out there, vi. %6%,

TiriJattt kinjt of Armenia, his charac-
ter and hifrory, ii. 114. Is reftored
to bis kingdom by L iocletian* 11$. Is
expelled by the Perfians i(8« l> >o-
ftored again by treaty between t te
Romans and Perfians, 127. Hia oon-
verfion to Cbriftianity, and death, iii.
i34.

TitMi admitted m Ihaffc the Imperial
dignity with hia £ather Ve^iafiaa, U
105.

V#gr»/ Bgg^ fvltan of the Tsrlcs hia
reign and charader, x. 19 !• He ref'
cues the caliph of Bagdad from bis
enemies 293.

T#/rJ!r taken by the Arabs uder Tarik,
ix. 41a.

Ttf/rrtf/ffa, univerfal, ka happy cflwfts ift
the RonMo empire, i. 40. Whatfe£ta
the mod intoleraot, 191. mU.

TV/ipfi, objeaions to hn accosoc of the
vifion of Atttigomis, iii. 153 «*/#.

Tarifmamd^ fen of Theodoric kli^ of the
Viiigoths, attends his lather againft
Attila king of the Hvns, vi. 98. Ba^
tic of Chalons, 103. la acknowledged
king on the death of his fuher n the
field, lotf. Is killed bf hia brather
Theodoric, 140.

7«r/err, how admitted in the criminal
law of the Romans under the empe-
rors, iii. 78.

TptiU is eleaed king of luly by the
Goth^ vii. 338. • His jellice and mo-
deration, 341. Beficgca and takea
the city of Rome, 345. U indoced to
fpare Rome from dcOruaioo, at the
inftance of Belifarius, 3$!. Takea
Rome again, 3^8 Plunders Sicily,
3^. Battle of^Tagina, 367. Uis
death, 369.

7a«/«aiiri, the Stracen dynafty o^ x. 7 1 •

Ttwuawumtt preferable exhibitkma to the
Olympic games, xi. 3^.

7$mrs^ battle of, between Charles Mnr*
tel and the Saracens, z. la.

TuesmJrisy in Germany, is ovcmm end
occupied by the Pranks, iii. «i9.

Tradifrs^ in the primitive church, who,
ii. 389.

7r4^, emperor, his oobqeeft of Dnda,
i. 7. His oonquffts in the £a^ 8.
Contraft between the charaaera of
him and Hadrian, 11. Hit pillar de-
fcribed, 67. Why adopted by the.
emperor Nerva, lotf. His inftrac*
tions to Pliny the Younger lor hia
condua towanl the ChriOiana, it $44^
I>e(&iption of bis Cuaeas bridge over
the Danube, vii. ii8. aa/e.

TVai'aa, count, his treacherona iMuder
of Para kug of Armenia, iv. t8tf .

Tranfnkfimmiimti^m^ the doMae o^ wlie».
eftabltihed, xi. 138.

TrehiaumJ^ the city of> taken and plun*

dered by the Goths, i. 376. The

dekes ef| become independent on the

Creek

G£N£RAL INDEX.

chcTurkt, zli. %ii.
TrihirilJ the Odrogoth, kit rcbcllioa

in £br|f ia tgaioft the ta>^c#or Area*

diwy V. 360.
TrUmpt^ the office oFy expUiocd, 1.^1.
UrAtniaUy hit gcoiat tad chari^li'r, viii.

31. U ompioyed by Jellioiaa to m*

form the code of Roman law«, 34.
i>f«f(^ tht 40yAerioiu do^^riae o^ iii.

31a It vioieMly •giu
fchooU of AleniidriA,

in the
3*7. Three
rfftems of» 318. DecifioQt of the
covacil of Nice Gon<eerniof, 311.
Dtfefieac Formt of the doxology, 37 tf.
Prmodt afed to fof port ibe do^me of,

Vrf^WIh ihe ^oafederacy o£» cruelly op-
preiTed nndet the go veromeQ^ of count
RoooMVtt iv. »70-

iT/f/tff /«•> religiottt wtr 'coQcerBiog^ viii.

Tr«^9 ReiiMBif their difcipJioe, I 1^
When ihey firft received pt^t ^^^*

. Casfe Q^ the (HAicqU^ io leiryiog
them, iii. 9^ $ee'7MMtf«fy tpiatiuesy
»ad Fr^ttt^M hauls.

Trn^ tfat iitoatioa of that city, and' of
.the Grecian camp of hefiegtrt, de-
Aribed. iii. 10.

Tmrim^ battle of, between ConftanHne
the Qnent and the Jieoieoaata of
Maxciitios, ii. iS^, ^

TurifimJ^ kuf of th« Gepide, kit
hMOBi«ble recentioo of Alboin the
Lombard, who W flain hit ^q in
faHttle^ viii. lotf.

Tmrkii Iheir origin, vil. 170. Their
priantivt inftitniioDt, 17 1. Their
coA^Mftt, 2^74. Their alliaace with
.the empcior Jafttnian, 2^7. Send
aaiiliariet to Heraclint, viii. %it,

** m^ They grow powerfnl and liceml-
ova binder the Saracens, x, it. Ter-
ror eiciCed by their meoKiog Europe,
if^. Their military chuaQer^ tfla.
TfcMf extend themndvet over Alia,
A79. Reign of Mahmnd the Qas-
liefide, ftle. Their raanoera and
.etnigretien, a86. They (ubdue Per-
fia^ vl'y. Pynafty of the Seljukiant,
%fO. Thcf iovadc the provio«e« of
the Creek empire, 196. Reformat-
tieil of the EaAern calender, 311.
Thef coB^tter Afia Minor, 315.

m^^. Their capital cityv o^ice, taken
by the ^mfadert, xL ei. The feat
ef gevenuneatYorndTed to IcoQinm,
otf. Valour and cooqncfts of 'Ztflfhi,
-XIL Hh

1 1 o. Chartdter of fnltan Noureddin,
III. Coeqneftbf Kftypt, tit. Ori«
gia tad hifteij of the Ottoroant«
393. Their ftrft ptflage into Eiii«pe,
309. Their ethMcaoea and difcipKae,
jciV $1. Kmbaffy Am), f the em-
peror $fgirmond» S4. Take the tltj
6f Cod(laotiftop4e^ ioC.

Turpiu^ the roaiaaee 04 ky whea^ aad
when written, xl. tf. w^h,

Tweht 7«^/r/, review ef the laws of,
viii. 5. Their feverity, 81. How
the criminal code of, funk uto dif-
aft, 84. ^

Tjra$ti of Reme, the popular toaceit
of the thirty iaveftigaterf, i. 39I1.

Tyrt it befieged by Saladia, n. lay. .

ijtbts a%iied to the elerj^ at ^irefl by
2oroafter as by MeTet, i. 1191. Were
Erft granted to the charck by Char-
lemagne, is. 155.

V.

KiiftunV, prince ef the Aiemanal, it
fent prifbner to Spain by the empe-
ror Taltan, iv. i^. Hit Ibe manlered
hvtheRomaat, t^$,

yatens^ general of the Illyrian frontier,
receivet the title of Ccfat from Li»>
cinint, ii. 104. Lefee hie new title
aad hit life, 105.

Kaknty the brother of the emperor Va-
leotiniap, it aflbciaicd with him ia the
empire, tv, ii$. Obtaint from hia
brother the Ea(fera portion oF the em-
pire, a 1 7. His timidity on the revolt
of Ptocopiot, iti. Hit cfaara€ler,
118. It baptifcd by feudeaot, and
pattooifet the Afiant, a37. ft vin-
dicated from the charge of perfeca*
tioo, 140. Hif edict againft the iCgyj^
tlan monkt, %\x. HU War with the
Goths, 289 Receivet the fup^llaat
Goths into the Roman territ«^ries,
343. His war with therti, 3^$. It
defeated aud killed at the battle of
Hftdrianople, 368, 369* Hit enio-

P^

gtem by Libahias, 370.

P'aUni^ the Arian bilhop of Mar fa, hit
crafty preteofioa to divine revelitiooy
III. 339.

t^alentia^ a neV provliloe in Briuin, -fet-
tled by Theodoiiat, iv. 169

t^aUnlUia* I. hit ele^ion to the efki|>ire,
and chara£)er, iv i*t. AflTociatet
his brother Valeoi with him, 115.
Divldet the empire into the B^ and
Wift^ and retains the tatter, 117. His
tftttelty, la6. Hit civil inftkutioiTt,
*3*-

GENERAL INDEX-

'Ml. HbecSat t•^e^^rtl«dle4w^
: ffi« of tht aergy, M». Chaftifet the
. Alcfluam, tod fertifiet tlie Rhioe,
%eu Hii cxpcdiiioB » lUyricpmj
^ dcstls I97i 300. U tri«dictt«i
Imn the durfe of polygtmy, i%4
rsiniimsm IL it iiw«ft«l wUh the Im-
pcritl omameBU inhitAMther^s Anns,
m the death of hit ftther, iv 301. It
ral«M,b78t. Ambfofi^ihepriwlego
• of 1 chvrch' for him and hw mother
taftma, oa tcconot of their Arm
principlet, ▼. 37. Hit flight from the
faivafioo of Maximut, 4i t« rtftored
b? the emperor Theodofias 67. Hit
chariaer,^. »« death, 76,
rmUwtimmm III. it efttblilhed empem of
- Che Weft* by hit coafin Theodofiaa
the Yooog«r, vi. 5. It committed to
the guardiaafliip of his mother Placi-
dly 7. -Flie«» 00 the iovafioa of Italy
by Attila, 11$. Sends aa cmbafly » .
Attila to pvrchafe his retreat, tM.
' Mvrderi the patridao ^tios, tat.
Ravtfhet the wife of Petronint Max-
imnt, 114- His death, tod d^araaer,

FmUmtimiamt^ their confof^ ideM of the
diviaity of Jefut Chrift, ▼iii. «45« «f»''-

rahrU, emprefs, widow of Galeriu^
the oofortaoate fatea of her and her
mother, ti« 198.

Valerian is eleaed ceafor under the em-
peror Ded at, i. %f€, Hiselevatioa
to the empire, aad his charaaer, 364.
Is dcfrated aod takea prifoner by Sa*
por Isiag of Periia, 3S5. His treats
meat, 390. His iDCoafiAeat hehavioar
toward the Chriftiant, ii. 37*.

..^ Their foccciTet to Spaia, vt. 10.

• Thdr etpcdition ioto Africa onder
Ceaferic, 11. They raife a aava!
forte aad iavade Ualy, 119. Sack of
Rome, 134. Their aava! depreda-
cioat oa the coaftt of the Mediterra-
neao, i6tf. Their eonverfion to the
Chriftita religion, a4». Petfecntioo
of the Catholics, 149. ,

.-^^ Eapeditioa of Belifarmt tgaiolt

Gelimer, vii. IS9.- Conqaeftof; 176.

•Their aame and dtftinaioo loft la

Africa, 186. Retfiaint of tbdr na-

tioa ftill ^onnd in Germany, 187.

Fkrmt. SttB«brmm.

M^angiami of the aorth, ongia aad hif-
toryof, X. 194*

F^/rgmisu, the infant fon oF the empe-
ror Jofiaa, bit hiftoryy it. ao9.

rstodft 7#H hi» long aad pwfpero ^
reign at Kioe, xi. 147« «S7- Hit dia-
r^Aer, t8i.

ytgitims^ hit remarlct oa the degaaermcjr
of the Roman dificipliae at the time of
Thcodofiat the Great, v. f i .

Ftiiy tbc ficgf of that dty, ihewa of the
Romaa army firft receiving regttUr
pay, i. Utf.

femc$y fooadatioa of dfat republic, vu
rii. Itt infaat ftate nader the ex-
archs of Ravenaa, vui. 13*. !»
growth aad profperitv at tiie timt V

• the fourth crofade, xt. 174- Ailiaoce
with Prance, 177. Dividet the Greek
empire with the Freocb, ill.

Feratius^ hit mode of obeyia^ the law
of the twelve tablet refpeaiag perfeoai
iofttht, viti. 80.

Ferium^ Ymprefs, the widow of Leo, de-
pofet Zeao, vii 5. Her taihaknt fife,
ihid.

Fir^^^ fiege of, by Cooftantiae -the
Great, it. 186. Battle of, between
Siilicbo the Roman general, aad
Alaric the Goth, v. i8tf. *-

Ferrety why hit poaiihmenc waa taade^
qott^ to his ofteocet, viii- 8dL

.Ftjpajhm^ htK pnideoce ia (hariag the
Imperial dignity wiih hit fon Titna,
i. 105.
F^ait^ Romaa, their onmher* aad pe-
culiar office, V. 84
Fttrsmh^ the Romaa general ia IHyn*
cuno, affamct the purple, and eafera
iato'aa alliance with th« t>avti(h
ufbrper Magnentiiit, ill. 14$. It re-
daced to abdicate hit aew dignity, r49.
FiHtria exercifet the goverameat ote*'
the legioas and pmviace ofGMil, it

FiStrf^ her ftatne aod ahar, ia the fe*
nate hoofe at Rome, defcribed, ▼. 86.
The feoate petitioas the Chri^aa ein-
perort to have it reftored, 87.

FiiiUmtims^ the prefcyter, it abafed by
Jeroip for oppoling nMMikiflk faperfti-
tioa, V. ci$. n9te.

Figilimj^ taterpreter to the embafly-Aom
Theodoliot the younger to. Auila, ia
privy to a 'cheme for the aiTafinattoa
of Attila> fi. 71. It deteaed by At-
tila, 73.

FigiUm pprchifet the papil ch«r ©f
Beliftrios aod his wife, vii. aty. fa-
ftigtcet the emperor Juftiniaa to r»-
fume the cononcft of kaly, 34(0.

r/or, itt progreft, from the time of Ho-
n>cr,L75.

rJrxrA

a E^N:E R A L I N' D E X

fffgil^'Vu foncth «clogii« kterprcted
klo « pMphecy tf the ^ominr of the
Meifiah, iii. ft6i. It the oioil andeat

- writer who mencioat the OMOulii&erc
of A\k^ viu B6.

FitaUmm^ the Gothic ehief* it irttche-
fovfly omrdertd tt Coafttittiiiople«

Fitslismmt^ pretories pnef«^ voder the
eapemr MtilmUit put to 4cMth -hy
order of the feotu, i. »9< •

jnuWmt^ emperori hit chftie£ter> i. 113.

FUigeSy general of the Btrbtritnt eoder
Theodatet kieg of italj, it by hit
troopt declared ktn^ of Italy* vii. tio.
He beficgot Beiirariot io Room, ai|.
It forced to raifc the fiege, 231. He
ii befieged by Beliferiet ia Raveiuie,
140. U takea prifeoer ia Ravenna,
A44. €ooibrmt to the Athanafien
Ctith, eod ia honovrabty fettled ia
Afia, 14$. Hit embaffy to Chofroet

- . kiof of Pcrfia, 194.

Fiirumiut the ardute^, hit remarki oq
the baildio^ o^ 9><»>b«» ▼• ^^S«

Fimiry deriratioo orihat appellaiioa, 11.

. a4S. ««/#.

Ukrmim€^ defcriptioa of that oonatry, i.

U&m^ king of the Hani, redacca and
killt Gainet the Goth, v* 371. la

. driven back by the vigilance of the
Imperial mioiften, 388.

Ulphikty the apoftle of the Gocha, hia

. pioaa >labonn, vi. ft4o. Propagated
Ariaaifm, 147.

CAjMa*! the lawyer, placed at the head
ef the cooncil of ftate, nndcr the
emperor Alexander Severot, i. 115,
la mvrdered by the Prctoriaa gaardt,
hio.

F§e9mmm law abolidied the right of fe-
naale iaberitaace^ viii. t^» How
-evaded, 73*

F$iimirt prefort the Icbanmi of Con-
-ftaatine to the aogel of Lictnint, iii,
1^. n$ie. Hit refle£liont on the ex-
peacet of a fiege, vi. 371. •«/#.

Ftrti^Mf king of SoatB Britain, hit

. bviiatjoa of the Saxoat for aiCftance
■ agaioft hi* encmiet, vi. 340.

Ft9ti^ emperor of China, hia eiploiu
againft the Hant, iv. 318.

CS»/a/,.aa€ieatly fiunoaa for itt Gothic
temple, i. $46.

Ufimm II. pope,.patrooifet Peter the
Hermit in aia projed fop recovering
the Holy Land, xi. 3. EzhorU the
people to a crafade, at the coaacU of
Cjermoot, 9.

Urhmm V. pope, reoMvea the pfpal '
coort from Avignon to Rocne; i3a. 3tf.

Vrhau VI, pope, hit difpoted eleaioa» *
xii. 317.

Urfmeins^ mafler of the oScea nadeT^he
emperor Valeotiotaa, oceafion* a m-
volt of the Alemanni by hit pariimaoy^
iv. a49t

Ur/cimus^ a Roman general, hit traadh- '
eroutcondua to Sy Ivanat in Gaul< i^.
184. U faperfeded in hat cooMiiaai
over the EaAern provinces, 104* k
fent back again to condvQ the war
with Perfia vnder Sabioiaa, ikid, la
agaia difgrtced, ao$.

Ur/ns^ hi^y of the Rooian bmily «^
xii. 185, *

Urfuluty trcaforer of the empite aadir
Conftantiut, aojuflly pat to death hf
the tribunal ot dbalcedon, iv. 43.

Vfiry* See Imttr^fi 9/ maaey,

W.

IFmUchmt^ the prefent, defctndeate

from Che Roroaa fettlera .ia aadcat

Dacia, ii. 1 7. mtti,
fFales it fettled by Britidi refageealrom

Saxoa tyranny, vi. 346. 351. TiM

bardfof, 3!;$.
fFmllia it chofen king of thf Gotha, ▼•

^a9• He reducet the barbaront tnva*

dera of Spain, 331. It fettled ia

Aqoitain, 33a.
^er and robbery, their differeace* is.

ft04, Rvolntiona and military exercifii
. of the Greekt, x. 113. Miliurycfaa-

raAer of ihe Saraoent, iitf. Of the

Frank t and Latina, ift8.
JFrnrhtirttn^ bilhop of Gloacdler, hit li-
terary charafker, iv. 93. a«//. His la«

boart to efttbiifh the miraculont ia*

terraption to Jaliaa^ boildiag the

temple *of Jeraiilem, 9s* Mtti,
Waruq^ battle of, between the futtaa

Amarath II. and LadiOaoa king.of

Hungary and Poland, xii. 14^.
fFtrdany the Greek general, defeated hf

the Saracens at Aiznadin, ix. 33^.
fFbeaty the average price of, under the

fucceflTortof Cooftantine tbe Great«.

iv* 130. nite,
tFhitmltr^ Mr. remarki on hit account

of the Irilh defceat oi the Scottilh aa*

tioo, iv. i6^. U9tt,
fFhiUf Mr. Arabic profeflbr at Oxfordy

charaOer of hit fermont at Bramp*

too*t leflare, x. ao. »«/«•
HTilfrid^ tbe apodle of Sallcx, hia be*,
aevolcat

GENERAL INDEX.

B^voleot e(Ubl!(liTneot at Seir«y> vi.

0^nu

fiiam I. the B«d, km% of SScilj, x.
187.
Witliom \\, the Cood^ kio^ of Sicily,

tH^Utlmilh^ the life of, from whence de-
rived, li ii?4 n$te.

Wimf^ the are of,, expref&ty piohibiced
by Mft'ometi ix. 138.

Wijiom of SolomoD, when, tnd bj
whom thtt hook vvas written, i J. 306.

H^ckJiwhr, grett prince of Raffia, mtr-
riet Aane, daughter of the emperor
Rofnaaas, x. 116. Hia coovcrfioii to
Chriftianitv, lit.

IpMrrs, in nerediiarj monarchiea, al-
lowed to exercile ibvereigfity, th ogh
incapable of fubordinate Rite officet>
t. 113. How treated by the RooiAn
civil laws, viil. p. The Vo«oottn
law, how evaded, 73. Are not es-
. eluded from Paradif* by MAbomety
n. 242.

XntpUn^ his defcription of the dtTert

of Mefopocamia, iv. 145.
Xcrxesy the fituatiofl of hit hrid^ of

U^au for pafling over 10 Europe^

polmedoutt iti. 9.

y.

r#ratai, battle of, betweea the Greeks
aod the Saracens, Ix. |$i.

Tti^gtr^^ king of Pcrfift* Mi retgB the
lera of the fall ofthe Saffanioo dyotfty,
aod of the raligioQ of ZoroaHer, iat.

Tizii^ caliph of the Saracens, ix. ftpj.

2.

Z^trgam invades the Eoftern empir*
with an army of Boigariam, vii. 38^.
Is repuifed by Beiifariut, 386.

Zscksrj^ pope« pronounce s the depot!-
fitioD of Childcric king of Prance,
and ibe ap|x>intment of repin to fuc-
cccd him, ix. 13%.

JTtfM, brother of GeliBMr iJm Voftdat
toferper, eonquert SinliMb vil lyi.
Is recalled to odift hk hroehor, MrJ.
Is killed, 174.

Zara, a city on the ^lavonioil coaft,
retfoced by the enaradtrt lor the r^
p«bik of Veolee, li. itt.

Zcughiy fuitao, his valour and fiMqatfts,
\\. fio.

Z€9^ emperor of the Kail, reecivea a
.furrender of the hnptrial gAverAment
of the Weflem empirt, ^ai the ft*
note of Rome, vi, toft. The viciff-
to^a of hia life and ftsga, vii 4. Hia
HeuotiCOA, viii. tlu

TfM^o, qocen of Polmym htr thorac*
terood htflory, H. ty.

Ziwgity fiiH emperor ef the Mogala and
Taitirs, parallel bei^Koen him and
Atttla, kiBgoffbeHoas, vi. ^1. Hia
•roeolkl for improvkig hia oooi^wefU
in Chine, 4I. Hta birth and e«ly mi-
litary exploica, xi. 36^. HUlawo, 368:
NU invafioa of Chioa, 371. Carifm*,
Tronibxiaaa, and MU« 37 1« Hi»
death, 37$.

Zitumif a noble Sarmatian, a mod* king
of that nation hy chn emperor Cnm-
ftaotins, iii. 193.

Xi&Wr, the Soricen, his hravtry m tbn
involion of Africa, ix. 390-

M^e^ firft the concubine, he c e ni a o che
foarth wife of the emperor Lno the
philoTopher, ix. 49.

r«r, wift of Romanna II L and Michel
IV. emperora, iz. 6I.

iS*f*Mt/^^ the Perfian e>^het, hia.ha|{b
odtiqnity, i. 184. e*rr. Ahradgment
of his theology, tU. Providee Ibr
the enconragMient of Ofricnktirey
t89. Affigno tythes to the Priefln»
t9i.

Zfjmmt^ hit repreinataliui of tfa* op-
preffioo of the luftral cottcrilnat8oci»

Si. 93.
ZmitgHms^ the rofertiter) hn caactfMsoiu

of che fsnc&oriftf k. i<$.
Z»rf rl, brief biHofy «f that cit/^ zii.

»43-

THE £ K D. Ji

'VW4 ^ o !CJ^;

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